• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.87-94
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• 2018

This study assessed the effects of Weissella cibaria (W. cibaria) CMU on oral health in male and female beagles (n = 18) by measuring oral malodor and periodontal disease-related parameters (calculus, plaque, and gingivitis indices). Oral malodor and indicators of periodontal disease were assessed in five treatment groups: negative control (scaling and 0.24 mg of maltodextrin, n = 3), positive control (0.24 mg of maltodextrin, n = 3), and W. cibaria CMU groups (each n = 4) at low (CMU-L, $2{\times}10^7$ colony forming unit [CFU]), medium (CMU-M, $2{\times}10^8CFU$), and high (CMU-H, $2{\times}10^9CFU$) concentrations. After feeding with W. cibaria CMU for 6 weeks, total volatile sulfur compound concentrations in the CMU-L ($2.0{\pm}1.04ng/10mL$), CMU-M ($2.4{\pm}1.05ng/10mL$), and CMU-H ($2.6{\pm}1.33ng/10mL$) groups were significantly lower than in the positive control group ($3.2{\pm}1.65ng/10mL$). Also, CMU-L ($1.4{\pm}0.83ng/10mL$) and CMU-H ($1.9{\pm}1.14ng/10mL$) groups had methyl mercaptan levels lower than that in the positive control group ($2.4{\pm}1.21ng/10mL$) at week 2. The plaque index was significantly lower in the CMU-H group ($4.5{\pm}0.28$) than in the positive control group ($5.9{\pm}1.08$) at week 6. W. cibaria CMU could be useful as a novel oral hygiene probiotics for reducing volatile sulfur compounds production and inhibiting plaque growth in companion animals.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.190-194
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• 2011

Potassium (K) is one of the essential nutrients for plants but is not a constituent of any plant compound. K is substances for activation of many enzymes and influences the process that the enzymes are involved in catalyzing. Although experimental results associated with the K effects with both benefits and no effects on turfgrass growth were reported, the limited research results of K effects on turfgrass among K sources are available in Korea. The objectives of the study was conducted to evaluate responses of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) treated by fertilizer treatments with six K sources. There were six fertilizer treatments as K sources applied to Kentucky bluegrass which were potassium nitrate (13-0-44, PN), potassium chloride (0-0-60, PC), potassium sulfate (0-0-50, PS), polymer-coated potassium sulfate (0-0-45, PPS), potassium thiosulfate (0-0-25, PT), and potassium sulfate granulated with methylene urea (20-0-25, PSU). Potassium of $8g\;m^{-2}$ and N of $5g\;m^{-2}$ was applied 4 times giving a total 20 and $30g\;m^{-2}$, respectively. Although significant differences were found for turfgrass color, quality, chlorophyll index, and clipping dry weight, no consistent results among K sources were found during the one year study. Overall, K treatments didn't affect turfgrass growth in this study.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2009

