• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.45-65
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• 2019

Purpose - As the well-known Structure-Conduct-Performance paradigm implies, risk structure of a corporation may affect its risk management activity and the activity may in turn determine its performance. Depending on its goal, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) can shape its risk structure, risk management and its performance. Under this assumption, we investigate the relationship between the goals of FDI and risk management for the first time in academics. Design/methodology - This empirical research uses a survey of 279 current Korean enterprises' FDIs in China with the recently developed business risk quadrant model. Companies are classified into either a market- or an efficiency-seeking group, to identify how each group perceives and manages risks, and values the performance of risk management. Also, we apply integrated risk management method that multinational corporations have introduced in China, then verify the mediating effect between risk factors and performance. Findings - Our research shows the FDIs can expose themselves to differing risk structure although risk management activities simply represent the level of empowerment given to local management by headquarter due to limit of sample size despite diversity of risk and risk management tools. To sum, market seekers are found to have more strategic risk (revenue related risk) than efficiency seekers with financial risk (cost related risk). The market seekers can manage their risk by empowering their local organisation while the efficiency does the opposite ways. The risk management appears to be successful in general. Originality/value - Previous studies on small and medium enterprises' FDIs to China have concentrated on the analysis of entry determinants, withdrawal factors and individual risk management. Meanwhile, this research establishes enterprise-wide risk factors faced by the companies that advance into China, according to the method of the classification by ERM and verifies if they could synthetically improve performance through risk corresponding measures.

• 한국간호교육학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.57-69
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• 2022

Purpose: This study was performed to explore and describe the overall clinical practice adaptation experiences among nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This qualitative study applied the grounded theory method by Corbin and Strauss. Data were collected from May to August 2021 through individual in-depth interviews with 14 nursing students from three universities in B metropolitan city. Results: From open coding, 20 sub-categories and 10 categories were identified. Analysis revealed that the core category was the process of "keeping the place of learning while adhering to the restrictions of the era of pandemic" and that it consisted of four phases: confusion, withdrawal, adjustment, and growth. Through this process, participants utilized various action/interactional strategies such as "shifting to positive thinking," "building a shield to protect oneself," and "focusing on learning." The consequences of these strategies were "adapting to the reality of the infectious disease situation" and "strengthening a foothold to grow as a future nurse." Conclusion: An in-depth understanding of nursing students' experiences of adapting to clinical practice during the COVID-19 pandemic will guide nursing educators to promote effective teaching strategies to better support nursing students in a time of infectious disease crisis.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.132-141
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• 2022

Objectives : Some acupoints are commonly utilized to treat a variety of diseases. The acupoints appear to have a wide range of effects caused by several mechanisms. The purpose of this study is to investigate into the potential role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the multipotent effects of individual acupoint stimulation. Methods : We examined the miRNA expressions in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of neuropathic or inflammatory pain rats following ST36 and GB34 electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation. Neuropathic pain was induced by L5 spinal nerve ligation. Inflammatory pain was induced by knee joint injection of Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). EA was given under gaseous anesthesia with the same parameters (1mA, 2Hz, 30 min) in 5 consecutive days. Pain behaviors and miRNA expressions were analyzed. Results : In rats with neuropathic and inflammatory pain, EA treatments significantly enhanced the paw withdrawal threshold and weight-bearing force. After nerve injury, 36 miRNAs were upregulated in the DRG of neuropathic rats, while EA downregulated 10 of them. Furthermore, 14 miRNAs were downregulated following nerve damage, while one was increased by EA. 15 miRNAs were increased in the DRG of inflammatory rats following CFA injection, while 5 were downregulated by EA. Furthermore, 17 miRNAs were downregulated following CFA injection, while 7 were increased by EA. The miRNAs rno-miR-335, rno-miR-381-5p, rno-miR-1306-3p, and rno-miR-1839-3p were regulated by EA in both models. Conclusions : In two pain models, EA applied to ST36 and GB34 regulated miRNA expression differently. There appeared to be both acupoint-specific and non-specific miRNAs, and miRNA regulation of differential protein expression may modulate a variety of EA mechanisms.

