• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2020.11a
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• pp.971-974
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• 2020

Infants express their physical and emotional needs to the outside world mainly through crying. However, most of parents find it challenging to understand the reason behind their babies' cries. Failure to correctly understand the cause of a baby' cry and take appropriate actions can affect the cognitive and motor development of newborns undergoing rapid brain development. In this paper, we propose an infant cry recognition system based on deep transfer learning to help parents identify crying babies' needs the same way a specialist would. The proposed system works by transforming the waveform of the cry signal into log-mel spectrogram, then uses the VGGish model pre-trained on AudioSet to extract a 128-dimensional feature vector from the spectrogram. Finally, a softmax function is used to classify the extracted feature vector and recognize the corresponding type of cry. The experimental results show that our method achieves a good performance exceeding 0.96 in precision and recall, and f1-score.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.12-20
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate factors associated with suspicious developmental delay in infants and early childhood. Methods: Participants were 133 infants, aged from birth to 6 years old and their mothers, who were being seen at 16 Public health centers in B city. Korean Denver II was used to test infant development. ${\chi}^2$-test, Fisher's exact test and multiple logistic regression were used with SPSS 19.0 to analyze data. Results: Of participant infants, 7.5% were below the 3rd percentile for the weight percentile, 8.4% is a weight curve that crosses more than 2 percentile lines on the growth charts after previous achievement, and 9.8% had suspicious developmental delay according to Korean Denver II. Further the predictive factors related to suspicious development delay in the children were decrease of weight percentile (Odds Ratio [OR]=6.69, Confidence Interval [CI])=1.22-36.45), low economic state (OR=6.26, CI=1.50-26.00), and development delay perceived by their mothers (OR=4.99, CI=1.24-20.06). Conclusion: It is necessary to build a government level system to follow management of development of infants and children from the time of birth. Especially, it is necessary to develop a program for children in low income families.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.765-771
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• 2015

The development of a sample preparation method and optimization of the analytical instrumentation conditions were performed for the determination of the vitamin B₁₂ content in emulsified baby foods sold on the Korea market. After removal of the milk protein and fats by chloroform extraction and centrifugation, the vitamin B₁₂ was water extracted from the sample. Following filtration of the solution through a nylon filter, the water-soluble extract was purified by solid-phase extraction using a Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The solution eluted from the cartridge was dried under a stream of nitrogen gas and reconstituted with 1 mL of water. The sample solution was injected into an LC-MS/MS system after optimizing the mobile phase for vitamin B₁₂ detection. The calibration curve showed good linearity with the coefficient of correlation (r²) value of 0.9999. The limit of detection was 0.03 µg/L and the limit of quantitation was 0.1 µg/L. The method of detection limit was 0.02 µg/kg. The vitamin B₁₂ recovery from a spiking test was 99.62% for infant formula and 99.46% for cereal-based baby food. The sample preparation method developed in this study would be appropriate for the rapid determination of the vitamin B₁₂ content in infant formula and baby foods with emulsified milk characteristics. The ability to obtain stable results more quickly and efficiently would also allow governments to exercise a more extensive quality control inspection and monitoring of products expected to contain vitamin B₁₂. This method could be implemented in laboratories that require time and labor saving.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.59-70
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• 1981

The objective of this study is to induce the primary characteristics of phenylketonuria in infant rats during the first 2 weeks after birth. The critical biochemical parameter in the development of phenylketonuria is the elevation of plasma phenylalanine while tyrosine is maintained at a relatively low level. A PKU-like condition was induced in infant rats during the first 2 weeks after birth using a modification of our previously published procedure for the development of a temporary (1 to 3 days) PKU-like condition. Phenylalanine was administered by stomach intubation every 6 hours (starting at 6:00 a.m.) at a dose level of 400mg per kg body weight (after birth-day 2 thru 5) and 500mg per kg body weight (day 6 thru 14). Amethopterin was given at 0.00625 or 0.0125mg per kg body weight (day 3 thru 14) and p-chlorophenylalanine at 50 mg per kg body weight (day 5 thru 14) at 9:00 a.m. and 9:00 p.m. At the times measured (6,10 and 14 days) plasma phenylalanine/tyrosine (P/T) ratios were elevated from a normal value of the or less to values ranging from 6 to 15. During the second week after birth a staggering gait, abnormal stance and decreased social behavior were also observed. None of these PKU-like characteristics were apparent in the three control groups receiving (a) no phenylalanine or inhibitors, (b) phenylalanine alone, or (c) inhibitors alone. The establishment of these primary biochemical characteristics of phenylketonuria by stomach intubation of phenylalanine and a combination of low dose levels of enzyme inhibitors to infant rats provides an experimental system which should he valuable for extensive biochemical, histological and behavioral studies in phenylketonuria.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.790-794
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• 2004