In 2008, baby formula containing melamine was found to be responsible for a large outbreak of renal failure in infants in China. A total of 294,000 infants were hospitalized, and at least 6 babies died due to ingestion of the tainted formula. Melamine contains high levels of nitrogen (>60%), which is used as an indicator of protein content. Therefore, high levels of melamine in infant formula were thought to be the result of deliberate contamination m an attempt to increase its apparent protein content. Following inspections by China's national inspection agency, assorted products from at least 22 dairy manufacturers across China were found to have varied levels of melamine (range: 0.096196.61 mg/kg). Melamine co-exposure with cyanuric acid can induce acute melamine-cyanurate crystal nephropathy, which can lead to renal failure at much lower doses than if either compound were ingested alone. However, currently, there are very few data on melamine analogues other than cyanuric acid. At an expert meeting of the WHO and FAO held to review toxicological aspects of melamine and cyanuric acid on December 14, 2008, a new tolerable daily intake (TDI) of melamine was established that could be applied to the entire population, including infants. Therefore, a risk assessment of the various theoretical melamine contamination levels in infant formula and selected representative foods (other than infant formula and sole-source nutrition products) is urgently needed for Korean babies and children up to 7 years of age. Although the undetectable level regulation for infant formula may be low enough to guarantee the safety of babies under the age of 1 year (including premature babies), the melamine standard of 2.5 ppm for foods other than baby formula could be insufficient to protect the 95th percentile population aged 1~2 years because of this demographic's high consumption of milk, yogurt, and soy milk (hazard index = 1.79). Because TDIs are chronic values intended to protect an individual over his/her lifetime, occasional modest ingestion in excess of the TDI is not likely to be a health concern. However, children aged 1~2 years may have renal systems that are comparatively more sensitive to the crystallization of melamine and its analogues. Therefore, governmental jurisdictions may need to practice more prudent management of food items that could raise the melamine exposure for this population.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.100-106
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the supplementary effects of vitamin C and E to moist pellet on growth and body composition in juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Four groups of diet made : moist pellet (MP) diet group was used as the control group where the ratio of raw feed and commercial compound meal is 5:5 $(CP\;30\%,\;CL\;17\%),$ vitamin C added group (VC), vitamin I added group (VE) and vitamin C and I added group (VCE). The supplementary amount of vitamin C and E corresponded to 1000 mg/kg (dry wt.) and 220mg/kg (dry wt.), respectively. Vitamin C was destroyed $50\%$ and vitamin E was destroyed $20\%$ for manufacturing process. After 8 weeks feeding trial, weight gain was $121.9\%$ in MP group, while it ranged from 180.5 to $184.9\%$ in the VC, VE and VCE group. Feed efficiency was $71.\6%$ in MP group, whereas it ranged from 78.7 to $80.6\%$ in the VC, VE and VCE group, weight gain and feed efficiency of fish fed vitamin supplemented diets were significantly higher than control group and no significant difference among the vitamin added groups was observed (p>0.05). There were no significant differences in moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, crude ash, condition factor (CF), hepatosomatic index (HSI), and visceraweight index (VWI) of body composition. Hemoglobin (Hb) was $3.79\%$ in MP group, whereas $4.99\%$ in VC group, $4.55\%$ in VE group and $5.07\%$ in VCE group; Hb was significantly higher in the vitamin added groups than the control group (p<0.05). Vitamin C retention in liver was 18.1, 20.7, 46.6, 54.0 mg/kg in MP, VE, VC and VCE groups, respectively. Vitamin E retention in liver was 25.9, 53.8, 88.2, 124.5 mg/kg in MP, VC, VE and VCE groups, respectively. These results indicate that supplementation of vitamin C and E to moist pellet diet significantly improved growth and feed efficiency of olive flounder, and the mixed addition of vitamin C (1,000 mg/kg dry wt.) and vitamin E (220 mg/kg dry wt.) did not lead to the synergy effect.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.508-528
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• 1996

The purpose of this study is to analyze the classification of the hierarchy in terms of centrality and the demarcation of shopping areas in the context of goods-purchasing activity in the Kyeong-ju si area (The old Kyeong-ju city and Wol-song Kyn). The basic data for this study include mail questionnaire materials and sources by the on-the-sport survey. The main results of this study are as follows. (1) When forty-two centers within the wide Kyeong-ju area are classified into hierarchies in terms of the functional index and the number of central functions, it is confirmed that there are five hierarchies or classes. Hierachy A is the City of Kyeong-ju. Hierarchy B is the Up of An-gang. Hierarchy Cis made up of three Up of Kam-p'o, Oe-dong and Kon-ch' on. Hierachy D consist of seven Myons and two Ris. Hierarchy E is composed of one Myon and twenty-seven Ris. (2) Hierarchy A has five proper functions of the center. Hierarchy B holds eleven of them. Hierarchy C takes forty-one. Hierarchy D cherish twenty-seven. And hierarchy E has three. Therefor Hierachies C and D have the most functions of all. The threshold populations of the lowest central function is fifty-eight of miscellaneous stores in the central place of Hierarchy E (3) The purchase distance of the central functions of a center becomes farther in the order of barbers' and beauty salons, dental clinics, TV and refrigerator shops, and furniture stores. (4) When the shopping areas are classified according to goods purchase activity, they can be divided into four: the Myon, small Up, big Up, and City areas. Each shopping area can be classified into two categories: the independent areas and compoung areas. The Kyeong-ju city area is the largest city shopping areas of Po-hang and Ull-san are very small.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.855-863
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• 1999

To develop new natural antioxidants, antioxidative activity of ethanol (75%) extracts from 50 edible or medicinal plants were examined on lard and palm oil by Rancimat method ($120^{\circ}C$, 20 L/hr). The extracts from Rhus verviciflua STOKES showed comparatively strong antioxidative activity on test. Of the solvents used for extraction, chloroform extract exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity. AI (antioxidant index: induction period of oil containing extract/induction period of control oil) of chloroform extract was higher than that of commercial antioxidant, such as BHT, BHA and ${\delta}-tocopherol$. Free phenolic acid fraction (200 ppm) of the chloroform extract from 75% EtOH extract of Rhus verniciflua STOKES (RCF) showed stronger activity than that of BHT, BHA, and ${\delta}-tocopherol$ at the same concentration. RCF-11 and RCF-13 fractions separated by silicagel column chromatography from the RCF showed stronger activity than other fractions by the Rancimat method.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.390-396
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• 2015

