• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.635-641
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• 2021

This article analyzes the factors affecting income inequality in Vietnam, with data from 63 provinces and cities collected from the Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey of the General Statistics Office of Vietnam from 2010 to 2018. The article will firstly build a research model to identify factors affecting income inequality. Then, it uses the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) method to evaluate the effect of factors on income inequality in Vietnam. The empirical estimate result shows that, in the period from 2010 to 2018, the factors such as the proportion of the working employees, income per capita, and inflation have positive effects on the Gini coefficient. That is, when these factors increase, there will be negative effects on improving income inequality in Vietnam. Conversely, when the factors such as the proportion of the literate adults, the proportion of the urban population, and population density increase they will have a positive impact on improving income inequality in Vietnam during this period. The estimated coefficients satisfied the sign expectation except the proportion of the literate adults. It means that, in Vietnam, the increase and more equilibrium in educational attainment balance the distribution of income and bring an improvement in income inequality.

• 동남아시아연구
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.127-167
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• 2013

This paper aims to analyse the inequality and poverty in Malaysia. Malaysia is considered to be a country of high inequality and high poverty according to the Asian Development Bank. To tackle the income inequality and poverty in Malaysia, especially after the incident of ethnic riot in 1969, the government pursued to implement the affirmative action for the benefit of bumiputra. Recognizing the fact that the economic factors are crucial in determining the levels of inequality and poverty, this paper analyses the historical, institutional and cultural factors and evaluates the affirmative action designed to reduce the income gap between bumiputra and non-bumiputra.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.63-75
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• 2007

Purpose: With economic development and prolonged longevity, the level of health and health disparities have became growing concerns for individual and society as well. Since youth's health status are influenced by households' socioeconomic status and associated with heath status in later stage of life, assessing health inequality in the youth is a significant step toward lessening health disparity and promoting health. We measured health inequality in high school students and decomposed it into health factors. Methods: The subjects included 3,787 high school students of 12th graders from the Korea Education and Employment Panel (KEEP) in 2004. True health status was assumed as a latent variable and estimated by ordered logistic regression model. The predicted health was used as a measure of individual health after rPSraling to [0,1] interval. Total health inequality was then measured by Gini coefficient and was decomposed into health factors. Results: Health inequality in high school students was observed. Of total health inequality, 44% was explained by biological factors such as body mass index (BMI) (32.5%) and gender (13.5%). Behavioral factors such as smoking, drinking, physical activity, hours in bed and hours of computer ussge added to 11.7%. Household income and work experiences explained 5.6% and 8.8%, respectively. School satisfaction explained 14.6%. Other school related factors such as self-assessed achievement and experience of being bullied accounted for 15.5%. Conclusion: Among the health factors, biological factor was the most important contributor in health disparity. Other factors such as health behaviors, socioeconomic factors, school satisfaction and school related factors exhibited somewhat similar magnitude. For policy purposes, it is recommended to look into modifiable factors depending BM, gender and school surroundings.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈E:수학교육논문집
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.303-320
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• 2007

중등학교 수학 학업성취의 불평등의 주요 요인이 무엇인지 분석할 수 있는 모델을 퍼셀(Persell)의 '교육 불평등 요인 분석 모형'을 변형하여 '수학 학업성취 불평등 요인 분석 모형'을 개발하였으며, 성취 목표이탈 지수를 활용하여 학생들의 수학 학업성취에서의 불평등 요인을 분석하였다. 분석 대상은 중학교 3개교(중소도시: 2, 광역시: 1)와 고등학교 2개교(위성도시, 특별시) 학생들을 대상으로 하였으며, 조사 방법은 본 연구 목적에 맞도록 작성한 설문조사와 2005년도 1학기 중간고사, 기말고사의 자료를 수집하여 불평등 요인을 분석하였다. 분석결과는 중등학교 학생의 경우 수학 학업성취 불평등 요인은 사교육과 부모의 학력, 지역과 성별, 학교제도로 나타났다. 수학 학업성취와 가정경제, 부모학력, 사교육 순서로 높은 상관관계를 갖고 있으며, A중학교 남학생과 E여자고등학교를 제외한 모든 학교에서 사교육이 수학 학업성취에 대하여 유의미 ($16.6{\sim}27%$)한 영향을 주고 있으며, D고등학교에서 부모학력과 가정경제가 수학 학업성취에 대하여 유의미(18.5%)한 영향을 주고 있다.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.43-51
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• 2015

Objectives: Socioeconomic factors are one of the significant factors explaining drinking problems in our society. From the poverty and inequality perspective, not only absolute poverty but perceived level of poverty or inequality has a direct effect on one's health and health behaviors. The purpose of the study is to explore the growth trajectories of problem drinking in Korea in relation to poverty and perceived income. Methods: Data from 13,414 adults were analyzed using 4 years of data (2010 to 2014) from the Korea Welfare Panel. Main variables included poverty status, perceived income inequality, and problem drinking. A latent growth modeling was employed for the analysis. Results: The non-poverty group had higher initial level of problem drinking; however, the poverty group showed higher rate of increase in problem drinking rate. The perceived income inequality had no significant influence on the initial level, but over time, those with higher level of perceived income inequality showed higher rate of increase in problem drinking. Conclusions: Findings showed that poverty and inequality affect changes in problem drinking. Efforts to prevent and decrease problems related to alcohol should not only focus on changing individuals' behavior but also on decreasing the inequality gap.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.150-159
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• 2015

