• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.195-206
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• 1979

Where the industrial waste is increasing in number of kind and in quantities by the industrialization and population increases, the pollution problem is not only national but grobal question of the day. This paper is trying to invite attentions by the people who are working in both sector-natural sciences and industries in reviewing limited reports and materials. 1. By the chemical evaluation of over 20 industrial waste produced in Korea, potential wastes for commercial fertilizer would be wastes from alcohol fermantation, beer brewery, leather processing, synthetic fiber, and coffee grounds. 2. The composition of city waste is differ from other countries and sludge cake from human feces processing is promising one in the organic matter and phosphate content particularly. However, the content of heavy matals, specific order, and availability of phosphate are the bottle-neck for the development. 3. There is one commercial fertilizer from industrial waste in the market. It is very reasonable in the content of nitrogen and organic matter, and its formulation and responeses on crops. 4. Discussions were also given on the general problems in processing and marketing of fertilizers from industrial waste, however, scientists and industrial owners have to pay more attention on the development of fertilizers from tire industrial wastes because of vital environmental protection view-point.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.128-141
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• 2018

Industrial complex releasing huge amounts of dusts, fumes and wastewater containing heavy metal(loid)s could be a source of heavy metal(loid)s pollution in arable soil. Heavy metal(loid)s pollution in arable soil adversely affect crops safety, subsequently human being. Hence, it is important to accurately assess the heavy metal(loid)s pollution in soil using pollution indices. The objectives of this study are 1) to compare assessment methods of heavy metal(loid)s pollution in arable soils located near industrial complex in Gyeongsang provinces and 2) to determine the relationship between concentration of plant available heavy metal(loid)s and chemical properties of soil. Soil samples were collected from 85 sites of arable lands nearby 10 industrial complex in Gyeongsang provinces. The average total concentration of all heavy metal(loid)s of the studied soils was higher than that of Korean arable soils but did not exceed the warning criteria established by the Soil Environmental Conservation Act of Korea. Only six sites of arable soils for the total concentration of As, Cu and Ni exceeded the warning criteria (As: $25mg\;kg^{-1}$, Cu: $150mg\;kg^{-1}$, Ni: $100mg\;kg^{-1}$). The contamination factor (CF) and geoaccumulation index ($I_{geo}$) of the heavy metal(loid)s in arable soils varied among the sampling sites, and the average values of As and Cd were relatively higher than that of other metals. Results of integrated indices of As and Cd in arable soils located near industrial complex indicated that some arable soils were moderately or heavily polluted. The plant available concentration of heavy metal(loid)s was negatively related to the soil pH and negative charge of soil. Available Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations had relatively high correlation coefficient with pH and negative charge of soil when compared with other heavy metal(loid)s. Based on the above results, it might be a good soil management to control pH with soil amendments such as lime and compost to reduce phytoavailability of heavy metal(loid)s in arable soil located near industrial complex.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.726-730
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• 2013

The purpose of the study was to determine a method to use fresh white Korean ginseng in the form of higher intake of medicinal components. Decoction was made at $70^{\circ}C$ and $90^{\circ}C$ in different intervals of time. HPLC (DAD) system was employed to monitor the ginsenosides content in the decoctions and the components were identified by comparing the retention time with that of reference compounds. However, decoction made at $70^{\circ}C$ in 72 hrs possessed higher amount of total ginsenosides ($209.6{\mu}g/mL$) content where considerable amount of bioactive ginsenosides like Rg3, Rb2, Rb1 and Rg1 were accumulated. Overall, it can be concluded that the fresh white Korean ginseng decoction made in 72 hrs at $70^{\circ}C$ would be useful for the health and other medicinal approach of ginseng.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.265-268
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• 2009

Wild silkmoths can be utilised sustainably in the production of silk as an income for resource-poor rural communities. However, attack by parasitoids and predators affect the quality of cocoons and quantity of raw silk produced. A laboratory experiment was undertaken to quantify the effect of parasitoids' (dipteran and hymenopteran) and predators' (ants) exit and ingress holes, respectively, on silk production. The mean number of shells required to produce fifty grams of raw silk was highest with cocoons parasitised by a dipteran and lowest with unattacked cocoons (but with moths already emerged). Degumming loss was highest in parasitised and lowest in unttacked cocoons, but both were not different from cocoons predated by ants. Shell weight was highest in unattacked cocoons, followed by hymenopteran-parasitised and predated cocoons, with the dipteran parasitized ones being the least. Single cocoon weight was greater in hymenopteran-parasitised and predated cocoons than the dipteran-parasitised and unattacked cocoons. Shell ratio or raw silk, floss and yarn weights were higher in unattacked than parasitised and predated cocoons. The total loss in raw silk attributable to attack by parasitoids and predators ranged between 17.4~31.2%. The results offer baseline information for assessment of economic losses in wild silk farming due to parasitoids and predators in the field.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.465-477
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• 2016

Objectives: This review examined the scientific evidence regarding the impact of climate change on food safety. Methods: The impact of climate change on food safety was assessed based on a survey of related publications reported in the past 20 years. The terms used for literature selection reflect three aspects: climate change; food; and food safety. Results: Climate change is expected to affect the key elements of food production - water and climate. These impact on food safety through many different pathways. Directly, food shortages according to the population grovoth result in a food security/food supply problem, These relationships are commonly understood. The indirect impacts include an increase in food-borne diseases and pathogens, increased mycotoxin production, and increased risk of pesticide residues in foods due to greater use of pesticides in response to warming and increased precipitation and the accompanying diseases in certain crops. Field studies and statistical and scenario analyses were performed to provide evidence. However, quantification of these relationships is still lacking. Conclusion: Adaptation measures at the local and community levels are essential since the pressures from weather and climate events may differ according to region and sector. It is recommended that we go beyond empirical observations of the association between climate change and food safety and develop more scientific explanations. We also need to explore alternative materials for bioenergy demands in order to improve sustainability.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.71-78
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• 2018

