• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.205-215
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to compare the nutrient intake and diet quality of postmenopausal osteoporotic women to those of control subjects, and to investigate the relationship among diet quality and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. In this study, we classified the subjects into the postmenopausal osteoporotic women (n =38) and control (n = 43) according to their lumbar spine bone mineral density and age. Dietary intakes, anthropometric measurements and dietary quality indices were measured and evaluated. The average age of osteoporotic and control group were 60.4 yrs and 58.3 yrs, respectively and there was no significant difference. Body weight, body mass index of osteoporotic group were significantly lower than those of control group. The average energy intake of osteoporotic and control group were 1243.3 kcal and 1475.8 kcal, respectively and there was a significant difference. The osteoporotic group consumed significantly lower quantities of protein, plant protein, vitamin A, vitamin $B_1,\;vitamin\;B_2$, folate, vitamin C, calcium, animal calcium, plant calcium, iron and zinc compared to the control group. The osteoporotic group consumed significantly lower of food, vegetables, mushrooms, fruits intakes compared to the control group. In the diet quality, protein, vitamin A, vitamin $B_1,\;vitamin\;B_2$, folate, vitamin C, calcium, iron, Zinc nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) of osteoporotic group were significantly lower than that of control group. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR) of osteoporotic and control group were 0.63 and 0.78, respectively and there was significant difference. To evaluate nutrient density, Index of nutritional quality (INQ) was calculated by dividing nutrient content per 1,000 kcal of diet with RDA per 1,000 kcal. The average dietary variety score (DVS) of osteoporotic and control group were 22.4 and 33.2, respectively and there was significant difference. DVSs of pulses (p<0.01), seeds (p<0.01) and vegetables (p<0.05) in osteoporotic group were significantly lower than those of the control. In conclusion, postmenopausal osteoporotic women had lower protein, vitamin A, folate, vitamin C, calcium, iron zinc intake quality and vegetables, mushrooms, fruits DVSs than those of the control. Therefore, to promote skeletal health enough energy and food should be consumed, and the maintenance of vitamin and mineral balance by increasing of vitamin A, folate, vitamin C, calcium, iron of intakes are very important.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제42권8호
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• pp.169-185
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• 2004

This study was performed to investigate the characteristics of meal patterns among Koreans of different age groups. The study subjects consisted of preschool children (PC), elementary school children (EC), high school students (HS), college students (CS), and adults over 30 years old living in Seoul and the surrounding areas. A dietary survey was conducted using 24-hour recall method from 1996-1998 and data were collected from 2392 subjects. The subjects over 30 years old were classified as 30∼49 years, 50∼69 years, and over 70 years. EC, HS, and CS groups consumed less than 20％ of their total energy intake from breakfast. PC and EC consumed over 30％ of their energy from snacks. In all age groups, the proportion of subjects who skipped a meal was highest for breakfast and lowest for dinner. Especially, 31.4％ of the CS group skipped breakfast. Breakfast and snacks provided higher quality meals than the others when each meal was assessed by the index of nutritional quality (INQ). Especially, lunch of the HS group, each meal of the EC group and subjects over 70 years of age had a lower diet quality than the others did. The major snack items for PC, EC, HS, and CS groups were milk, ice cream, and snack cakes, but those for subjects over 30 years of age were fruits. The PC group obtained 35.5％ of their energy from snacks, but the proportion of snack energy decreased with increasing age. PC and EC groups obtained a great proportion of calcium, vitamin B2, fat, and cholesterol intake from snacks. Snack foods provided 53.2％, 42.4％, 45.4％, and 24.6％ of those nutrients, respectively, for the PC group and 54.2％, 43.5％, 37.4％, and 26.8％, respectively, for the EC group. These results suggested that each age group had specific meal patterns. Especially, breakfast and snack intake seemed to complement overall diet quality. However, more intervention is needed to improve overall dietary nutrition, e.g., efforts to decrease fat and cholesterol proportion and increase breakfast consumption. These dietary characteristics among different age groups present foundation data for the development of methods to resolve the nutritional problems of each age group.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.327-339
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• 2009

