• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.683-690
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• 2011

The object of this study was to observe the effects of Hwanggeum-tang (HGT) aqueous extracts on Streptozotocin-induced rat's diabetes and related complications. Three different dosages of HGT extracts were orally administered oncea day for 28 days from 3 weeks after Streptozotocin treatment (60 mg/kg, single intraperitoneally administered). All the rats were checked at 3 weeks after Streptozotocin treatment as follows. Changes on the body weight, blood glucose level, kidney weight, serum BUN and creatinine level, liver weight, serum AST and ALT level, serum LDL, HDL, triglyceride and total cholesterol level were observed with changes on the pancreatic MDA content and GSH content. The results were compared with a potent antioxidant silymarin 100 mg/kg in which the effects on Streptozotocin-induced diabetes and related complications were already confirmed. As results of Streptozotocin-injected diabetes and related complications, dramatical decreases on the body weight, increase of the kidney and liver weight, increase of serum BUN, creatinine, AST, ALT, LDL, triglyceride, total cholesterol level and decreases of serum HDL level were detected in streptozotocin control as compared with intact control. In addition, marked increases of pancreatic MDA content and decreases of GSH content were also detected in streptozotocin control as compared with intact control. However, these diabetes and related complications, and inhibition of antioxidant effects induced by Streptozotocin were inhibited by 28 days continuous treatment of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of HGT extracts in the present study. HGT have favorable effects on the diabetes and various diabetic complications. Therefore, more detail mechanism studies should be conducedin future with the efficacy tests of individual herbal composition of HGT and the screening of the biological active compounds in herbs.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.1077-1081
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• 2010

In this work, we report the diagnostic relations among some primary pulse conditions such as the floating/sunken, deficient/forceful, large/fine, and the long/short pulses. For this purpose, we carried out a clinical test, in which 11 Oriental medical doctors had participated to diagnose the pulses for 1566 healthy subjects. The subjects were divided into 11 subgroups and each subgroup was allocated to an individual doctor. It resulted in that, for 847 subjects (54%), two or more than two pulse conditions were felt simultaneously, for which we counted the frequency of the pairs of the pulse conditions. For the statistical analysis, we used a Chi-square test. As a result, at high frequency, the forceful, large, and the long pulses were diagnosed in pairs or in their triplet, and a similar close relation was found between the deficient, fine, and the short pulses. The pairwise diagnoses of the pulse conditions between the forceful, large, and the long pulses, and between the deficient, fine, and the short pulses imply their close relatedness in clinics. This result is supported by the theory of deficiency/excess syndromes. Moreover, we show that the close relatedness among the pulse conditions can be understood in terms of the geometric features of the radial artery near the prominent bone. This is the first work which reports the relatedness between the primary pulses by an objective clinical test.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.387-397
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• 2003

During the first half of twentieth century, even though the importance of non-calorie essential micronutrients of 13 vitamins and 17 minerals has been known to alleviate nutritional disorder; the primary objective of agriculture and plant breeding programs has been to increase the productivity and seed yields, and macronutrients of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates made up the bulk of foodstuff which were used primarily as an energy source. In the last decade it has been found that non-essential micronutrients encompass a vast group of phytochemicals including antioxidants that are not strictly required in the diet but when present at sufficient levels work as health-promoting chemicals. Nowadays agricultural crops are grown for health rather than for food or fiber, and modifying the nutritional compositions of plant foods has become an urgent health issue. To ensure an adequate intake of essential vitamins and minerals, and to increase the consumption of health-promoting phytochemicals, the researches on plant secondary metabolism have been made. The attempt to improve nutritional quality of crops has been blocked by a lack of basic knowledge of plant metabolism. The advent of genomics era enabled new approaches to make crossing regardless of species, family, or phylum barriers, and the accumulation in our basic knowledge on plant secondary metabolism during the coming decade would be tremendous. As the major staple crops contain insufficient amount of many micronutrients, fortification strategy will be a necessary practice. Elevated intake of specific vitamins, C, E, and $\beta$-carotene, mineral selenium, antioxidants, and phytochemicals significantly reduces the risk of chronic disease such as cancer, cardiovascular disorder, diabetis, and other degenerative disease associated with aging. As the attempt to improve the nutritional quality of crops requires the basic knowledges on plant metabolism, plant biochemistry, human physiology, and food chemistry, strong interdisplinary collaboration among plant biotechnologists, human nutritionists, and food scientists will be needed. Inhibition of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and other degenerative disorder may be the biggest goal facing nutritional plant breeders. But the assumption that simply increasing dietary level of any compound will necessarily improve human health is a dangerous idea because many plant secondary products and dietary contaminants have paradoxical (hermetic) effects. Before biotechnical manipulation is undertaken to elevate or reduce any individual constituent of crops, the contribution of the micronutrient to human health must first be investigated.