• 의료법학
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.355-401
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• 2013

The first legislation for terminal health-care decision was California's Natural Death Act (NDA) of 1976 that permitted any adult person to execute a directive directing the withholding or withdrawal of life-sustaining procedures. Advance directive legislation has subsequently progressed on a state-by-state basis. By 1992, all 50 states, as well as the District of Columbia, had passed legislation to legalize some form of advance directive. This state legislation, however, has resulted in an often fragmented, incomplete, and sometimes inconsistent set of rules. Statutes enacted within a state often conflict and conflicts between statutes of different states are common. In an increasingly mobile society where an advance health-care directive given in one state must frequently be implemented in another, there is a need for greater uniformity. In 1993, the Uniform Law Commissioners approved the Uniform Health-Care Decisions Act (UHCDA) in order to bring order to the existing chaos. Unfortunately, the Commissioners waited too long to act. By the time the UHCDA was approved, nearly all states had passed legislation governing advance directives. Consequently, the UHCDA has achieved only a limited success, picking up but one or two enactments a year. The UHCDA is currently in effect in around 10 states: Alabama, Alaska, California, Delaware, Hawaii, Kansas, Maine, Mississippi, New Mexico, Tennessee, Wyoming. In these states the previous laws related to the subjects have been all repealed. The overall objective of the UHCDA is to encourage the making and enforcement of advance health care directives including living will or individual instruction, power of health-care attorney and to provide a means for making health care decisions for those who have failed to plan. The U. S. House of Representatives in 1991 enacted the Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA). The Act stipulates that all hospitals receiving Medicaid or Medicare reimbursement must ascertain whether patients have or wish to have advance directives. The Patient Self- Determination Act does not create or legalize advance directives; rather it validates their existence in each of the states. Now in America, terminal health-care decision or advance directive for health care is common and universal system. The problem, however, is how to let more people use these good tools to make their lives more beautiful and honorable.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.94-102
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• 2010

Objectives : Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing(EMDR) is a novel, time-limited psychotherapy originally developed for treatment of psychological trauma. The effectiveness of this therapy has been validated only for posttraumatic stress disorder ; however, EMDR is often applied to other psychiatric illnesses, including other anxiety disorders and depression. This pilot study tested the efficacy of EMDR added to the routine treatment for individuals with acute stage schizophrenia. Methods : This study was conducted in the acute psychiatric care unit of a university-affiliated training hospital. Inpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia were randomly assigned to either three sessions of EMDR, three sessions of progressive muscle relaxation(PMR) therapy, or only treatment as usual(TAU). All the participants received concurrent typical treatments(TAU), including psychotropic medication, individual supportive psychotherapy and group activities in the psychiatric ward. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale(PANSS), the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale were administered by a clinical psychologist who was blinded to the patients' group assignment. Results : Forty-five patients enrolled and forty patients(89%) completed the post-treatment evaluation. There were no between-group differences in the withdrawal rates of patients during the treatment or at the three-month follow-up session. All three groups improved significantly across each of the symptomatic domains including schizophrenia, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. However, a repeated measures ANOVA revealed no significant differences among the groups over time. Effect size for change in total PANSS scores was also similar across treatment conditions, but effect size for negative symptoms was large for EMDR(0.60 for EMDR, 0.39 for PMR and 0.21 for TAU only). Conclusion : These findings supported the use of EMDR in treating the acute stage of schizophrenia but the results failed to confirm the effectiveness of the treatment over the two control conditions in three sessions. Further studies with longer courses of treatment, more focused target dimensions of treatment, and a sample of outpatients are necessary.

• 한국가족복지학
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• 제58호
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• pp.67-96
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• 2017

본 연구는 초기 노년기에 이혼한 여성노인을 대상으로 진행된 상담사례를 통해 이혼결정단계별로 경험한 심리적 어려움에 대해 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 2012년 11월부터 2013년 3 월까지 총 18회기 진행된 상담 사례를 수집하여 질적 분석을 시도하였다. 상담과정에서 진술된 의미 있는 주제를 분석하여 도출된 연구 결과로 이혼결정은 <불일치로 인한 잠재적 갈등>, <소통 장애로 인한 이혼 위기 촉발>, <밖으로 도는 남편과의 정서적 균열>, <자식을 위한 이혼철회>, <분리를 시도하는 딸들에 대한 배신감 증폭>, <결혼생활 유지 의미 상실과 이혼결심>의 단계를 거친 것으로 나타났다. 또한 이혼결정과정에서 나타난 심리적 경험으로는 <실망과 불신>, <피해의식과 분노>, <정서적 유기와 상처>, <자책과 감내>, <원통함과 소외>, <무기력과 한(恨)>으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 이혼결정과정에서 어려움을 겪는 초기노년기 여성노인의 심리사회적 어려움을 지원하기 위한 상담 전략을 제공하였다는데 의미가있다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.27-41
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• 2000