It is known that Korean pregnant women take iron supplements at a higher than the recommended level. This study was designed to provide data on current iron intake levels both from food sources and supplement to better guide iron supplement use during pregnancy. We also explored associations of iron supplement intake levels with various sociocultural factors and pregnancy outcomes. Dietary intakes of 510 pregnant women were assessed by a validated 102-item food frequency questionnaire, and information on types and amounts of nutritional supplement intakes were also attained. While dietary intake levels of most nutrients exceeded the KDRIs (Korea Dietary Reference Intakes: EAR: Estimated Average Requirements), folate fell short of the KDRIs. A total of 428 women (83.9%) reported to take iron supplement. The pregnant women were divided into the three groups (group I: Fe supplement intake ${\le}$ EAR, group II: EAR < Fe supplement intake ${\le}$ 3 times of EAR, group III: 3 times of EAR < Fe supplement intake). The mean dietary intake of iron was 24% of the total iron intake for pregnant women. Iron intake from food was not significantly different among I, II, and III. In case of iron intake from supplements, the most frequent dose (34.1%) was 90-100 mg/day, and the mean iron supplement intake was 362% of the EAR. The study findings showed that those with higher levels of iron supplements had better meal quality measured by NAR (Nutrient Adequacy Ratio) and INQ (Index of Nutrient Quality). In addition iron supplement intake levels were significantly related to age (20s: 66.5 ${\pm}$ 38.6 mg/day, 30s: 77.3 ${\pm}$ 47.8 mg/day, p < 0.0116) and experience of childbirth (1st pregnancy: 70.9 ${\pm}$ 41.2 mg/day, 2nd pregnancy: 64.5 ${\pm}$ 39.5 mg/day, ${\ge}$ 3rd pregnancy: 94.4 ${\pm}$ 63.8 mg/day, p < 0.005). However, no significant difference was found between iron supplement intake levels and various pregnancy outcomes including birth weight, birth height, gestational age, weight gain during pregnancy, and jaundice. It is worrisome that iron intake by supplement use greatly exceeded the EAR, suggesting the need of appropriate guidelines for iron supplement intake during pregnancy. Thus iron overdose from supplements in pregnancy should be considered as a serious condition.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.495-508
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the eating behaviors and dietary quality of various aged adults. This study conducted through questionnaire and dietary survey by 24-hr recall to 850 adults residing in Samcheok. Subjects were divided into four groups according to the age in male and female, which included 20~29 yrs group (male n = 94, female n = 66), 30~49 yrs group (male n = 201, female n = 216), 50~64 yrs group (male n = 88, female n = 96), and $\geq65$ yrs group (n = 46, female n = 43). In male, 20~29 yrs group had a larger proportion of subjects who skipped breakfast, lunch and dinner compared to other groups (p < 0.001, p < 0.05, p < 0.01). The daily food and energy intakes in $\geq50$ yrs group were significantly lower than those of < 50 yrs. Protein and fat intakes of 20~29 yrs group were significantly higher than those of the other groups. But ND (Nutrient Density) of minerals as like calcium, iron and plant iron in 20~29 yrs group were significantly lower than those of other groups. The KDDS (Korean's Dietary Diversity Score) of 20~29 yrs group, 30~49 yrs group, 50~64 yrs group and $\geq65$ yrs group in male were 4.1, 3.8, 3.7 and 3.5 respectively and there was significant difference (p < 0.001). In female, skipping breakfast and dinner were significantly higher in 20~29 yrs group than in other groups (p < 0.001, p < 0.001). And the use of nutrient supplementation was higher in 30~49 yrs group than that of other groups (p < 0.05). The daily energy intakes was higher in 20~49 yrs group than that of $\geq65$ yrs group. The ND (Nutrient Density) of animal protein, vitamins A and $B_1$ in 20~29 yrs group were significantly lower than those of other groups. The KDDS of 20~29 yrs group, 30~49 yrs group, 50~64 yrs group and $\geq65$ yrs group in female were 4.0, 3.9, 3.9 and 3.6 respectively and $\geq65$ yrs group was significant lower than other groups. According to these results, $\geq65$ yrs and 20~29 yrs group had more dietary habit problems and poor nutrition status than 30~64 yrs group. The results of this study revealed that nutritional management and education for adequate meals should be emphasized in adults and elderly.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.544-557
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• 2002