Purpose: This study was aimed to identify gender-based health inequality and explore impacting factors on health inequality in one province in Korea. Methods: This was an explanatory study using the secondary data on Chungnam province from the Fifth Community Health Survey from August 16 to Oct 31, 2012. Variables included in this analysis were education level, poverty, marital status, and residential community for socio-cultural characteristics and subjective health status as an indicator of health inequality. Data were analyzed by ${\chi}^2$-test, t-test, ANOVA, and multiple linear regression. Results: There were gender inequalities and disparities in health, and these inequalities were greater in woman than in man (${\chi}^2$=161.8, p<.001). The impacting factors were education level, poverty, marital status, and residential community, which was accounted for 22.6% of variances of health inequality. Among these variables, gender showed the largest influence in health inequalities. Conclusion: To solve health inequalities, it should be considered gender differences based on social determinants of health. It is necessary to develop long term project based on these results and the social determinants model of World Health Organization.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.214-223
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• 2019

Objectives: Equity in financial protection against healthcare expenditures is one the primary functions of health systems worldwide. This study aimed to quantify socioeconomic inequality in facing catastrophic healthcare expenditures (CHE) and to identify the main factors contributing to socioeconomic inequality in CHE in Iran. Methods: A total of 37 860 households were drawn from the Households Income and Expenditure Survey, conducted by the Statistical Center of Iran in 2017. The prevalence of CHE was measured using a cut-off of spending at least 40% of the capacity to pay on healthcare services. The concentration curve and concentration index (C) were used to illustrate and measure the extent of socioeconomic inequality in CHE among Iranian households. The C was decomposed to identify the main factors explaining the observed socioeconomic inequality in CHE in Iran. Results: The prevalence of CHE among Iranian households in 2017 was 5.26% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.04 to 5.49). The value of C was -0.17 (95% CI, -0.19 to -0.13), suggesting that CHE was mainly concentrated among socioeconomically disadvantaged households in Iran. The decomposition analysis highlighted the household wealth index as explaining 71.7% of the concentration of CHE among the poor in Iran. Conclusions: This study revealed that CHE is disproportionately concentrated among poor households in Iran. Health policies to reduce socioeconomic inequality in facing CHE in Iran should focus on socioeconomically disadvantaged households.

• 산업노동연구
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.1-34
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• 2018

본 논문은 2010년대 한국의 소득불평등 구조와 그의 변화를 분석하기 위하여 새로운 전체적인(holistic) 이론적 논의를 제시하고 그에 기초한 경험적 분석을 시도한다. 사회학, 노동경제학과 페미니즘에서 이루어진 불평등에 관한 논의는 특정한 영역의 불평등을 중심으로 하는 국지적 불평등에 초점을 맞추었다. 사회 불평등은 국지적 불평등을 넘어서는 전체적인 차원의 불평등에 대한 논의를 필요로 한다. 이는 이들 국지적 불평등을 통합하는 통합적 접근을 필요로 하며, 계급, 노동시장, 인구와 가족 차원의 논의를 포괄한다. 회귀분석 기반 불평등 분해 방법을 활용하여, 전체적 불평등에 영향을 미치는 젠더, 교육, 고용상의 지위, 직업, 가구구성과 재산이 전체 불평등에 기여하는 정도를 분해하여 분석한다. 본 연구는 기존의 국지적 불평등 연구에서 밝혀진 요인들 이외에 기존의 논의에서 간과된 가구 구성과 재산이 소득 불평등에 커다란 영향을 미친다는 점을 밝힌다.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.417-424
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• 2022

Objectives: This study aimed to find a way to solve oral health inequality in old age by understanding the effect of the socioeconomic level of the elderly on oral health. Methods: We used data from the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A chi-square test was performed to investigate differences in oral health according to socioeconomic status and demographic and oral health-related factors. Socioeconomic status and oral health inequality were analyzed using multiple logistic regression. Results: The average number of teeth in the elderly was 17.20, which is insufficient for the minimum number of teeth required for mastication. In the analysis of the correlation between socioeconomic status and oral health inequality, education level, income level, and home ownership were factors influencing the oral health of the elderly; education level was found to have the strongest effect. Conclusions: Oral health inequality according to socioeconomic status was confirmed, and it is necessary to measure the level of oral health inequality with active efforts at the government level to resolve the gap in oral health by social class.

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.457-463
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• 2008

In this paper, by introducing a new function with two parameters, we give another generalizations of the Hilbert's integral inequality with a mixed kernel $k(x, y) = \frac {1}{A(x+y)+B{\mid}x-y{\mid}}$ and a best constant factors. As applications, some particular results with the best constant factors are considered.