This study was conducted to investigate the application effect of liquid fertilizer using pig cadavers on potato and corn cultivations in upland field. Field experiments were designed with control (Cn), liquid fertilizer (LF), inorganic fertilizer (IF), and LF + IF treatments. Crop yields in potato and corn cultivations were higher in the order of $LF+I{\geq_-}IF{\geq_-}LF$ > Cn treatments. The potato and corn yields in LF + IF treatment were 237% and 29% greater than those in Cn treatment, respectively. Following crops harvest, soil status was improved, showing greater soil chemical properties in the LF treated areas compared to those in the Cn treatment. In addition, total $CO_2$ fluxes in LF + IF treatment during potato and corn cultivations were significantly increased compared with Cn and IF treatments. Therefore, these results suggest that LF application was effective on crop cultivation and improvement of soil fertility.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Applied Microbiology Conference
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• 1979.04a
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• pp.113.1-113
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• 1979

Each year, vast amount of agricultural crop residues are produced (about 60 percent of the total crop production), which have not been effectively utilized because they are bulky and lignocellulosic, thus having little fuel energy per unit volume. Using treated plant residues as animal feeds could result in an ultimate saving of fossil fuel energy and a more effective utilizat ion of products created by the photosynthetic process. Feeding the residues to animals would decrease the pollution potential, but these residues are difficult for even a ruminant animal to digest. If cellulosic wastes produced from cereal grain straw and wood could be digested, land now used for producing forage add grain cnuld be shifted to food crops for humans. During the past decade, considerable efforts were made to utilize crop residues. These utilization methods can be broadly grouped into for categories: (1) direct uses, (2) mechanical conversions, (3) chemical conversions and (4) biological conversions. Agricultural crop residues consist mainly of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin, andother plant carbohydrates. The nature of the constituents of these residues can be best utilized as one of the five FS: Fuel, Fiber, Fertilizer, Feed and Food. Many processes have teen proposed and some are in industrial production stage. However, economics of the process depend on the location where availability of other competitive products are different.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.51-60
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• 2012

Large-scale urban developments with increasing population and expansion of industrial facilities have destroyed the ecosystem. Consequently, the importance of vertical farm as a form of urban agriculture is increasing. However, such problems of vertical farms as economy and lack of awareness of residents are being raised. Firstly, this study derived types of vertical farm that are applicable to residential spaces through an examination of vertical farm buildings, and then inferred assessment items for a questionnaire survey for the development of u-services. Secondly, based on the issues deduced from the survey, u-services needed in vertical farm buildings were derived to use them as the basic data when we plan for a ubiquitous vertical farm building in residential space in the future. As result, the following uservices of ubiquitous vertical farm were proposed: u-notification service about the condition of crops from the aspect of growth management based on ubiquitous technology, remote/automatic control u-services, harvest information u-service for harvest management, recipe information u-service, and indoor air quality monitoring u-service, indoor environment adjusting u-service, and farm environment control u-service. Considering that many new buildings in Korea are residential buildings and many high-rise buildings are being planned, studies on vertical farm buildings must be continued.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.95-117
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• 2004

This study was conducted to estimate nitrogen discharge from Korea (southern part of Korean peninsula) as NPS(non-point source) by mass balance approach; input and output analyses of nitrogen using existing data available. The material flow was sectored into three different activities; agricultural (raising crop and animals), human and natural activities in forest and urban areas. Atmospheric deposition, biological nitrogen fixation, inorganic fertilizers and manures applied, animal feed and imported foodstuffs such as crops, meat and fish were the inputs in this study, while ammonia volatilization, denitrification, human and animal waste generation, crop and meat production, and discharge into river to ocean were the outputs. The estimated total nitrogen input was $1,194.5{\times}10^3$ tons N/year and the river discharge was 408 to $422{\times}10^3$ tons N/year, of which 66 to 71% was from NPS. In detail, the estimated NPS discharges were respectively $8,274\;kg\;N/km^2$/year from agricultural area, $730\;kg\;N/km^2$/year from forest and $7,657\;kg\;N/km^2$/year from the other land areas such as urban and industrial area.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.221-228
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• 2005

A total of 179 isolates of Trichoderma spp. were collected from oyster mushroom substrates in Korea. On the basis of morphological and cultural characteristics, Trichoderma isolates were divided into seven groups, namely T. atroviride, T. citrinoviride, T. harzianum, T. longibrachiatum, T. virens, and two unidentified species, referred to as Trichoderma sp. 1 and 2. The predominant species was Trichoderma sp. 2 (n=86) followed by Trichoderma sp. 1 (n=52). Trichoderma sp. 1 and 2 were morphologically distinct not only from the other species of Trichoderma reported but also from each other in the characteristics such as mycelial growth rate, colony appearance, shape of conidia and conidiophores and branching pattern of phialides, although branching pattern of phialides of Trichoderma sp. 1 was similar to that of T. harzianum. In virulence test, the degree for compost colonization of Trichoderma sp. 2 was significantly greater than that of the other Trichoderma species. Trichoderma sp. 2 was found to be the main cause of green mold disease in oyster mushroom production. More work including molecular characterization is needed to confirm the species of Trichoderma sp. 1 and 2.