This study was performed to evaluate the quality of nutrient intakes of the hemodialysis patients (26 men and 23 women) according to the socioeconomic status by 3-day dietary recall in Daejeon city and Chungnam area, Korea. Mean age of the subjects was 50.7 yrs and BMI was 22.0 $\pm$ 0.4 kg/$m^2$. Education level was divided into two groups ($\leq$ 9 years： LE group, 9 years： HE group), and monthly family income level was divided into three groups (< 500,000 won: LI group, 500,000-1,499,999 won: MI group, $\geq$ 1,500,000 won : HI group). The data were analyzed by Student t-test and Oneway ANOVA using SPSS 9.0 version at p < 0.05 level. Intakes of energy, carbohydrates, cholesterol, potassium, thiamin and riboflavin were significantly higher in HE group than in LE group (p < 0.05). Intakes of all the nutrients except protein and phosphorus were less than Korean RDA, and INQs (Index of Nutritional Quality) of most nutrients were lower than 1.0 but cholesterol, phosphorus. thiamin and niacin being over 1.0 in HE group. MAR (Mean adequacy ratio) of all the nutrients (e.g., energy, protein, calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin and niacin) was significantly higher in HE group (0.61 $\pm$ 0.04) than in LE group (0.48 $\pm$ 0.03) at p = 0.036. Intakes of energy, protein (total, animal and plant), fat, cholesterol, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A, thiamin and riboflavin were also significantly higher in HI group than in LI and MI group (p < 0.05). Daily intakes of most nutrients were less than Korean RDA except protein ed phosphorus in HI poop, and INQs of thiamin, niacin and phosphorus were higher than 1.0, while those of calcium, iron, vitamin A and riboflavin were lower than 1.0. MAR of energy and 9 nutrients was significantly higher in HI group (0.70 $\pm$ 0.04) than in LI group (0. 56 0.04) and MI poop (0.47 $\pm$ 0.03) at p = 0.000. In conclusion, quality of nutrient intakes, especially energy and protein, was significantly influenced by socioeconomic status such as education and monthly income (p < 0.05). This result suggests that it would be very helpful to develop nutritional education programs considering hemodialysis patients' education levels, and to improve public supports (e.g., medical insurance system, low-rate lease system of dialysis equipments, etc.) focusing on the patients' family income levels f3r their better nutrition and health.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.167-179
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• 2015

