• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.42
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• pp.23-46
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• 2016

This article focused on heterotopian spaces of modern Korea in the colonial era. This paper attempted to understand the features of heterotopia in the era. Heterotopia was slightly grotesque in modernity, but in the colonial era, people expected to realize the hope of contemporary society. Also, while analyzing discourses on heterotopia, this study identified another point of view on modernity in the era,. Pagoda Park, where March First Independence Movement was conducted and the psychiatric hospital East Ward Eighth, were heterotopian spaces at the times. Those spaces are represented as failure of modernity. Nevertheless, those spaces functioned as utopia, where people could speak freely on 'the independence'. But the governing system considered such speech as deceptive strange stories. Strange stories that inexplicably, revealed imperfection of the governing system and caused anxiety about the foundation of daily life. In conclusion, this article could provide understanding of another side of acceptance of modernity in the colonial era i.e., anxiety. It was revealed through the finding of heterotopia and analyzing discourses on heterotopia in the colonial Korea.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.22
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• pp.317-344
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• 2014

There are many modern elements in religions appeared in the early Korean modern era. From the nationalism perspective, most religions had tendencies toward anti-feudalism and anti-foreign power. Pak Eun Sik(朴殷植) emphasized the importance to explain those religions as the National Religion in his writing 《Korea Painful History(韓國痛史)》. That is, he realized those as one of Korean spirits or souls keeping Korean identities like the Jew's Judaism or the Turk's Islam. In the paper, I try to analyze religions on Kang Jeung San(姜甑山) with Daesoonjinri-hoe as the central figure from Pak's perspective. In the early Korean modern era when Kang went his own the Savior way, Korea and its society got into uncontrollable confusion because of strong demands both of a feudal-state breaking and against pillaging foreign-power especially Japan. For all countries of the world, it is difficult to change from a feudal state into the modern nation state to keep existing society order. Because the reformation under old social systems means the incomplete reformation. So in this era new religions showed the neglected class of people the vision of new society. Meanwhile Korean society try to become a modern state, and now became a recognized modern state in international society. But it is still insufficient to debate on groups and their roles for Korea modernity in that time especially new religions. Since Korea independence, new religions including Daesoonjinrihoe have not receive good reviews because of a certain religion group expansion and the government's regulation and control toward new religions. Till today, I think, Independence Movement as well as reform of modern awareness have not relatively receive reasonable reviews. So I hope to serve as a momentum that in early Korea modern era new religions receive reasonable and positive reviews.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.25-36
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• 2016

As the first public park in Korea, birth place of the march first independence movement, and a representative space of leisure of old men, Tapgol Park contains diverse symbolisms and meanings. In 2000, Seoul authorities selected the symbolism of the March First independence movement, and carried forward the sacralization project of Tapgol Park. They eliminated facilities, including vending machines, and restricted most of the leisure activities in the park such as drinking singing dancing, speech, playing chess, writing calligraphy, etc., and loitering. Also, they changed the park's design into a less available space with green areas and switched wooden benches to granite stone. Since the project finished, a representative phenomenon was the elderly men's exodus to Jongmyo Park, where the restrictions were not strong as in Tapgol Park. As a result, the numbers of users in Tapgol Park decreased sharply. However, overcrowded(more than 3000) Jongmyo Park is also in the middle of a sacralization project now. According to an investigation including observation and in-depth interview, most of the elderly men who use the parks almost everyday were in the low economic class. They just visit the parks everyday and chat with their peers, gaining comfort from each other. These phenomena can be interpreted as a social exclusion in society, which made the elderly men move to another place. Meanwhile, although fifteen years has passed since the project was completed, many people still regard the Tapgol Park as a place for elderly men instead of the birth place of the March First Independence Movement. This study focused on such problems and vague place identity, which is neither a memorial place nor a public park. The study discovery the fact they missed the symbolism that Tapgol Park was the first urban park of Korea. Also, it stresses that the monumentality does not need to be sacred, reverent, or inflexible. With this point of view, this study discussed public aspect and everydayness, which are included in most of the urban parks. Finally, this study suggests Tapgol Park as an urban park that has an identity that embraces the condition of monumentality, everydayness, and publicness all together.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.301-308
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• 2009

