• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.57-65
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• 2016

This study's purpose was to provide basic data for the monitoring of ecological changes caused by change of vegetation structure of Abies koreana forest in a study site susceptible to climatic change in Yeongsil area of Hallasan Mountain, Jeju Island. Surveys revealed this: in Yeongsil area of Hallasan Mountain, per 1 ha of A. koreana forests, total number 1,781, and A. koreana number 989, accounting for 55.5% of the total number of trees. 190 A. koreana or 19.2% were found to be dead. For the number of individual trees by DBH, trees standing 5 cm - 10 cm tall formed the largest portion at 39.9%, and in the case of other trees except A. koreana, the number of individual trees below 5 cm accounted for 23.5% of the total number of trees. The survey of importance by height revealed this: at the top level, the importance of A. koreana was the highest at 106.23, but the sum of importance of temperate deciduous broad-leaved trees (Prunus maximowiczii, Quercus mongolica, and Taxus cuspidata) was higher at 142.84 than that of A. koreana. The analysis of species diversity revealed 0.645 species diversity for the tree layer and 0.817 for the shrub layer; for evenness, 0.549 for the tree layer and 0.664 for the shrub layer; for dominance value; 0.451 for the tree layer and 0.336 for the shrub layer. The analysis of tree vitality revealed that for the A. koreana forests in Yeongsil, the composition ratio of A. koreana by type is AS type>AL type>DS type>DB type, and that of the other trees is AL type>AS type>AF type>AB type. Compared with the forests in other areas, the A. koreana forests in the Yeongsil area have a very high occurrence rate of dead trees, and a high importance of trees is shown in the deciduous broad-leaved tree forests. Compared with the A. koreana forests in the Jindallaebat area, with the same level above sea, the vegetation structures are fast changing. Also, due to dryness and other non-physical environmental changes caused by a lack of rainwater and dry winds in winter, dead trees are fast increasing in number. Environmental changes such as climate change diversely affect the maintenance of A. koreana in individual areas, and if environmental changes are fast and continue long, of the A. koreana forest areas in the Hallasan Mountain, the A. koreana forests in the Yeongsil area will decrease fastest in number and will experience changes in the vegetation structure. Thus, it is necessary to survey the vegetation changes in A. koreana forests, which are distributed in all directions but are centered on Hallasan Mountain, and to thus conduct long-term monitoring and research.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.68-76
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to computerize street tree management using a CAD program in order to manage the drawing record of street trees systematically and concurrently. The configuration of this program is composed of Reference Data, Data Inquiry, and Cost Assessment. The Reference Data includes characteristics of trees, monthly managements records, damage by blight and insects and usage of pesticides. The Data Inquiry includes an individual search of the tree index, simple searches and multiple searches. The Cost Assessment includes two main components, the data input with labor cost, manure ocst and pesticide cost and the assesment of management cost for prevention of blight and insects, pruning and fertilization. The results of this study are as follows: 1) When there are practices such as transplanting and removing of street trees it is immediately updated with the various situation. By creating an in progress a tree management system, up to the date information can be given to the manager for decision making. 2) To identify individual tree at the site or in drawing, the street name and numbers were used instead of coordinates. Tree tags are attached to the street trees individually. It can make DB management simple and easy. 3) By doing simple or multiple search with constructed DB, data can be provided quickly. 4) The result of this type of search are useful in the assessment of management cost very useful in regards to items such as the pruning, pesticides scattering and fertilization. 5) By using the AutoCAD software and existing PC without purchasing new equipment, the cost of system implementation can be minimized.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.210-221
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• 1997

