• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.93-110
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• 2008

We got some conclusion about the function of five tastes from individual peculiarity, from "Sanghanjapbyeongnon(傷寒雜病論)" by Sungmoogi, like below. 1. Five tastes[五味] have their general function, but herbs of one tastes, each has special function, we can define it as individual peculiarity 2. For example, sour taste generally make it convergent, astringent. The sourness of Paeoniae Radix Alba[芍藥] can convergent resin, and be help nutrition, but same of Phaseoli Semen[赤小豆] can make him vomit. 3. Bitterness generally make it down, dry, and solid. Scutellariae Radix[黃芩], Coptidis Rhizoma[黃連] can bring down fever of heart and spleen, but Rhei Radix Et Rhizoma[大黃] eliminates solid illness. 4. Sweetness make it strong, harmonic, relax. Sweetness of Glycyrrhizae Radix[甘草] flows into spleen, make it relax the part of beneath heart. Puerariae Radix[葛根] can make scatter the cold on skin. 5. General nature of hot taste is diffusion, sheen, rampancy. Cinnam omi Ramulus[桂技] eliminates the Pung(風) in Wigi(衛氣). same Zingiberis Rhi zoma[乾薑] make inner cold scattered, and warm stomach. 6. Salty make Gi(氣) down, and slacken solidity, salty Natrii Sulfas[芒硝]removes heat of body. But Alismatis Rhizoma[澤瀉] removes needless water. 7. To know peculiarity of each herb, not only one taste but other combined tastes, and areas medical, agricultural, biologic, etc.

• BMB Reports
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• 제54권7호
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• pp.368-373
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• 2021

The vertebrate genome contains an endogenous retrovirus that has been inherited from the past millions of years. Although approximately 8% of human chromosomal DNA consists of sequences derived from human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) fragments, most of the HERVs are currently inactive and noninfectious due to recombination, deletions, and mutations after insertion into the host genome. Several studies suggested that Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) factors are significantly related to certain cancers. However, only limited studies have been conducted to analyze the expression of HERV derived elements at protein levels in certain cancers. Herein, we analyzed the expression profiles of HERV-K envelope (Env) and HERV-R Env proteins in eleven different kinds of cancer tissues. Furthermore, the expression patterns of both protein and correlation with various clinical data in each tissue were analyzed. The expressions of both HERV-K Env and HERV-R Env protein were identified to be significantly high in most of the tumors compared with normal surrounding tissues. Correlations between HERV Env expressions and clinical investigations varied depending on the HERV types and cancers. Overall expression patterns of HERV-K Env and HERV-R Env proteins were different in every individual but a similar pattern of expressions was observed in the same individual. These results demonstrate the expression profiles of HERV-K and HERV-R Env proteins in various cancer tissues and provide a good reference for the association of endogenous retroviral Env proteins in the progression of various cancers. Furthermore, the results elucidate the relationship between HERV-Env expression and the clinical significance of certain cancers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.232-236
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• 2008

This experiment was performed to investigate the effects of two energy levels and four lysine:digestible energy (DE) ratios on the apparent digestibility of nutrients in finishing pigs. The experiment was conducted using a $2{\times}4$ randomized complete block (RCB) design with three replicates. Twenty-four cross-bred finishing barrows ((Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire)${\times}$Duroc) with an average body weight of $64.2{\pm}0.69kg$ were assigned to one of eight treatments. Each barrow was placed in an individual metabolism crate and dietary treatment and water was provided ad libitum. Diets were designed to contain lysine:ME ratios of 1.5, 1.8, 2.1 and 2.4 g/Mcal at 3.35 and 3.6 Mcal/kg of diet in a $4{\times}2$ factorial arrangement. Dry matter (DM), ash, Ca and P digestibility were not affected by energy density or lysine:DE ratios. Crude fat digestibility increased as the energy density increased from 3.35 to 3.6 Mcal of DE/kg. Increasing the lysine:DE ratio also increased crude protein digestibility. There were no interactions between energy density and lysine:DE ratio in terms of nutrient digestibility. Nitrogen excretion via feces was not affected by energy density and lysine:DE ratio, while nitrogen excretion via urine was significantly affected by energy density and lysine:DE ratio. The apparent digestibility of all amino acids except for isoluecine, arginine and aspartic acid as well as average values of essential amino (EAA), non-essential amino acids (NEAA) and total amino acid digestibility (p>0.05) were not affected by energy density. The apparent digestibility of all amino acids except for leucine, proline, alanine and tyrosine, NEAA and total amino acid digestibility were significantly affected by lysine: DE ratio (p<0.05). Interactive effects of energy and lysine:DE ratio also significantly affected amino acid digestibility except for isoleucine, alanine, cystine, leucine, phenylalanine, glutamine and proline (p<0.05). In conclusion, these results suggest that maintaining the appropriate lysine:DE ratio becomes more important as the energy density of the diet increases. Consequently, increasing the lysine:DE ratio can result in increased crude protein digestibility and urinary nitrogen excretion, although apparent protein digestibility and nitrogen excretion were not affected by energy density Furthermore, increasing the lysine:DE ratio also increased the apparent digestibility of essential amino acids, except for leucine, regardless of energy density. The optimum lysine:DE ratio for maximum essential amino acid digestibility of the $64.2{\pm}0.69kg$ pig is approximately 2.4 g of lysine/Mcal of DE.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.347-351
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• 1990