• Proceedings of the Safety Management and Science Conference
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.15-24
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• 2009

Cycling that transform human energy into mechanical energy is one of the man-machine systems out of sports fields. Benchmarking means " improving ourselves by learning from others ", therefore benchmarking toward dominant cyclist is necessary on field. the goals of this study were to provide important factors on multi-disciplines (kinematics, physiology, power, psychology) for a tailored-training program that is suitable to individual characteristics. Two cyclist participated in this study and gave consent to the experimental procedure. one was dominant cyclist (years:21 yrs, height:177 cm, mass:70 kg), and the other was non-dominant cyclist(years:21, height:176, mass:70). Kinematic data were recorded using six infrared cameras (240Hz) and QTM (software). Physiological data (VO2max, AT) were acquired according to graded exercising test with cycle ergometer and power with Wingate test used by Bar-Or et. al ( 1977) and to evaluate muscle function with Cybex. Psychological data were collected with competitive state anxiety inventory (CSAI-2) that were devised by Martens et. al (1990) and with athletes' self-management questionnaire (ASMQ) of Huh (2003). It appears that the dominant's CV(coefficient of variability) was higher than non-dominant's CV in Sports Biomechanics domain, that the dominant's values for all factors ware higher than non-dominant's values in physical, and physiological domain, and their values between cognitive anxiety and somatic anxiety were contrary to each other in psychology. Further research on multi-disciplines may lead to the development of tailored-optimal training programs applicable with key factors to enhance athletic performance by means of research including athlete, coach and parents.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.34-51
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• 2000

Narcotic drugs generally refer to serious and habitual hidden rash such as opium, heroin, methyphetamin, nabinol, cocaine, and so forth. At present, narcotic drugs are spread unchecked and are causing a big social problem. So many countries and narcotists are making every effort to set up a barricade against narcotic drugs. And there is a limit suitable treatment for them. Thus Tuo Yin Tang hang is developed. As indicated by Chinese letters, Tuo yin Tang Jiang(TYTJ) is a crude drug. It is a traditional chinese medicine developed by the study done from lune in 1998 to lune in 1999 that Hubeisheng was entrusted with by People's Republic of China. This study is a treatise on etiology and syntomatology or narcotism. TYTJ is a medicine which is in accord with Pharmacopeia of the People's Republic of China in order to remove from the body the toxic materials resulting from narcotic drugs such as opium and heroin. According to the standard diagnosis on narcotism, 105 cases are studied and treated at the Rehabilitation Center attached to Enshi Autonomous Region Hospital in Hubeisheng. 105 cases are divided into 2 groups by double-blind method. One is the experimental group which has 56 cases. The other is the control group which has 49 ones. 13 cases among 105 cases are addicted by intravenously injections. 9 cases are by oral takings. It took 10 days for this experiment to be performed. Two groups didn't show a striking individual variation based on the age, gender, period of taking drugs, withdrawal symptoms, complication, and state of health. The experimental group had a higher effect of treatment than the control group had. TYTJ treats diseases effectively and has no side effect, irrespective of the serious or slight addiction to opium and morphine.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.91-97
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• 2009

The tubby mouse is characterized by progressive retinal and cochlear degeneration and late-onset obesity. These phenotypes are caused by a loss-of-function mutation in the tub gene and are shared with several human syndromes, suggesting the importance of tubby protein in central nervous system (CNS) functioning. Although evidence suggests that tubby may act as a transcription factor mediating G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling, any downstream gene regulated by tubby has yet to be identified. To explore potential target genes of tubby with region-specific transcription patterns in the brain, we performed a microarray analysis using the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus of tubby mice. We also validated the changes of gene expression level observed with the microarray analysis using real-time RT-PCR. We found that expression of erythroid differentiation factor 1 (Erdrl) and caspase 1 (Casp1) increased, while p21-activated kinase 1 (Pak1) and cholecystokinin 2 receptor (Cck2r) expression decreased in the cerebral cortex of tubby mice. In the hypothalamic region, Casp 1 was up-regulated and $\mu$-crystallin (CRYM) was down-regulated. Based on the reported functions of the differentially expressed genes, these individual or grouped genes may account for the phenotype of tubby mice. We discussed how altered expression of genes in tubby mice might be understood as the underlying mechanism behind tubby phenotypes.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.202-208
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• 2006