연구목적：오늘날 컴퓨터게임은 청소년기의 보편적 놀이도구가 된 상황임에도 불구하고 이들이 게임에 몰두하는 이유와 개인특성에 관한 정신과적 연구는 드문 실정이다. 이러한 필요성에서 본 연구는 중학교 2년생을 대상으로 청소년의 컴퓨터게임 사용실태를 파악하고, 연관된 개인정신병리와 부모의 양육방식과의 관계를 밝히고자 하였다. 방 법：이 연구는 서울시 노원구에 위치한 중학 2년생 124명을 대상으로 하였다. 정신병리의 측정을 위하여 한국판 간이정신진단검사(SCL-90-R)을 사용하였고, 부모자녀 결합형태 조사(PBI)를 통하여 부모양육태도를 알아보았다. 결 과：1) 비록 과도한 시간을 들여 컴퓨터게임을 하더라도, 컴퓨터게임과 연관된 특정 정신병리는 발견할 수 없었으며 따라서 컴퓨터게임은 청소년기에 있을 수 있는 일상적인 놀이문화이다. 또한 대부분의 청소년은 컴퓨터게임이 문제가 되지 않는다고 인식하고 있었다. 2) 남학생은 게임빈도, 게임시간, 게임방에서 보내는 시간, 게임을 한 번 할 때 지속하는 시간 등에서 여학생에 비해 통계적으로 의미 있게 높은 수치를 보였다. 3) 청소년의 신체증상호소, 타인간의 관계에서 나타나는 불편감, 우울증, 불안증의 정신병리는 컴퓨터오락으로 인한 부작용과 의미 있는 관계를 보였다. 4) 게임빈도와 PBI상의 어머니 과보호척도는 정적인 상관관계를 보였다. 5) 게임을 하는 이유로는 공부, 학교 생활 등의 복잡한 것을 잊고 몰두하기 위해가 가장 많았고, 가장 심리적으로 부담이 되어 피하고 싶은 것으로는 학업문제였다. 6) 청소년은 게임방을 주로 친구들과 어울리는 공간으로 사용하고 있었지만 그 기능을 다하기에는 아직 보완해야 할 점이 많다. 결 론：게임으로 인한 부모, 교사와의 다툼, 잦은 지각/결석, 친구들과 어울리지 못하는 등의 문제가 많은 경우에는 청소년 자체의 정신병리를 의심해 보아야 하며, 게임의 빈도가 의미 있게 높은 청소년의 경우에는 동반되는 정서상의 문제와 함께 부모양육태도도 함께 세심하게 살피는 것이 필요하다.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.516-521
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• 2004