This study was conducted to investigte the visual preference and response between introduced and native trees for utilization of the south native trees in interior space. 1. The intensity of illumination was below 500lux at 24 buildings of interior spaces surveyed. Generally the temperature was 24~$26^{\circ}C$, and humidity was 60~70%. 2. Total number of introduced tree species were 9 familiar, 16 genus, 18 species, especially palm genus were the largest tree among them at these surveyed interior spaces, but native trees were only 2 species. The introduced tree of 2 to 3m in height was 46 percent, and the case of 1.2 to 2m was 42 percent. 3. The mean of visual preference was the highest at Rhapis excelsa and howeia belmoreana, and followed with Neolitsea sericea, Daphniphllum macropodum, Listsea japonicum. In the mean of visual preference for selected tree groups, native tree was not different as compared with introduced tree. 4. Visual image factor of the native and introduced trees at interior spaces was classified by individual factor and emotional factor. These 2 factors were shown 66.5% total variance. The native tree was strongly recognized on individual factor, as , and introduced tree was also strongly recognized on emotional factor. 5. In the analysis of visual preference and image, a difference between the selected groups of the introduced and native trees were not shown significant, and the introduced trees were similar to the native trees on the visual image. This result was as follow There was an analogy between Cinnamomum camphora, Ligustrum japonicum and Ficus retusa, Ficus benjamina. There is an analogy between Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii, Cinnamomum japonicum and Ficus retusa, Ficus benjamina. There was an analogy between Elaeocarpus sylvestris var. ellipticus, Fatsia japonica and Rhapis excelsa, Howeia belmoreana. There was an analogy between Neolitsea sericea, Daphniphyllum macropo여, Listsea japonica and Rhapis excelsa, Howeia belmoreana. There was an analogy between Elaeocarpus sylvestris var. ellipticus, Fatsia japonica and Dracaena fragranse, Ficus elastica, Monstera deliciosa.

• Spatial Information Research
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.27-38
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• 2012

산림의 보존과 관리에 대한 필요성이 점차 증가하면서 항공 라이다데이터를 이용한 산림연구가 활발히 수행되고 있다. 이러한 산림연구에서 수목고도는 정량적인 산림측정을 위한 중요한 변수로 이용된다. 이에 본 연구는 항공 라이다데이터로부터 수목고도 추정을 위한 대표적인 두 종류의 방법을 적용하고 그 결과를 비교분석한다. Local maximum 필터링에 기반한 개별수목탐지 방법으로 개별수목의 수, 위치, 높이 및 평균수고를, 수목고도모델 또는 히스토그램을 이용한 평균수고 추정방법으로 개별격자 또는 전체영역에 대한 최대, 평균수고, 평균 수관고를 추정한다. 현장에서 실측한 검증데이터와 비교한 결과 개별 수목은 76.6%의 정확도로 탐지되었으며 개별수고는 전체 수종의 경우 1.91m, 침엽수종에 대해서는 0.75m의 RMSE로 추정되었다. 반면 수목고도모델을 이용하여 추정된 평균수고는 약 1~2m의 RMSE를 보였으며, 히스토그램을 이용하여 추정된 평균수고는 약 0.6m 과소 추정되었다. 정확하고 다양한 산림정보 추출을 위해 수종 및 추정인자에 따라 적합한 상호보완적인 방법을 선택하고 융합하는 것이 필요하다.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.736-746
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• 2011

본 연구는 광주광역시에 분포하는 보호수 및 노거수의 분포 및 생육현황을 조사하여 보호수와 노거수 관리방안을 제시하고자 시도하였다. 광주광역시에 분포하는 보호수는 9종 68개체로 이 중 광산구가 18개체로 가장 많았으며, 노거수는 10종 155개체로 확인되었다. 기존문헌에 잘못 기록된 종명은 정확한 식물명으로 수정되어야 한다. 보호수의 활력도 평균은 1.2였으며 지면상태 평균은 1.7이었고 노거수의 활력도 평균은 1.3, 지면상태 평균은 2.0으로 활력도는 큰 차이가 없었고 지면 상태는 노거수가 조금 더 좋지 못한 것으로 나타났다. 활력도가 3.2~4.0범위를 보여 절대관리가 필요한 보호수는 광산구 송대동 대촌마을 은행나무 1개체 이었고, 노거수는 광산구 산수동 감동마을의 왕버들 1개체로 나타났다. 보호수 및 노거수의 관리방안에서 제일 중요한 것은 기본적으로 노거수가 자랄 수 있는 최소한의 생육공간을 확보하는 것으로 보호수와 노거수 근계 위의 아스팔트나 시멘트 포장을 제거해 주어야 한다고 판단된다.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.68-74
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• 2012

A total of 45 Pinus sylvestnis var. mongolica trees from 9 plots in northeast China were destructively sampled to develop aboveground prediction equations for inventory application. Sampling plots covered a range of stand ages (12-47-years-old) and densities (450-3,840/ha). The distribution of aboveground biomass of whole-trees and tree component (stems, branches and leaves) of individual trees were studied and 4 equations were developed as functions of diameter at breast height (DBH), total height (HT). All the equations have good estimation effect with high prediction precision over 90%. Forest biomass was estimated based on the individual biomass prediction equations. It was found forest biomass of all organs increased with the increasing of stand age and density. And the period of 45-50 years was the suitable harvest time for Pinus sylvesris plantation.