The goal of this study is to develop knowledge representation method for the construction and evaluation of ontology for diagnosis in oriental medicine. To develop the expert system for decision making on diagnosis and treatment, the systematic and structural knowledge which can be processible in EMR(Electronic Medical Record) must be precedent, and the Computational Process which control the system as well. This study set up an ontology as a trial model to represent the oriental medical knowledge into the machine processible one. Protege 2.1 has been used to build the ontology, and the serialization format of our ontology is the XML document based on OWL. The components of oriental medical diagnosis was arranged with the combination of symptoms which belong to the certain symptom patterns. Then natural language which expresses the oriental medical diagnosis components were converted into the logical sentence, and individual characteristic symptoms into each values of specific properties. In addition to the study, the diagnosis software for oriental medicine was developed and it used the ontology which we developed. Sequently, we tested the software to confirm the appropriateness of ontology. The result of the test shows that diagnostic questions are automatically formulated according to the diagnosis components of this ontology and that as such diagnostic results are induced. Therefore, the ontology system in this study will be efficient to develop the diagnosis program and useful as a tool for doctors to make decision. But, it is not recommendable to apply the system to the clinical environment until the clear diagnosis standards are introduced, and the more reliable diagnosis program can be developed based on the more appropriate ontology mentioned above.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.1418-1430
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• 2006

In the 18th century, Joseon and Japan corresponded politically and culturally through the Joseon Missionary. During this time, the people in Japan who received the Joseon Missionary left many records of their visits and among them were numerous accounts related to medicine, In the years 2003 and 2004, the Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine gathered records that were dispersed throughout japan, and in 20005, it organized the information and put it up on the web along with the original text. This research is an overall report on the documentary records. It analyzes individual documents and looks into what the mainly interested the joseon and Japanese medical worlds at that time. The documents located up till now are 21 medical dialogue records from the 18th century. Through the process of these medical dialogues, the Joseon medical circle discovered a different side of japanese medicine, and the japanese medical world had a chance to directly receive advanced medical skills. Through these medical dialogues, the two countries also exchanged bountiful information about clinical patients. The japanese scholars showed deep interest in Joseon's ginseng, and asked many questions about practical usages of the contents in the medical documents. It is thought that these medical dialogue records will greatly assist studies on the medical history of this time, because it reveals new research data on Korean medical history and Japanese medical history in the latter half of the Joseon Dynasty that has never been reported in the academia before.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.326-333
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• 2011

This study was to develop an issue-centered small-group competing-debate program for the Introduction to Traditional Korean Medicine curriculum in School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University. This debate program has student-, process- and depth-focused characteristics with critical-thinking perspectives. We employed random assignment of the position, submission of the presentation data prior to the debate, and individual result report to assess debate quality and participation of the students. This program was effective educational program for the understanding of traditional Korean medicine-related subjects. 56.7% of the students showed "Yes (>7 out of 10)" to the achievements of the program objectives, and 62.2% reported "much helpful (>7 out of 10)" to the usefulness of this program. We also found that this debate program would be specifically useful for critical reviewing of subjects which students have known superficially. This study will contribute to the development and improvement of efficacious educational curriculum for Korean Medicine by providing practical reference and template with self-directed group debate program.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.497-506
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• 2021

Besides using for hair removal, depilatory agents have been considered to be used as a penetration enhancer for transepidermal drug delivery. To examine the effect in hair follicles (HFs), two commercially available depilatory creams were tested on the dorsal skin of mice to monitor the effect deep into the skin structure. Fifteen male BALB/c mice were used in this study. Depilatory creams were applied to the dorsal skin of the same animal using shaved and untouched treatments as controls to minimize individual differences. Skin samples were collected at three days, one week and two weeks (n = 5 for each) after the treatment, and subjected for hematoxylin-eosin staining, and immunohistochemical analysis for proinflammatory cytokines. The morphological examination showed an increase in the thickness of epidermal layer of the depilatory cream-treated skin at early time points and in the subcutis at two weeks. Depilatory cream promoted entry of anagen phase and increased the number of hair follicles in the subcutis at one and two weeks. Immunohistochemistry showed elevated percentages of dermal fibroblasts expressing interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and tumor necrosis factor-β. Shaving process increased the thickness of epidermis and dermis as depilatory creams did, but did neither induce the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the dermal fibroblasts nor the number of HFs. The results suggested that the commercially available depilatory creams caused a transient minor inflammatory response of the skin and increased the levels of cytokines that might subsequently affect hair growth.