A simple cross-over design was used in digestion experiment carried out on finishing pig (70 kg body wt.) fitted with ileal T-cannula, to determine the difference between ileal and fecal digestible values as affected by various fiber sources and levels. The series of semi-purified diets were formulated in an attempt to meet 1, 3, 7 and 9% crude fiber level, with alfalfa meal (AFM), rubber seed meal (RSM), leucaena meal (LM) and cellulose. Both the levels and sources influenced the amino acid digestibilities, as increasing crude fiber level the digestibilities increased. The digestibilities of amino acids at ileal level were higher than at fecal level. The magnitude of response were ranged from 1.76 to 8.41 percentage unit or 4.86 by average. The dry matter digestibilities of the diets reflect the digestibilities of amino acids as accumulation of fiber would increase endogenous losses. It indicates that the digestibilities of amino acids varied irregularly among diets, probably depended on a dietary nutrient and individual fiber fraction contents.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.131-138
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• 2009

Among rumen microbes, bacteria play important roles in the biological degradation of plant fiber due to their large biomass and high activity. To maximize the utilization of fiber components such as cellulose and hemicellulose by ruminant animals, the ecology and functions of rumen bacteria should be understood in detail. Recent genome sequencing analyses of representative fibrolytic bacterial species revealed that the number and variety of enzymes for plant fiber digestion clearly differ between Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminococcus flavefaciens. Therefore, the mechanism of plant fiber digestion is also thought to differ between these two species. Ecology of individual fibrolytic bacterial species has been investigated using pure cultures and electron microscopy. Recent advances in molecular biology techniques complement the disadvantages of conventional techniques and allow accurate evaluation of the ecology of specific bacteria in mixed culture, even in situ and in vivo. Molecular monitoring of fibrolytic bacterial species in the rumen indicated the predominance of F. succinogenes. Nutritive interactions between fibrolytic and non-fibrolytic bacteria are important in maintaining and promoting fibrolytic activity, mainly in terms of crossfeeding of metabolites. Recent 16S rDNA-based analyses suggest that presently recognized fibrolytic species such as F. succinogenes and two Ruminococcus species with fibrolytic activity may represent only a small proportion of the total fibrolytic population and that uncultured bacteria may be responsible for fiber digestion in the rumen. Therefore, characterization of these unidentified bacteria is important to fully understand the physiology and ecology of fiber digestion. To achieve this, a combination of conventional and modern techniques could be useful.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.235-243
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• 1995

Recently, the cocoon production is reducing very steeply in Japan. The main reason for this cocoon reduction is due to high labor cost and the production expense is apt to rise year by year. Accordingly, the improvement of cocoon productivity by retrenchment of the production expense is intensively required in my country. Therefore, the silkworm rearing on the artificial diet is largely expected as the innovation techniques of sericulture. Since rearing of the silkworm on artificial diets has first been achieved in 1960, and the silkworm larvae were reared throughout all the instars on artificial diets(Fukuda et al., 1960, Ito & Tanaka, 1960). The artificial diets used at this time contained 50% or more of dried, pulverized mulberyy leaves as one of the main ingredients, and the composition was rather simple. When reared on these diets, larval growth and development were retarded, small cocoons appeared, and the adults laid only a small number of eggs. At first, we would like to study about nutritional requirement of the silkworm, using the chemically defined diet which prepared artificially. Subsequently, attempts were made to improve the diets by replacement of crude ingredients with possibly purer compounds, as mentioned later. Before giving the details on individual nutrient, I would like to summarize about the outline of utilization flow of various nutrients through the larval-pupal development and these daily quantitative requirements per body weight in the silkworm when they were reared on mulberry leaves.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.268-272
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• 2013

