• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.45-45
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• 2017

The Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella, is one of the most important pests of stored food in the food processing industry worldwide. To control the Indian meal moth, methyl bromide, phosphine, high carbon dioxide, sulfuryl fluoride and plant essential oil fumigation have been considered. However, these treatments have disadvantages. For example, depleting the ozone layer, showing resistance in insect, low control efficacy or need high cost for treatment. Chlorine dioxide ($ClO_2$) is strong disinfectant and insecticide. The gas caused a malfunction in enzymes. The oxidative stress induced by $ClO_2$ gas treatment damaged to a physiological system and all life stages of P. interpunctella. The gaseous $ClO_2$ is a convincing alternative to methyl bromide for controlling P. interpunctella. The gaseous $ClO_2$ was generated by a chlorine dioxide generator (PurgoFarm Co., Ltd., Hwasung, Korea). It generated highly pure $ClO_2$ gas and the gas blown out through a vent into a test chamber. Gas entry to the chamber was automatically controlled and monitored by a PortaSene II gas leak detector (Analytical Technology, Collegeville, PA, USA). The properly prepared eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults of P. interpunctella were used in this experiment. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.4. Percentage data were statistically analyzed after arcsine-root transformation. Analysis of variance was performed using general linear model, and means were separated by the least significant difference test at P < 0.05. Fumigation is an effective management technique for controlling all stages of P. interpunctella. We found that $ClO_2$ gas treatment directly effects on egg, larvae, pupae and adults of P. interpunctella. The gas treatment with proper concentration for over a day achieved 100 % mortality in all stages of P. interpunctella and short time treatment or low concentration gas treatment results showed that the egg hatchability, pupation rate, and adult emergency rate were lowered compare with untreated control. Also, abnormal pupae or adult rate were increased. Gaseous $ClO_2$ treatment induced insecticidal reactive oxygen species (ROS), and it resulted in fatal oxidative stress in P. interpunctella. Taken together, these results showed that exposure proper concentration and time of the gas control all stages of P. interpunctella by inducing fatal oxidative stress. Further studies will be required to apply the gas treatment under real-world condition and to understanding physiological reaction in P. interpunctella caused by oxidative stress.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Entomolohy Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.120-120
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• 2002

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Entomolohy Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.82-82
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• 2002

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.143-146
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• 1988

The effect of gamma irradiation on controlling infestation of insects on rice grain were investigated. The egg and larva stages of rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) were more radiosensitive than the pupal and adult stages. The complete mortal dose of the first two stages was 0.05kGy, while it was 0.5kGy in the second two stages. In indian-meal moth (plodia interpuctella Hubner), sterile doses of egg, larva, pupa and adult were 0.04 to 0.05, 0.05 to 0.06 and 0.2 to 0.25kGy, respectively. Therefore, the irradiation dose within 1.0kGy was considered to be effective for rice storage so far as reinfestation was prevented. Attractiveness of indian-meal moth toward the rice irradiated at 1.0 to 5.0kGy was non-significant in F-test.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.9-19
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate natural insectifuge materials from tree extractives in order to substitute for organic synthetic insecticides for food wrapping corrugated board. Tree samples were collected, extracted, fractionated with hexane, $CH_2Cl_2$, ethylacetate(EtOAc) and $H_2O$, and then freezed dried for further study. EtOAc or $H_2O$ fractions were chromatographed on a Sephadex LH-20 column for isolation and purification, and the isolated compounds were characterized by spectroscopic tools such as NMR and MS. Crude extractives of EtOAc and $H_2O$ fractions were added to the printing ink for corrugated board with the concentration of 2% or 3% based on the weight of the ink, then the prepared ink was printed on the corrugated board to be used for evasion test using larva of indian meal moth(Plodia interpunctella(Hubner)). Robtin, dihydrorobinetin and leucorobinetinidin were isolated from the wood extractives of black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia) and the bark of poplar(Populus alba $\times$ glandulosa) contained many kinds of compounds such as (+)-catechin, naringenin, aromadendrin, eriodictyol, sakuranetin and its glycoside, taxifolin, neosaturanin, salireposide, p-coumaric acid and aesculin. Much of (+)-catechin was isolated from the bark extractives of willow(Salix koreensis) in addition to (+)-gallocatechin and p-coumaric acid and the bark of weeping willow(Salix babylonica) also contained (+)-catechin, (+)-gallocatechin, dihydromyricetin and myricetin.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.739-742
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• 2014

This study investigated the effect of perforation by the Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella) larvae on various flexible food-packaging films, in relation to their thickness and type. Among the various flexible packaging films, polyethylene (PE), aluminum foil (AF), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were selected for this study due to their wide usage in food packaging. Based on their thickness, film penetration by P. interpunctella larvae was measured as in following order: PP, $20{\mu}m$; AF, $9{\mu}m$; PET, $12{\mu}m$; PP, $30{\mu}m$; PS, $30{\mu}m$; PE, $40{\mu}m$; PE, $35{\mu}m$; PS, $60{\mu}m$; and PET, $16{\mu}m$. P. interpunctella larvae rapidly penetrated through the packaging films regardless of their thickness and type. In particular, it was observed that PP of $20{\mu}m$ and PS of $30{\mu}m$ were completely penetrated by P. interpunctella larvae within 72 h, rendering thin PP and PS films less valuable as anti-insect packaging films. Our results show that the perforations by P. interpunctella larvae were observed in the thin films. These results imply that each packaging film has a marginal thickness against the perforations by P. interpunctella larvae.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.59 no.2
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• pp.95-98
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• 2016