목적: 분화성 갑상선 암 환자의 수술 후 고용량 방사성 옥소 치료 및 치료 후 추적 관찰시 촬영하는 I-131 전신 스캔시 I-131를 투여하기위해서는 환자의 혈청 내 TSH가 최소한 $30{\mu}U/ml$이상으로 상승되어 있어야 한다. 이에 필요한 기간이 수술 후 $4{\sim}6$주, 갑상선 호르몬(T4제제)를 복용 중단은 4주 이상 이라고 알려져 있다. 이 기간 중 환자는 갑상선 기능저하로 인한 불편함을 호소하기도 하며, 악성도가 높은 암인 경우에는 병변이 크게 진행할 가능성도 있다. 저자들은 수술후 및 갑상선 호르몬 복용중단시기에 따른 혈청 TSH치의 변화를 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 2004년 $4{\sim}8$월사이 분화성 갑삼선암으로 갑상선 전절제술을 시행한후 처음 방사성 옥소 치료를 받은 10명 및 방사성 옥소 치료 후 6개월$\sim$l년 사이 처음 추적 I-131 전신 스캔을 촬영한 12명을 대상으로 갑상선 호르몬 중단 후 혈청 TSH치의 변화와 갑상선 기능저하로 인한 증상을 반영하는 변형된 Billewicz index를 이용해 평가하였다. 혈청 TSH치가 $30{\mu}U/ml$ 이상인 경우는 충분한 상승으로 판단하였다(성공율: SR). 결과: A군은 수술 전 평균 TSH $1.4{\pm}0.7{\mu}U/ml$ 이었으며, 1주 평균 TSH $12.6{\mu}U/ml(N=4,\;1.3{\sim}21.2{\mu}U/ml)$, 2주 평균 TSH $43.0{\pm}17.5{\mu}U/ml$ (N=9, $19.1{\sim}79.6{\mu}U/ml$, SR=78%), 3주 평균 TSH $72.1{\pm}23.6{\mu}U/ml$ (N=9, $28.5{\sim}103.2{\mu}U/ml$, SR=89%), 4주 평균 TSH $96.4{\pm}41.2{\mu}U/ml$ (N=5, $33.8{\sim}138.3{\mu}U/ml$) 이었다. B군은 호르몬 복용중지 직전 평균 TSH $0.1{\mu}U/ml$ 이하였으며, 이후 2주 평균 TSH $15.8{\pm}13.9{\mu}U/ml$ (N=12, $0.2{\sim}41.6{\mu}U/ml$, SR=17%), 3주 평균 TSH $81.0{\pm}47.2{\mu}U/ml$ (N=10, $19.8{\sim}113.5{\mu}U/ml$, SR=90%), 4주 평균 TSH $109.4{\pm}24.1{\mu}U/ml$ (N=8, $67.3{\sim}136.2{\mu}U/ml$) 이었다. 4주 이내 A군과 B군의 환자들에게서 현저한 갑상선 기능저하로 인한 불편함 호소는 없었다. 결론: 본 연구에서는 수술 후 또는 갑상선 호르몬 복용 중지 후 현저한 갑상선 기능저하로 인한 불편함을 호소하지 않는 시기 내에서, 특히 약90%의 환자에서는 3주에 혈청 TSH 치가 $30{\mu}U/ml$ 이상 상승하였다.

• 한국언론정보학보
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• 제46권
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• pp.511-555
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• 2009

미디어산업의 규제는 미디어 개별 콘텐츠에 대한 내용규제와 특정 분야의 진입 퇴출에 관한 소유규제로 나눌 수 있다. 본고에서 살펴보고자 하는 소유규제는 여론독과점의 방지와 다양성의 확보를 위한 핵심적인 법적 정책적 수단이다. 세계 각국은 자국의 특수한 미디어 환경을 기반으로 한 규제모델을 가지고 있으며, 한국 또한 환경변화에 조응할 수 있는 정책으로 미디어산업의 활성화와 수용자의 권익을 보호할 수 있는 최대공약수를 도출해야 할 정책적 과제를 안고 있다. 특히 공익성이 여타 어느 산업분야보다 중시되는 현실에서 미디어산업의 규제정책은 공익성에 대한 확고한 정책적 의지가 필요한데, 이를 실현시킬 소유규제 정책의 핵심적 요소가 이종매체 소유에 관한 것이다. 방통융합의 본격화로 미디어 산업의 지형이 변화하는 가운데 주요한 이슈가 되고 있는 이종매체 소유규제는 사업자별 이해관계와 미디어산업에 대한 관점에 따라서 사업자 및 시민단체, 정책당국의 갈등요인이 내재되어 있다. 이러한 상황에서 이종매체 소유규제의 근거논리인 '공익' 개념의 재정립 문제, 소유의 집중과 다양성의 문제에 대한 재개념화 필요성을 모색했다. 신문방송 겸영으로 대표되는 국내 미디어산업의 이종매체 교차소유 문제를 변화하는 산업지형에 비춰 재검토 함에 있어 국내 신문기업이 처한 현실적 조건을 위주로 살펴보았다. 또한, 미디어 융합시대에 촉발된 정책적 딜레마 상황을 이종매체 소유규제를 중심으로 논의한 후 효율적 갈등관리의 필요성을 제기하였다. 끝으로 미디어정책 기관의 독립성과 신뢰회복, 규제모델의 합리화, 이종매체 소유규제 이슈에 대한 각론적 접근, 매체균형발전을 위한 지원정책의 내실화라는 정책적 제언을 제시했다. 거대 미디어그룹의 여론과 산업에 대한 독과점 방지 정책이나 이종매체 소유규제는 해외 각국에서도 정책적 과제로 남아있음도 살펴보았다. 이종매체의 겸영 이슈를 포함한 미디어산업에서의 딜레마 상황과 이에 대한 이해관계의 조정은 매체환경의 급속한 변화에 부응한 '공익성과 산업성의 조화'라는 바탕 위에서 조속히 마련되어야 할 정책적 과제라 하겠다. 한국에서도 매체환경 변화에 부응하는 소유규제의 완화는 고려할 수 있으나, 신문과 방송 겸영을 포함한 이종매체 겸영은 신중한 접근이 필요하다. 이종매체 교차소유 완화는 여론독과점의 우려를 불식시킬 정도의 풍부한 저널리즘적 토양이 전제가 되어야 함을 역설적으로 확인할 수 있다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.766-783
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• 2006