뇌졸중은 국내 3대 사인 중 하나로 칼륨과 마그네슘, 칼슘의 섭취량이 뇌졸중 발병 및 예방에 긍정적인 영향을 미친다는 연구가 지속되고 있지만 연구 결과가 아직 명확하지 않은 실정이다. 또한 뇌졸중 환자들에 있어 영양 상태는 증상의 정도와 합병증 및 예후를 결정짓는 중요한 역할을 함에도 불구하고 현재까지 국내 뇌졸중 환자들의 DQI-I를 이용한 식사의 질 평가에 대한 연구는 미비한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 285명의 뇌졸중 환자들의 칼륨과 마그네슘, 칼슘의 섭취량에 따라 4분위로 나누어 섭취량이 가장 적은 Q1 그룹과 섭취량이 가장 많은 Q4 그룹의 식사의 질을 평가 비교하였고, 칼륨과 마그네슘, 칼슘의 섭취량과 대뇌 죽상경화증과의 상관성에 대해 분석하여 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 대상자들의 신체계측 및 생화학적 검사결과는 칼륨과 마그네슘, 칼슘의 섭취량에 따라 차이가 나타나지 않았으나, 연령이 낮을수록 마그네슘의 섭취가 유의적으로 높았고, 교육수준이 높을수록 칼륨의 섭취가 많았다. 그리고 칼륨의 섭취가 많을수록 심방세동의 분포가 적었으며, 마그네슘의 섭취가 많을수록 대뇌 죽상경화증의 분포가 적음을 확인하였다. 2) 대상자들의 칼륨과 마그네슘, 칼슘의 섭취량과 한국인 영양섭취 기준$^{28}$을 비교한 결과, Q1에서의 섭취 비율이 Q4에서의 섭취 비율보다 유의적으로 낮았고, 특히 마그네슘의 경우, Q1 그룹과 Q4 그룹 모두 권장섭취량에 비해 부족하게 섭취하고 있었다. 그리고 식품군별 섭취량과 영양소별 섭취량 비교 결과, Q1 그룹의 평균 섭취량보다 Q4 그룹의 평균 섭취량이 유의적으로 많았다. 3) 대상자들의 식사의 질을 비교한 결과, 칼륨과 마그네슘, 칼슘의 섭취량이 많을수록 INQ와 MAR, 총 DQI-I의 점수가 높아 식사의 질이 높음을 확인하였다. 4) 대상자들의 칼륨과 마그네슘, 칼슘의 섭취량과 대뇌죽상경화증의 상관성을 분석한 결과, 유의적인 상관관계가 없었으나, 마그네슘의 경우 보정을 하지 않았을 경우와 나이, 성별, 교육수준, 흡연량, 심방세동의 유무, 총열량 섭취량을 보정한 경우, 섭취량이 많을수록 대뇌 죽상경화증의 발생률이 줄어드는 경향을 보였다. 결론적으로 칼륨과 마그네슘, 칼슘의 섭취량이 많을수록 전반적인 식사의 질이 좋음을 보여준다. 그리고 마그네슘의 경우 섭취량이 높을수록 대뇌 죽상경화증의 발생률이 줄어드는 경향을 보였다. 하지만 DQI-I의 절제성 항목과 균형성 항목에서 칼륨과 마그네슘, 칼슘의 섭취량이 많을수록 점수가 낮아진 점과 대뇌 죽상경화증 발생과의 유의적인 관계가 충분하지 않았던 결과를 보아 제한점들을 보완하고 대상자수를 충분히 확보하여 지속적인 연구를 수행한다면 환자 개인적 차원뿐만 아니라 국가적 보건 차원으로 뇌졸중의 합병증 감소 및 예방에 기초자료를 제공하는 데에 도움이 될 것이라 사료된다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.255-265
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• 2009

This study was investigated nutrient intakes and dietary evaluation index of the healthy subjects over 85 of Sunchang County to explore the improved dietary pattern for healthy aging of the elderly. The survey was conducted by personal interview to 161 elderly subjects (59 males and 102 females over 85) in 2006, and their daily dietary intake was assessed by 24-hr recalls and weighing one meal. The daily energy intakes of males were 1,335 ${\pm}$ 67 kcal, and those of females were 1,095 ${\pm}$ 38 kcal comprised of 66.8% and 68.4% of the EER for the age group of 75. The proportions of energy from carbohydrate : protein : lipid were 70.7 : 14.6 : 14.6 for males and 68.6 : 14.0 : 17.4 for females. The average protein intakes were 95.4% for males and 85.0% for females of RI, and the average calcium intakes were 54.3% for males and 43.6% for females of RI. The daily vitamin intakes were below 70% except vitamin A, vitamin $B_6$, and vitamin E. The proportion of the relative risk groups of protein, phosphate, iron and vitamin A ranged 40-49% of RI over 75 year groups. The other nutrient intakes showed that there were over 50% risk groups. Especially for nutrients such as calcium, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, vitamin C, folate and niacin over 70% of the subjects were under risk. The median value of all nutrient intakes did not reach AI. The INQ of nutrients were over 0.8 except for folate and vitamin C. Calcium intakes were relatively low and needed attention. However, the ratio of calcium and phosphate showed 1 : 1.6, which appeared to be superior to the other districts. The DVS were higher as the dietary balance scores, KDDS were higher, and the groups with high KDDS had high intakes of nutrients compared to the groups with low KDDS. The high risk groups as judged by simple nutrition screening test had lower nutrient intakes than the groups of middle risk or low risk groups. The subjects in Sunchang area had relatively low intakes of several nutrients. However, judging from the desirable patterns of the energy proportion from three major nutrients, ratio of calcium and phosphate and INQ of nutrients there is a possibility that extended healthy aging might be related to the quality of nutrients and relative ratio between nutrients. To improve nutrient status of the elderly of the surveyed area further application involving KDDS and DVS appeared to be required.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.230-240
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• 2001