This paper studied the scheme to realize the manifesto as the method of resolving the side effects after the introduction of the superintendent's election system, a direct election by local residents, in order to implement participative democracy in the educational field. When the superintendent's election system playing an important role in protecting the identity of a state is intruded by the political logic, ideology or factional interest, it leads to the educational crisis such as the damaged independence of the policy and the like. The local educational autonomous system is the institutional arrangement to secure the independence and neutrality of education based on morality and guarantee the democratization and decentralization of educational administration. The scheme to resolve the corrupt aspect of the election of the superintendent is to lead election to the policy-based election. This paper presents the scheme to realize the manifesto movement of the superintendent's electoral campaign to resolve this side effect. All political agents and candidates should be allowed to make free access to diverse information to draw up the manifesto and raise the reliability of the manifesto itself, be guaranteed neutrality, speciality, objectiveness, fairness and the like. In particular, it can be seen that the core task is whether citizens can be involved in the manifesto movement through a shift in their thinking about educational autonomy.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.19
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• pp.23-41
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to investigate about security service history on 1930s in Korea. This study used materials by historical facts for the regulations, books and newspapers in 1930s. In 1930s, security service was unknown details of the historical contents so far. There are four parts conclusion of this study: police department of provisional government, security service agency in the provisional government, security service agents of an independence movement, the general society of Korea. Firstly, Korean regional government in Manchuria, which Kokminbu(國民府) organized the security service agency(警護局) for protect government and public security. Most importantly, the security service agency appearanced an important place which were the independence movement and self-governing administration for Koreans in Manchuria. And the security service agency was required by the security service regulations(警護條例) as law. Secondly, diversity activities of security service in police were exposed the duty as 'car escort service(車輛警護)' for offenders, the 'township office guard' from mobsters, 'woodland protect service(林野警護團)' for fire-raisers. security service as police officer were widely application for protection and safety from danger. Thirdly, Mass society was needed to service for public security in daily events such as 'noted singer meeting', 'funeral procession to the graveyard', 'athletic meeting' as private establishment of security service agency in nowadays. people were wanted the private security service(私警護) from 1930s to present. Fourthly, Overseas security service mentioned in attack of politician, protect from poison and security service about train vessel fleet. In 1930s, security service is comprehensive protection which were not only bodyguard, but also safeguard for hazardous materials.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.38 no.7
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• pp.133-152
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• 2000

This study was inquire into the state of the family ethics during the period of the beginning of 1880′s to the 3.1 independence movement of 1919 which has been the black period in the history of Korean family ethics. The research was conducted by analyzing the newspapers, magazines, related literature and articles of the period. It was the beginning of the 1860′s and by the "Cheondo-Kyo" (the Religion of the Heavenly) way that the issues regarding the equality of sexes as the central concern of the modem family ethics came to be the object of the social discourse for the first time in Korean history. The social discourse had come to be positively activated around 1900, when the intellectuals of the "Korean enlightenment" had begun to the feel necessity of the modernization of Korean socialite and the importance of the women education as the essential part of it. However, the activation of the social discourse itself, especially with the newspapers of that period did not mean the changes of the traditional Confucian family ethics, but the discourse of the modernizing forces had become the seeds for changing the family ethics of the Korean people. The made chauvinistic nature of the family ethics of the period was not so much different from those of the preceeding patriarch societies, but the state of the family ethics during the period are characterized by several social phenomenon such as the rising needs of using the "Hangle"(Korean alphabet) instead of Chinese character for the equal education of the both sexes, increasing practices of the early marriage, customs of trade marriage in accordance with the demand of excessive weeding presents, and regarding social consciousness of the traditional family ethics as patriotics attitude against the Christian rejection of the ancestor worship ritual.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.237-246
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of forward-and-backward shift trunk exercise using a proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) diagonal pattern in a closed kinematic chain exercise on the upper limb function and activity of daily living (ADL) in a stroke patient. Methods: One subject participated in this study. The study used a reversal A-B-A' design, where A and A' were the baseline period (no intervention), and B was the intervention period. The intervention was a forward-and-backward trunk shift exercise, using a PNF diagonal pattern on both a stand-on-hand position and a quadruped position of closed kinematic chain exercises, for 20 min per day for 2 weeks. The range of motion (ROM) of the shoulder joint was measured and a Fugl-Meyer assessment of upper extremity (FMA-UE) and a functional independence measure (FIM) were performed to measure upper limb function and activity of daily living (ADL). Results: ROMs of shoulder joint (flexion, extension, abduction, and external rotation) increased in the intervention phase. The FMA-UE score increased (from 28 to 36) in the intervention phase. The FIM score increased (from 20 to 25) in the intervention phase. These increases were maintained after intervention (Baseline II). Conclusion: These results suggest that forward-and-backward shift trunk exercises using a PNF diagonal pattern in a closed kinematic chain exercise have a positive effect on stroke patients' upper limb function and ADL ability.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.469-501
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• 2000