• 식물조직배양학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.129-134
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• 2001

Winter bud explants from 15 individual angelica tree (Aralia elata) were cultured in vitro to find out optimal conditions for somatic embryo induction as well as plant regeneration. Calli are induced and grown on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D for 4 weeks and subcultured on a half-strength MS medium without phytohormones to induce somatic embryos. Inter-simple sequence repeat (I-SSR) markers were analyzed with total DNAs extracted from the trees. Genotype effects on somatic embryo induction were examined by cluster analysis. Callus induction rate varied from 58.5 to 100% among the genotypes. Somatic embryo induction rate also greatly varied from 0 to 100% among the genotypes. There was a significant difference in somatic embryo induction rate even among the individual trees that showed close genetic relationships each other. This suggested that somatic embryo induction rate in Aralia elata be influenced by a few major specific genes rather than whole genomic similarity among individual trees. Four individuals of Ulneong-7, Cheju-1, Shingu and China, which are recalcitrant to somatic embryo induction, turned out to have a close genetic relationship, suggesting that both physiological and genetic factors affect somatic embryo induction. The results suggest that genotype selection be the most important factor to achieve an efficient propagation, although cultural optimization through medium and explant manipulation may also play crucial roles in somatic embryogensis as well as plant regeneration of these species.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.195-202
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• 2023

In this study, we sought to compare and evaluate the accuracy and predictive performance of machine learning algorithms for estimating the growth of individual Larix kaempferi trees in Gangwon Province, Korea. We employed linear regression, random forest, XGBoost, and LightGBM algorithms to predict tree growth using monitoring data organized based on different thinning intensities. Furthermore, we compared and evaluated the goodness-of-fit of these models using metrics such as the coefficient of determination (R²), mean absolute error (MAE), and root mean square error (RMSE). The results revealed that XGBoost provided the highest goodness-of-fit, with an R² value of 0.62 across all thinning intensities, while also yielding the lowest values for MAE and RMSE, thereby indicating the best model fit. When predicting the growth volume of individual trees after 3 years using the XGBoost model, the agreement was exceptionally high, reaching approximately 97% for all stand sites in accordance with the different thinning intensities. Notably, in non-thinned plots, the predicted volumes were approximately 2.1 m³ lower than the actual volumes; however, the agreement remained highly accurate at approximately 99.5%. These findings will contribute to the development of growth prediction models for individual trees using machine learning algorithms.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.3213-3219
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• 2014

현재 도시화로 급증하는 온실가스는 기후변화에 커다란 영향을 미치고 있다. 이로 인해, 정부에서는 기후변화의 예방을 위하여 산소를 발생시키고 이산화탄소를 저감시키는 수목을 활용하는 다양한 방안을 모색하고 있다. 수목의 이산화탄소 저감량을 산정하기 위해서 개별 수목에 대한 정보를 추출하는 것이 필수적이다. 항공 라이다 자료는 지상의 건물 뿐만 아니라 수목에 대한 3차원 정보를 점군형태로 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 항공라이다 자료를 이용하여 개별 수목을 추출하는 자동화 모델을 개발하였다. 이를 위해, 수목을 추출하기 위한 방법론을 설정하고 그것을 모델로 개발하는 과정으로 진행되었으며 자동화된 모델은 ArcGIS의 모델빌더를 기반으로 하였다. 개발된 모델의 적용성을 평가하기 위해서 용인시를 대상으로 상업용 소프트웨어와 비교하였다. 실험결과 본 연구에서 개발한 자동화 모델의 추출율이 9.91% 높은 것으로 확인되었으며 상대적으로 수목추출이 효과적이라는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제7권9호
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• pp.2232-2245
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• 2013

The present study proposes efficient procedural modeling methods for enabling the growth and creation of various trees with minimal user control. Growth volume algorithms are utilized in order to easily and effectively calculate many parameters that determine tree growth, including branch propagation. Procedural methods are designed so that users' interactive control structures can be applied to these algorithms to create unique tree models efficiently. First, through a two-line-based interactive growth volume control method, the growth information that determines the overall shape of the tree is intuitively adjusted. Thereafter, independent branch control methods designed to control individual branches are added to the growth deformation in order to enable the growth of unique trees. Whether the growth processes of desired trees can be easily and intuitively controlled by the proposed method is verified through experiments. Methods that can apply the proposed methods are also verified.