This study was designed to develop the nutrition education program for the mothers of preschool children in kindergarten and evaluate its educational effects. Nutrition education program was developed on the basis of the concept which consisted of nutrition, nutrients, menu planning, cooking, recognition of nutrition education, food selection and menu planning, will of nutrition improvement. Subjects consisted of 41 mothers. All the subjects completed a pretest and a posttest. The nutrition knowledge score of pretest was 33.77$\pm$12.53 and that of posttest was 55.25$\pm$16.32 and the difference was significant(p<0.001). The Food attitude score of pretest was 66.40$\pm$6.26 and that of posttest was 70.76$\pm$6.05 and the difference was significant(p<0.001). Food attitude score of high score-group of nutrition knowledge was higher than that of low score-group of nutrition knowledge significantly, in pretest(p<0.001) and posttest(p<0.01) respectively. Nutrition knowledge score and food attitude score of children of educated parents of nutrition program was higher than that of children of uneducated parents of nutrition program but the difference was not significant. The nutrition densities of vitamin A(p<0.001), vitamin B$_1$(p<0.05), vitamin B$_2$(p<0.001), folic acid(p<0.05), Ca(p<0.001), p(p<0.001), calculated using the INQ(Index of Nutritional Quality), was significantly improved by nutrition consult and education program. The MAR(Mean Adequacy Ratio) of pretest was 0.79$\pm$0.23 and that of posttest was 0.91$\pm$0.16 and the difference was significant(p<0.05). (Korean J Nutrition 34(2) : 230-240, 2001)

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.333-343
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• 2013

It is important to prepare and execute the menu plan for proper and balanced intake of nutrients in the adolescence. This study investigated the new approach for planning menu by ordinary meal pattern based on cooked foods groups. The amounts of cooked foods in the menu plan assumed to be single serving size. The middle school second graders participated for the study. A total of 313 questionnaires were analyzed using CAN-pro 3.0 and SPSS WIN 12.0 program. The average content of energy in the menu plan was 2,453 kcal, the average ratios of energy contribution by carbohydrate, protein and fat were 54.3%, 17.9%, 27.8%, respectively. A total of 56.9% menu plans (94.9% of male and 8.7% of female students') were below the lowest limit of optimum carbohydrate energy ratio of 55%. A total of 29.1% menu plans (33.1% of male and 23.9% of female students') were exceed the highest limit of optimum fat energy ratio of 30%. The NAR of minerals and vitamins were all 1.0 except for calcium (0.92) and folate (0.88). When INQ of the individual cooked food groups were calculated, kimch was the highest in all minerals and vitamins examined, suggesting that kimch may be the best source for all minerals and vitamins, including calcium and folate with the minimum change in energy content. In conclusion, the menu plan by ordinary meal pattern in this study was low in carbohydrate, high in fat, and contained enough minerals and vitamins except for calcium and folate for middle school students.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.309-320
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• 2019

Objectives: This study was undertaken to compare dietary life of the elderly living alone and in a family, and to compare differences based on gender, for the 2013-2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Methods: The subjects included 2,612 elderly people aged over 65 years who participated in the health survey, health examination and nutrition survey. Subjects on a diet therapy were excluded. This study analyzed the general characteristics, dietary habits, daily energy and nutrient intakes, CPF ratio, estimated average requirement (EAR), nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) and mean adequacy ratio (MAR), index of nutrient quality (INQ), and food consumption of the elderly living alone and in a family. We also compared the differences based on gender. Results: Daily intake of food, water, dietary fiber, potassium, retinol, and riboflavin were low in the male elderly subjects living alone. The elderly living with family revealed higher NAR and MAR as compared to the elderly living alone. Although all MAR values were <1, the elderly living alone had lower values. Considering the intake of food, the consumption of seaweed, fish and shellfish, and oils (animal) was higher in elderly men living with families, whereas women living with families consumed more vegetables, fruits, seaweeds and seafood, as compared to their counterparts living alone. Furthermore, analyzing the foods consumed by the elderly people living alone, female subjects consumed more seaweed, milk and animal oil as compared to male subjects. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that the elderly living alone have poor nutrient intake as compared to the elderly living with families. Based on this research data, we recommend that it is necessary to improve the health and nutritional status of the elderly living alone.