• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제40권3호
• /
• pp.178-186
• /
• 2014

Background: This study was conducted to assess health risks in regard to exposure by children to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in children's products. Methods: Ten VOCs were measured by head-space gas chromatography in children's products, including toys, oil pastels, sign pens, furniture, ball pools, and playmats. We estimated the average daily dose (ADD) via inhalation during the use of these children's products and calculated hazard quotient (HQ) by dividing ADD by reference dose of VOCs. Results: Among the measured VOCs, five compounds were identified in children's products: benzene, ethylbenzene, styrene, toluene, and xylene. The detection rates of VOCs in toys, ball pools, furniture, playmats, sign pens, and oil pastels were 85%, 100%, 100%, 30%, 100%, and 60%, respectively. The maximum levels of VOCs were 0.18 mg benzene/kg in toys, 5.92 mg toluene/kg in playmats, 10.37 mg ethylbenzene/kg in ball pools, 24.85 mg xylene/kg in toys, and 118.29 mg styrene/kg in ball pools. From exposure levels of VOCs in the children's products HQs were calculated within a range of $5.71{\times}10^{-10}$ to $4.77{\times}10^{-4}$. The HQ of xylene was the highest for children aged 0-6 playing on the playmats. However, the HQ via inhalation exposure to VOCs in individual products did not exceed 1.00. Conclusion: Based on the results, it was concluded that the use of these children's products do not pose health risks to children.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제34권5호
• /
• pp.1407-1413
• /
• 2013

A new compound, perforaphenonoside A (1), along with 11 known compounds (2-12) were isolated from a methanol extract of adventitious roots of Hypericum perforatum. Their chemical structures were elucidated using chemical and physical methods as well as comparison of NMR and mass spectral data with previously reported data. Their inhibition of NF-${\kappa}B$ and activation of PPAR was measured in HepG2 cells using a luciferase reporter system. Among the compounds 3, 6, 7 and 12 inhibited NF-${\kappa}B$ activation stimulated by TNF${\alpha}$ in a dose-dependent manner, with $IC_{50}$ values ranging from 0.85 to $8.10{\mu}M$. Moreover, compounds 1-3, 7, 11 and 12 activated the transcriptional activity of PPARs in a dose-dependent manner, with $EC_{50}$ values ranging from 7.3 to $58.7{\mu}M$. The transactivational effects of compounds 1-3, 7, 11 and 12 were evaluated on three individual PPAR subtypes. Among them, compound 2 activated $PPAR{\alpha}$ transcriptional activity, with 153.97% stimulation at $10{\mu}M$, while compounds 1, 2 and 11 exhibited transcriptional activity of $PPAR{\gamma}$, with stimulation from 124.76% to 126.91% at $10{\mu}M$.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
• /
• 제17권3호
• /
• pp.889-904
• /
• 2006

Our purpose is to ascertain, if possible, whether atomic bomb survivors with cataracts and epilation were more radiosensitive than those survivors with cataracts but without epilation. A major ophthalmologic survey was conducted in Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1963-64. At that time, 2125 individuals were examined. Among these individuals, estimated eye organ doses, based on the DS86 dosimetry system, and information on the occurrence of epilation within the first 60 days following the bombings are available on 1742. In the analysis of these data we have assumed that each individual represents a sample of one from a binomial distribution, and that the occurrence of cataracts and epilation are independent biological phenomena. We got following results. The threshold for cataract induction and its 95% confidence limits have been estimated from data on the occurrence of cataract and epilation. Among the 1742 study subjects, 40 had both cataracts and severe epilation. The estimated threshold based on these cases is 0.98 sievert(Sv), with 95% lower and upper confidence bounds of 0.72, and 1.32 Sv, respectively, and is highly statistically significant. Among the 27 cases of cataracts where severe epilation was not reported, the estimated threshold is 1.74 Sv with 95% lower and upper confidence bounds of 1.21 Sv, and "not estimable". The difference between these two estimates is not statistically significant although the effect of dose is highly significant in both instances. The potential importance of biases in the DS86 dose estimates is discussed. The difference between the threshold estimated from cataract cases with epilation and that from cases without epilation is not statistically significant at the 5% or 10% level, and thus affords no support for the notion of increased radiosensitivity.

• 한국의료질향상학회지
• /
• 제14권2호
• /
• pp.125-132
• /
• 2008

Background : The number of outpatient injected anticancer drug is increasing. and the pathway of prescribing, compounding, and injecting anticancer drug is processed very rapidly in out-patient department. Moreover, Dose of anticancer drug is often changed depending on side effect of patients. So we need more effective inspection of anticancer drug prescriptions. The purpose of this study was to analyze the prescription errors for anticancer drugs in Out-Patient Department and to suggest system to prevent them. Method : The study took place at Asan Medical Center from July to September 2007. The pharmacists performed inspection of anticancer drug prescriptions before compounding and injecting. We used protocol-based anticancer drug order program and Electronic Medical Record (EMR). Result : During the study period, we analyzed 4683 prescriptions for out-patient. And we detected 55 medication errors (1.2%). Most common errors included dosage above or below the correct ones (56.3%), followed by incorrect treatment duration. Because most of dosing errors were in the range of usual dosage, it was hard to detect them. So when inspecting the prescription, we considered the medical records of individual patients. As a result, we could raise the efficiency of intervention. Therefore inspection using EMR could possibly reduce the number of anticancer drug errors. Conclusion : we are preventing the medication errors on stability and dosage above or below the maximum therapeutic dose according to the previous inspection system. However most of dosing errors were in the range of usual dosage according to the result of this study. Because of there was interpatient variability of dosage depending adverse effect. For improvement of quality assurance, we suggest inspection system based on patient's medical history.