Water shortage is becoming a serious problem of turfgrass management on sand green. Many superintendents in golf course in Korea have interested in use of irrigation of recycled water for turfgrass water management. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of greywater as an irrigation source on the growth and quality of creeping bentgrass green. Turfgrass was irrigated with tap water (TW) and greywater (GW), under with or without compound fertilizer application (nonfertilizer + TW, N-TW; non-fertilizer + GW, N-GW; fertilizer + TW, F-TW; fertilizer + GW, F-GW). The chemical properties of the green sand soil were not changed by irrigation. Turf color index, chlorophyll index, root length, clipping yield and nutrient uptake of GW treatment were similar to TW treatment. The growth and quality of turfgrass were more likely related with the fertilizer application than irrigation source or quality. These results indicated that GW could be used as alternative irrigation source on the sand greens of golf courses.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.56-61
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• 2010

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of application of SCB liquid fertilizer produced after slurry composting and biofiltration (SCB) on turfgrass growth in golf course during 6 month period from May to October in 2008. The change of soil properties by applying CF and SCB was unaffected respective treatments. As compared with NF, turf color index of CF, S-1 and S-2 increased by 1.8%, 2.5%, and 3.4%, respectively and chlorophyll content by 13%, 19%, and 25%, respectively. Dry weight of S-1 and S-2 was increased by 15% and 26% than that of CF. As compared with CF, N uptake rate in S-1 and S-2 was increased by 21% and 37%, P uptake rate 57% and 28%, and K uptake rate 16% and 27%, respectively. S-2 showed the best effect for turf color index, chlorophyll content, dry weigh and nutrient uptake rate in creeping bentgrass. These results suggested that an mixed application of SCB and compound fertilizer was improved turf quality and growth of creeping bentgrass by increasing nutrient uptake rate of turfgrass.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.712-720
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to examine whether any correlation exists between the dental health capacity and preferred foods of Korean senior citizens over the age of 65 years. The 5th Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey were used. Tissue health index (T-health), Sound teeth (ST), Functioning teeth index (FS-T), Present teeth (PT), and Missing teeth (MT) were used as variables to assess the dental health capacity of the elderly. Preferred foods of the elderly included 63 foods that were categorized as cereals, pulses and roots, meat and poultry, fish, vegetables, sea algae, fruits, milk and dairy products, cream and sugar, and other foods. For data analysis, the weighted average was taken into consideration to generate planning files, and then complex sample analysis were conducted. For statistical analysis, frequency analysis, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and compound specimen linear regression analysis were conducted. T-health score was significantly high in the group with high preference for cereals, fruits, and other foods. In terms of age and economic status, 65~69 years, 70~74 years, and mid to low range in the income ranges scored high in T-health. ST score was significant in the group that preferred cereals, other foods; the corresponding demographic profiles represent 65~69 years, 70~74 years, and the mid-range income communities. FS-T was significant in relation with a preference for fruits, creams and sugars, other foods; the scores were also high for 65~69 years, 70~74 years, and mid-low to low income groups. PT and MT were significant in the group that preferred cereals and fruits; the same applied for 65~69 years, 70~74 years, and mid-low to low income individuals (p<0.05). Food preferences seemed to vary depending on the dental health state of the elderly, and the dental health state of the elderly may act as a risk factor for nutritional imbalance.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.9-20
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• 2012

Eugenol is a volatile compound synthesized by eugenol synthase in various plants and belongs to phenylpropene compounds. However, characteristics of eugenol synthase in tomato has not been known. Therefore, we cloned a full length cDNA of a putative eugenol synthase from tomato 'Micro-Tom' using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technique and named a clone SlEGS. Open reading frame of SlEGS was 921bp long and its deduced amino acid sequence was 307bp. The BLAST analysis indicated that SlEGS shared high similarity with PhEGS1 (67.1%) and CbEGS2 (69.4%). Amino acid composition of SlEGS was determined by CLC genomics workbench tool and 3D structure of SlEGS was constructed by homology modeling using Swiss-PDB viewer and validated using PROCHECK and ProSA-web tool. In addition, the physiochemical properties of SlEGS was evaluated using ExPASy's ProtParam tool. Molecular weight was 33.93kDa and isoelectric point was 5.85 showing acidic nature. Other properties such as extinction coefficient, instability index, aliphatic index, and grand average hydropathy was also analyzed.