In the literature study on the cerebral palsy, the results were as follows : 1. Cerebral palsy is defined as a disorder of movement and posture due to a defect or lesion of the immature brain. For practical purposes it is useful to exclude from cerebral palsy those disorders of posture and movement which are of short duration, due to a progressive disease due solely to mental deficiency. 2. Cerebral Palsy is classified with quadriplegia, diplegia, hemi plegia, triplegia, and monoplegia or spastic CP, athetoid CP, ataxic CP, and combined classifications 3. Causes of Cerebral Palsy is any damage to the developing brain, whether caused by genetic or developmental disorders. And it is classified with prenatal.natal and postnatal causes. 4. Management consists of helping the child achieve maximum potential in growth and development. This should be started as early as possible with identification of the very young child who may have a developmental disorder. Certain medications, surgery, and braces may be used to improve nerve and muscle coordination and prevent dysfunction. 5. The aim of treatment is to encourage children and adults to learn to be as independent as possible. Some children and adults who have mild cerebral palsy will have no problems in achieving independence 6. Oji(五遲), Oyeon(五軟) and Okyeong(五硬) have the simmiar concepts with the cerebral palsy. 7. Oji(五遲) Oyeon(五軟) and Okyeong(五硬) are caused by seoncheon-pumbu-bujok(先天稟賦不足) and related with gan(肝), bi(脾) and sin(腎). 8. The treatment is achieved by the method of bogansin(補肝腎), ganggeungol(强筋骨) and boiungikki(補中益氣). And jihwanghwan(地黃丸) has been used most frequently.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.91-130
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• 2010

This thesis, which mainly focuses on judicial supervision of commercial arbitration in China, will deal with the developing process of arbitration system and analyze the actual condition of judicial supervision in commercial arbitration. And it also focuses on the underlying problems attributed to the excessive judicial intervention and an effort that the related academic world, arbitration industry and legal circles in China start to make in order to improve the system, resolving them. About the time China became a member of the WTO and about the 10th anniversary of the enforcement of Arbitration Law, powerful demands to solve the problems started to exist intensively. Academic field in China integrated these demands into the form of "proposed amendment of arbitration law", which enhanced the independence of arbitration and the autonomy of the involved parties drastically, as it accepted major contents of UNCITRAL Model Law while preserving of original tool of Chinese arbitration system. Separately from the movement in academic field, Supreme People's Court starts to exert itself for the, improvement of arbitration system, by announcing a series of proposed judicial interpretation so that it could collect the public opinion continuously and reflect the gathered opinion in judicial interpretation efficiently. Notwithstanding, there still remains to be ameliorated that the Arbitration Law of the PRC won't be able to overcome original limit when valuating judicial intervention on arbitration in some ways.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.245-254
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• 2016

Purpose: This study investigates the influence of elastic resistance exercise using proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) on the daily activities of a patient with incomplete spinal cord injury. The result will be proposed as background data for effective intervention in a patient with incomplete spinal cord injury. Methods: The target subject was a patient with incomplete spinal cord injury to the cervical cord (C6). Elastic resistance exercise based on PNF was performed for 30 min daily, five times a week, for eight weeks. The ASIS motor scale was applied to test the muscular strength of the upper limb, and the spinal cord independence measure II (SCIM II) was used to evaluate the capacity of daily activity. Results: By applying elastic resistance exercise based on PNF, the muscular strength of the upper limb increased and the performance of daily activity improved. Conclusion: Because elastic resistance exercise based on PNF positively influences the ASIA motor scale and SCIM II of the patient with incomplete spinal cord injury. It can be used for training programs to improve the capacity of daily activity of the patient.