• 한국산업보건학회지
• /
• 제29권3호
• /
• pp.358-367
• /
• 2019

Objectives: This study aimed to review model algorithms and input parameters applied to some exposure models and to compare the simulated estimates using an exposure scenario from each model. Methods: A total of five exposure models which can estimate inhalation exposure were selected; the Korea Ministry of Environment(KMOE) exposure model, European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals Targeted Risk Assessment(ECETOC TRA), SprayExpo, and ConsExpo model. Algorithms and input parameters for exposure estimation were reviewed and the exposure scenario was used for comparing the modeled estimates. Results: Algorithms in each model commonly consist of the function combining physicochemical properties, use characteristics, user exposure factors, and environmental factors. The outputs including air concentration ($mg/m^3$) and inhaled dose(mg/kg/day) are estimated applying input parameters with the common factors to the algorithm. In particular, the input parameters needed to estimate are complicated among the models and models need more individual input parameters in addition to common factors. In case of CEM, it can be obtained more detailed exposure estimates separating user's breathing zone(near-field) and those at influencing zone(far-field) by two-box model. The modeled exposure estimates using the exposure scenario were similar between the models; they were ranged from 0.82 to $1.38mg/m^3$ for concentration and from 0.015 to 0.180 mg/kg/day for inhaled dose, respectively. Conclusions: Modeling technique can be used for a useful tool in the process of exposure assessment if the exposure data are scarce, but it is necessary to consider proper input parameters and exposure scenario which can affect the real exposure conditions.

• 대한치과의사협회지
• /
• 제57권10호
• /
• pp.613-622
• /
• 2019

The vitamin K antagonist (VKA), cumadin, or warfarin, is the only antithrombotic drug that can be orally administered and has excellent effective for decades. However, it is cumbersome to periodically inspect the prothrombin time (PT) order to maintain adequate concentrations that do not cause bleeding, takes a few days to indicate therapeutic effects, gets affected by several factors such as food and drugs etc, and narrow in the therapeutic range. Although recently in development, the non-vitamin K antagonist anticoagulants(NOACs) exhibit a rapid onset of action and have relatively short half- lives compared to Coumadin. Because of these pharmacokinetic properties, it is possible to modify an individual's anticoagulation status quite rapidly, minimizing the period where the anticoagulation activity is therapeutically suboptimal. And the short half -lives of these drug allow for the relatively rapid reduction of their anticoagulation effects. There are currently no published clinical trials specifically assessing the bleeding risks associated with dental procedures for patients taking the NOACs. It is not necessary to interrupt NOAC medication for dental procedures that are likely to cause bleeding, but which have a low risk of bleeding complications. Because the bleeding risk for these procedures is considered to be low, the balance of effects is in favour of continuing the NOAC treatment without modification, to avoid increasing the risk of a thromboembolic event. The patients should be advised to miss(apixaban or dabigatran) or delay(rivaroxaban) a dose of their NOAC prior to dental procedures that are likely to cause bleeding and which have a higher risk of bleeding complications. Because the risk of bleeding complications for these procedures is considered to be higher, the balance effects is in favour of missing or delaying the pretreatment NOAC dose. The interruption is only for a short time to minimize the effect on thromboembolic risk.

• 방사선산업학회지
• /
• 제17권2호
• /
• pp.199-207
• /
• 2023

Since seeds can be directly used as food resources as well as for crop cultivation or preservation of genetic resources, it is essential to develop high-quality seed processing technology to increase agricultural productivity. Seed treatment means processing technologies of seeds through physical or chemical treatment processes from after harvesting seeds to before sowing of seeds to improve germination and growth rate, durability, and immunity, etc. Since chemical seed treatment technology using pesticides or plant growth regulators has problems of environmental pollution and human toxicity, it is desired to develop an alternative technology. As a physical seed treatment method, various technologies such as ionizing radiation, plasma, microwave, and magnetic field are being developed, and some of them are being used practically. In this paper, I will summarize the mechanism of seed priming and disinfection, and the advantages and disadvantages of application, focusing on these physical seed treatment methods. Low dose or moderate intensity ionizing radiation, microwave, low-temperature plasma, and magnetic field treatments often promoted seed germination and seedling growth. However, effective removal of direct seed pathogens at these treatment intensities appears to be difficult. And it has been shown that relatively high-dose electron beam treatment using low-energy electron beams kills microorganisms on the seed surface and hull layer while not damaging the inner tissue of the seed, and is also effectively used for seed treatment on a commercial scale. In order to put the physical seed treatment technology to practical use in Korea, it is necessary to develop an economical scale treatment device along with the development of individual treatment technology to each crop.