Bifidobacterium spp. exhibits the highest number of counts among species of microflora in breast-feeding infant intestines and has been used as probiotics. From infant groups with different diets, 42 Bifidobacterial strains were isolated by selective plate, Gram-staining, and morphology using method of Mitsuoka, among which seven isolates were identified as Bifidobacterium spp. by F6PPK test, MIDI, and PCR. B. bifidum PBH-30, selected for development of probiotics, showed high resistance against low pH and oxgall treatment, and inhibition against pathogens such as Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus. B. bifidum PBH-30 could be applicable to dairy products as probiotic strains due to its excellent growth in raw milk.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.211-217
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to trace the development of premature babies who had undergone neurodevelopmental treatment in the neonatal intensive care unit and to identify the effects of early neurodevelopmental treatment on the development of premature babies. Methods: Fifty-one premature babies, who had been hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit and received an infant motor performance test and Bayley scales-III evaluation of their developments during the six months of corrected age were included. They were divided into three groups: the intervention group (n=16), control group (n=23), and comparison group (n=12), depending on the risk of developmental delays and the existence of an intervention. The results of this study were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 for windows. The statistical significance level was set at ${\alpha}=0.05$. Results: Regarding the infant motor performance test scores for each group before the intervention, at two weeks after the start of intervention, and at post-conception of 40 weeks, the intervention group showed a significantly higher improvement than the control or comparison group (p<0.01). With respect to the Bayley scales-III at the corrected age of six months, the intervention group exhibited statistically significant differences from the control group in the domains of language and fine movements (p<0.01). Conclusion: The findings of this study could confirm that the early neurodevelopmental treatment of premature babies in the neonatal intensive care unit has continuous effects on the development of premature babies even after being discharged from the hospital.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.157-172
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• 2010

Objectives : This study is to grasp the efficacy, locus of control, oral disease management beliefs, etc and to make a close inquiry the relevance between theses key figures and oral health promotion practice for a teacher and oral care about children and to provide the basic materials of oral health education for the teachers of infant nursery. Methods : This study was made from July to September in 2009 to nursery teacher by having the self-report questionnaire for teachers of infant nursery who are performing nursry school tearcher. Total 187 questionnaire were distributed and among these, 167 questionnaire excluding 20 questionnaire of incomplete responses were statistically analyzed with SPSS12.0. Results : The efficacy is highly in a married person(p=0.001) according to the teacher's age(P=0.006), perceived good oral status(p=0.001) according to the oral conditions and has the significant difference. The internal locus of control is highly in a married person(p=0.006) according to the teacher's age(P=0.037) and the marital status and has the significant difference statistically. The external locus of control is the highest(p=0.038) in the age of 40 among teacher's age and has the significant difference statistically. The oral disease management beliefs is the highest in the age of 20 ~ 29(p=0.001), highly in married(p=0.003) and has the significant difference according to the marital status and perceived good oral status(p=0.045) according to the oral conditions. There has no significant difference in the efficacy, the internal locus of control, the external Lotus of Control, oral disease management beliefs following by the infant oral care after taking medicines and oral care of infants after tooth brushing. Conclusions : Therefore, the oral health promotion activities should be induced by educating the nursery teacher and it needs to spread out the oral care education with the development to operate practically. It is considered in need of the infant oral care which is not burden on to the nursery teacher but helpful to the infant by connecting the subjects of dental hygiene and oral health education training.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.59-70
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• 2016

Packaging is thought to contribute to the consumers' purchasing choice of the powdered infant formula products. In Asian market, the products of international and local brands are competing. Evaluation and analysis of food package functions for a variety of brand products will be helpful for the innovative packaging development. Thus, the packaged products of powdered infant formula were collected in Chinese, Indonesian and Korean supermarkets as a typical Asian market and examined in terms of main food packaging functions. Metal cans were the most dominant type of big size package (800-1000 g) while flexible bags were often the common one of medium size (400 g). In general, convenience function was provided in forms of easy opening device and portioning take-out spoon. Information on primary and secondary shelf lives was given besides nutritional facts and use instruction for communication function. The combination of $N_2$ and $CO_2$ was usually employed to protect powdered infant formula in rigid packages, whereas only $N_2$ was used to protect product in most flexible packages.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.569-577
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• 2007

The purpose of the present study was to propose some amendments on nutrient standard regulations of infant formula in Korea. For this purpose, we compared and analyzed the nutrient regulations of Korea, CODEX, U.S.A, Japan, EU, Australia and New Zealand. Some developing aspects of Korea's nutrient standard regulations for infant formula need to be examined as follows: firstly, both milk-based formula and soy-based formula standards would be unified into an infant formula, and the user of infant formula would be categorized for babies less than 6 month old. Secondly, nitrogen conversion factor of milk protein in the infant formula would be 6.38, which is the same as that of CODEX Revised Standard. Protein quantities could be differentiated by protein sources, and essential amino acids in human milk would be standardized according to protein contents. Thirdly, $\alpha$-linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) as essential fatty acids and trans fatty acid would be standardized in terms of the contents. Fourthly, it is recommended that the unit of vitamins and minerals would be changed from g/100 g to g/100 kcal, and individual vitamins and mineral would have their maximum values. Finally, 5 nucleotides (cytidine, uridine, adenosine, guanosine, inosine 5'-monophosphate) and fluoride would be required for the strengthening the immunity and the development of teeth, respectively. In conclusion, the scientific studies on amendment scheme of nutrient standard regulations of infant formula is very important to fortify nutritional completeness for Korean infants and young children.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.27-36
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to investigate the features of Korean infants' vocalizations according to the stages models. A total 88 infants, whose ages range from 1 to 18 months, participated in this study. This age is a critical period for vocal development. However, the study of infants' vocalizations has typically focused on children over the age of two. Because of restrictions related to the study of younger infants, from birth to the age of two, it is usually difficult to investigate what are the major features of their vocal development. Therefore, this study provides documentation and analysis of the features of infant vocalization and their vocal development stages. The results shows that the stages model of Oller & Lynch (1992) might be adapted for Korean infants' vocal development. Furthermore, the features of the infants' vocalization are not linearly appeared one stage to the next stage, but are overlapped (Koopmans-van Beinum & van der Stelt, 1986; Nathani et al., 2006; Oller, 1980; Stark, 1980; Vihman, 1996).