Phototactic behavioral responses of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella ($H{\ddot{u}}bner$), adults were determined to different light-emitting diodes (LEDs) of seven wavelengths, and their behavioral responses were compared to that using a commercial luring lamp (BLB) under laboratory conditions. Based on the attractive responses under optimal light conditions (60 lx luminance intensity and 30 min light exposure time), the green LED ($520{\pm}5nm$) showed the highest attractive rate ($520{\pm}5nm$, 52.2 %), followed by the blue LED ($470{\pm}10nm$, 33.9 %), the yellow LED ($590{\pm}5nm$, 32.2 %), BLB (28.9 %), UV LED (365 nm, 22.8 %), the red LED ($625{\pm}10nm$, 14.5 %), the white LED (450-620 nm, 10.6 %), and IR LED (730 nm, 9.5 %). In addition, the green LED to P. interpunctella adults was approximately 1.81 times more attractive than BLB. These results indicate that the green LED could be most useful for monitoring of P. interpunctella adults.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.143-149
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• 1998

Development and life table statistics of indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella, Hiibner)on brown rice (Sativa oryzae L., var 'Ilpum' ) were tested under five different temperatures (17, 20, 25,28 and 3 2 f 0.5"C). The developmental response of females to the temperature was not significantlydifferent from that of males. In the tested temperature range, developmental period and life span of adultmoth decreased as the temperature increased and ranged from 149.9f30.4 to 38.1 k5.6 days and from19.4f 5.1 to 6.9k2.0 days at 17$^{\circ}$C and 32"C, respectively. Emergence rate increased with the increaseof temperature and ranged from 13.0f 6.2% at 17$^{\circ}$C to 49.2f 25.9% at 32$^{\circ}$C. However, hatching ratecurve in relation to the temperature was dome shape with the peak of 73.8 k5.37~a t 25"C, suggesting thathatching is inhibited by high temperature above that temperature. As the temperature increased, femalesconcentrated their oviposition on the second day after emergence. In the temperature range of 17 SIM 25"C, the number of eggs laid per female were not related to the temperature and ranged from 133.4f 37.6to 154.3k57.4. But the number of eggs laid per female decreased at 32$^{\circ}$C which suggests closerelationship with hatching ability. The net reproduction rate was highest at 28$^{\circ}$C and followed by those at25$^{\circ}$C and 20$^{\circ}$C. However intrinsic rate of natural increase of the moth population on brown rice wasestimated to be highest at 32$^{\circ}$C (0.065 per day), probably due to the short developmental period, highemergence rate and the concentrated oviposition of females on earlier days of the emergence.ition of females on earlier days of the emergence.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.160-170
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• 1999

Purification and biochemical experiments on the carboxylesterases-III (CE-III) from the indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) were carried out to understand their enzymemological characteristics. The CE-III from the fifth instar larvae was purified by means of ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel permeation choromatography and ion exchange choromatography. The optimal temperature for the reaction of the CE-III on the 4 substrates ($\alpha$-Na, $\alpha$-Nb, $\beta$-Na and $\beta$-Nb) was confirmed at 4$0^{\circ}C$. The optimal pH for the reactions on the substrates $\alpha$-Na and $\alpha$-Nb was 7.5. But the optimal pH on the substrate $\beta$-Na and $\beta$-Nb was 8.0. The optimal substrate concentration for the reactions of the CE-III was 3.16 X 10$^{-3}$ M in $\alpha$-Na and $\beta$-Nb. On the substrate $\beta$-Na and $\alpha$-Nb, the optimal substrate concentration was 1.0 X 10$^{-3}$ M for CE-III. The $V_{max}$ and $K_{m}$ values of the carboxylesterases were varied by the substrates as followings: the $V_{max}$ of CE-III was 45.9 for $\alpha$-Na, 52.6 for $\beta$-Na, 36.4 for $\alpha$-Nb, and 83.3 ($\mu$ mol/min/mg protein) for $\beta$-Nb. The $K_{m}$ of CE-III was 1.43 X 10$^{-4}$ M for $\alpha$-Na, 3.57 x 10$^{-5}$ M for $\beta$-Na, 9.17 X 10$^{-5}$ M for $\alpha$-Nb, and 7.14 X 10$^{-5}$ M for $\beta$ -Nb, respectively. The CE-III seemed to have somewhat high thermostability considering that the temperature for effective denaturation on activity was about 5$0^{\circ}C$ ～ 6$0^{\circ}C$.EX>.EX>.

• Food Science and Industry
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.2-11
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• 2017

Packaging is the last defensive barrier that protects food products from insect infestation during storage. However, though packaging films are hermetically sealed, insects can still be attracted by strong olfactory cues and penetrate through packaging materials, resulting in contamination. Insect contamination may cause consumers to be repulsed by contaminated food products. Especially, it is well known that stored-product insects cause critical problems in the cereal industry by inducing quantitative and qualitative damages to the grain products. The contaminations are caused by insects' metabolic byproducts and body parts, consequentially caused customer repulsion. Therefore, it is necessary to repel and control insects. However, management systems for storage insects in food industry have been inadequate for many years. Synthetic pesticides has been widely used, but pesticides may accumulate in foods, causing acute and chronic symptoms in consumers. For this reason, there is a growing need for the development of natural insecticides that can replace synthetic pesticides. Thus, various reports about anti-insect packaging materials and strategies to repel insects were introduced in this study. Furthermore, we suggested new strategies to develop an insect-repelling active packaging materials which could be applied in the food packaging industry.