• 방사선산업학회지
• /
• 제18권2호
• /
• pp.117-126
• /
• 2024

This study aims to identify high exposure tasks among the tasks performed in domestic nuclear power plants as a basis for developing training programs to improve the efficiency of workers' work. To this end, we first analyzed the exposure status of radiation work in domestic nuclear power plants. Radiation tasks in nuclear power plants were categorized, collective doses were investigated, and the collective doses were calculated based on the collective doses, and representative high exposure tasks were identified. We found that the collective and individual doses in domestic nuclear power plants are continuously decreasing, but there is an imbalance of exposure among workers. In terms of work classification, nuclear power plants are managed in 236 work codes based on light water reactors and 181 work codes based on heavy water reactors, depending on the work equipment and location. Among the total work codes, 23 codes have an annual average dose exceeding 10 μSv, and based on this, 10 representative high exposure tasks were derived. The representative high exposure tasks were selected as S/G nozzle dam work, S/G debris removal work, nuclear instrumentation system, S/G eddy current detection work, and insulation work. The results of this study are expected to serve as an important basis for reducing the exposure of workers in nuclear power plants and improving work efficiency.

• 동의생리병리학회지
• /
• 제28권5호
• /
• pp.537-547
• /
• 2014

The object of this study was to observe the effect of Banhasasim-tang (BHSST) on the HCl/EtOH-induced gastric ulcer in mice. Three different dosages of BHSST extract (400, 200 and 100 mg/kg) were once orally administered 1 hr before HCl/EtOH mixture treatment. One hour after HCl/EtOH mixture single oral treatment, the changes on the gross hemorrhagic lesion scores, fundic histopathology, gastric nitrate/nitrite contents, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense system (catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities) were observed, and compared with that of ranitidine 100 mg/kg. As results of all three different dosages of BHSST extract treatment in the HCl/EtOH-induced gastric ulcer mice, significant and dose-dependent decreased gastric damages. BHSST extracts also increased gastric nitrate/nitrite contents and strengthened the antioxidant defense systems, and increased the activities of catalase and SOD, respectively. BHSST extracts 200 mg/kg showed similar anti-ulcerative effect as compared with ranitidine 100 mg/kg, in this experiment. BHSST has favorable protective effects against to the HCl/EtOH-induced gastric damages, through the strengthening of the body antioxidant defense systems. These gastroprotective effects of BHSST against HCl/EtOH-induced gastric ulcer considered as results of complicated synergic effects of their 8 kinds of herbal components, but exact synergic or individual herbal effects are difficult to discuss in this study. Therefore, more detail synergic effects between 8 kinds of individual herbal component of BHSST should be tested with screening of active anti-inflammatory chemical ingredients, in future.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
• /
• 제15권4호
• /
• pp.210-216
• /
• 1999

TREGRO, a computer simulation model of individual tree growth, was applied to estimate ozone ($\textrm{O}_3$) effects on aspen(Populus tremuloides) growth under ambient and 1.7 times ambient $\textrm{O}_3$ of Seoul in 1996. The three highest $\textrm{O}_3$ (Kuui-dong, Ssangmun-dong, Sungsoo-dong) and the two lowest $\textrm{O}_3$ sites (Mapo-dong, Namgajwa-dong) were evaluated. The current ambient $\textrm{O}_3$ did not affect aspen growth compared to simulation without $\textrm{O}_3$. The only effect was 6.6 percent of total assimilated carbonloss at Ssangmun-dong where the level of $\textrm{O}_3$ was greatest among the 21 sites examined. Decrease as much as 50 percent of total carbon gain was calculated at 1.7 times ambient $\textrm{O}_3$ of the three highest sites. The carbon loss by $\textrm{O}_3$ came from biomass of tissues and total nonstructural cabron (TNC) such as starch and sugar. The most sensitive fraction was TNC and the next was root biomass. Foliage mass was not affected by $\textrm{O}_3$. Structural biomass loss was at best 1 to 3 percent at 1.7 times ambient $\textrm{O}_3$ at the two lowest sites. The daily carbon simulation was affected by $\textrm{O}_3$ mainly during Growth Period 4 (Jul. 21-Oct. 26). Correlations between site, dose, and the simulated responses of aspen (tissue biomass, TNC, respiration, and senescence) ranged from -0.703 to -0.973 depending on the plant responses. The ozone effects on poplar in Seoul are not severe currently, but are probably measurable at Ssangmun-dong. However, severe $\textrm{O}_3$ effects on biomass would occur if $\textrm{O}_3$ levels increase to 1.7 times ambient $\textrm{O}_3$ in Seoul. In addition, v could weaken the trees thus increasing susceptibility to pathogens or insects.