This study describes philosophical background regarding '虛' in oriental medicine in an effort to understand the relationships among some of the Eastern philosophy in accordance with differentiated meanings in several resources by analyzing examples of '虛' in Huang Di Nei Jing. The various usages of '虛' used in Huang Di Nei Jing are as follows: naming; condition of pulse; emptiness; '太虛' which was referred universal space by Chinese ; insufficiency, lack or scarcity, deficiency ; and the description of vitality, mental faculties. 外丹修煉(training by external substances) had the attitude do that withdraw the death by taking external materials. The meaning of '虛'in 外丹修煉 is similar to that in oriental medicine in terms of deficiency. That is, both 外丹修煉 and the oriental medicine consider that the death and disease are caused by the deficiency of something. However, there also exists difference between 外丹修煉 and the oriental medicine. 外丹修煉 supplements through withdrawal prohibition due to the characteristic of unchangeability and stern or immortal while oriental medicine provides concrete object of deficiency. 精(essence of life), 氣(ki, functional activity), and fe(vitality) not only have been considered as basic component of human body, but they also have been an important subject of health preservation for longevity with health in Taoism and oriental medicine. In oriental medicine, 精 and 氣 have been perceived as physical basis of human body and 神 as controller. 內丹修煉(Training of internal active substances) 掠nds to return to '虛', the early state of life through individual training, and attempts to withdraw death through continuous recurrence. The oriental medicine and 內丹修煉 held great value of 神 among health preservation of 精, 氣, and 神. They seek theoretical basis from philosophical Taoism. However, '虛' in Taoism is different from that in training by internal substances and oriental medicine: '虛' in philosophical Taoism has metaphysical concept which refers overcome of life and death, but '虛' in 內丹修煉 and oriental medicine have empirical concept. '太虛' is considered as formless space where it is emp Dut filled with 氣. It is conceptualized with the premise of the relevant adaptation of human body to natural environment theory referring that the interaction between the heaven and the earth makes changes; all creation is originated , and human is affected by the interaction of the heaven and the earth. Furthermore, in $\ulcorner$運氣七篇$\lrcorner$ (Seven chapters described about the five circuit phases and the six atmospheric influences), the expression that the earth is in the center of '太虛' and huge amount of 氣 supports it proves that $\ulcorner$運氣七篇$\lrcorner$ adapts '渾天設'(Chaotic universe thee). In Taoism, '虛' is the grounds where all creation is generated in the optimal condition of Tao. As regards the aspect of mentality, it is the condition in which one can free from the dualistic concepts such as right and wrong, beauty and ugliness, life and death, and so on. Although the ultimate goal of oriental medicine, the achievement of longevity without sickness, might contrast with the Taoist belief that perceives life and death as the natural phenomena or the flowing of the 氣, and eliminates all international, the idea of Taoism that one should live substantial life with naivety, and make Harmony with the nature might be influential to the oriental medicine.