This study is designed as pilot study to report the efficacy and safety of long term medication of Oncheongeum-gamibang on atopic dermatitis. The patient of atopic dermatitis was asked to take Oncheongeum-gamibang for 3 months. Every end of month, he had gotten hematological test and SCORAD Index examination. After the clinical trial was done, he had additional examination to see the changes and duration of medicinal effect. During the period of taking Onchung-um, estimation of symptoms by SCORAD Index examination showed little bit of improvement while taking medicine and after one month, the improvement was maintained. There were no significant changes in hematologic test and liver function test during and at the end of the clinical trial. We were able to find out that it is effective and safe to take long term medication of Oncheongeum-gamibang for an individual. However, due to deficiency of the cases and immunological values, there will be additional study to make up for better result.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.1138-1147
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to grasp association with dental hygienists' job expectation through correlation between curricular subjects for the department of dental hygiene and job. Methods : It carried out convenience sampling of dental hospitals where are located in Capital Area, and then conducted a self-administered questionnaire survey targeting 274 dental hygienists who are working here. The statistical program was analyzed by using PSAW 18.0. Results : Research subjects' 60.2% experienced turnover. Its reason accounted for 31.7% with the working condition. As a result of examining difference in experience of turnover according to dental hygienists' individual characteristic and working form, the significant difference was shown in age, marriage, annual salary, working institution, and career. In consequence of confirming association between curricular subjects and job, the majority showed high correlation. However, the correlation with oral physiology, clinical dental hygiene, and dental clinics showed low correlation as the insignificant variable. Conclusions : As a result of this study, the high correlation between curricular subjects and job can be considered to reflect dental hygienists' job expectation. On the other hand, the working condition, professional sense, and turnover experience, which are factors related to dental hygienists' job expectation, were indicated to fail to meet job expectation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.862-879
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• 2001

The walls of all higher plants are organized as a cellulosic, fibrillar phase embedded in a matrix phase composed of non-cellulosic polysaccharides, some proteins and, in most secondary walls, lignin. At the effective utilization of plant biomass, qualitative and quantitative analyses of plant cell walls are essential. Structural features of individual components are being clarified using newly developed equipments and techniques. However, "empirical" procedures to elucidate plant cell walls, which are not due to scientific definition of components, are still applied in some fields. These procedures may give misunderstanding for the effective utilization of plant biomass. In addition, interesting the investigation of wall organization is moving towards not only qualitatively characterisation, but also quantitation of the associations between wall components. These involve polysaccharide-polysaccharide and polysaccharide-lignin cross-links. Investigation of the associations is being done in order to understand the chemical structure, organization and biosynthesis of the cell wall and physiology of the plants. Procedures for qualitative and quantitative analyses based on the definition of cell wall components are reviewed focussing in nutritional elucidation of forage grasses by ruminant microorganisms.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.333-338
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• 2000

We have examined whether bile acids can affect the electrical and mechanical activities of circular smooth muscle of canine colon and ileum, using isometric tension measurement or patch clamp technique. It was found that a dilution of canine bile $(0.03{\sim}2%\;by\;volume)$ enhanced or inhibited the amplitude of spontaneous contractions. An individual component of bile, deoxycholic acid (DCA) enhanced the frequency and amplitude of the spontaneous contractile activity at $10^{-6}\;M,$ while DCA at $10^{-4}\;M$ inhibited the contraction. Similarly, the response to cholic acid was excitatory at $10^{-5}\;M$ and inhibitory at $3{\times}10^{-4}\;M.$ Taurocholic acid at $10^{-4}\;M$ enhanced the amplitude of muscle contraction. Electrically, canine bile at 1% reversibly depolarized the colonic myocytes under current clamp mode. Bile acids also elicited non-selective cation currents under voltage clamp studies, where $K^+$ currents were blocked and the $Cl^-$ gradient was adjusted so that $E_{Cl}^-$ was equal to -70 mV, a holding potential. The non-selective cation current might explain the depolarization caused by bile acids in intact muscles. Furthermore, the bile acid regulation of electrical and mechanical activities of intestinal smooth muscle may explain some of the pathophysiological conditions accompanying defects in bile reabsorption.