• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.46-58
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to compare the nutrition intakes and factors related to dietary behaviors according to age in female. The subjects included 579 females aged 15 - 59 years. This survey was conducted using a selfadministered questionnaire to obtain data about eating behaviors, living habits, eating disorders by EAT-26 (Eating Attitude Test-26), and nutrition knowledge. In younger women aged 15 - 20 years, the living habits related to health such as smoking, drinking and exercising were undesirable. In addition, the younger women group had significantly higher levels of skipping meals and frequency of eating snacks compared to the older women group and their eating times were not regular. And they showed a lower score of health eating index by mini dietary assessment (MDA). Although, all age groups consumed energy, Ca, Fe, and thiamin below the Korean RDA; especially, in adolescent, Ca intakes ($67.1\%$ RDA) were extremely low. In addition, mean score of EAT-26 was significantly higher in young women aged 15 - 29 years than older women. Also, they had rather lower levels of accuracy and perception for nutrition knowledge compared to older age group. These results suggested that Korean adolescent had undesirable nutritional intakes and attitude, and nutrition knowledge, indicating inadequate eating behaviors. These poor dietary behaviors can affect the health status. Therefore, the nutrition counseling and education to help people to have correct nutrition knowledge and to form better eating habits needs to be established.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.521-531
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• 2012

Objectives : The aim of this study was to evaluate the relation between the state of dental health(number of natural teeth) and nutritional status of Korean elderly using Korean Dietary Reference Intakes, which was an objective standard for nutritional intake based on database of Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, large scale of sample obtained by the government. Methods : Complex sampling procedure was used to analyze the fourth data(2007-2009) of Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. When preparing planning file, the estimator of variance as a stratification variance (variance name : kstrata), population of survey unit as a cluster variance(variance name : PSU), and previous exam and nutritional related weighted as a weighted were analyzed by considering reproduced survey and nutritional related total weighted. Complex samples chi-square test was used to estimate the relation between number of natural teeth and inadequate intake and relation factors included in the model were analyzed by complex samples logistic regression analysis. Results : The group of edentulous had a higher risk to intake less nutrient, except calcium, riboflavin and vitamin C than recommended level comparing to reference group which had natural teeth more than 20(phosphate : OR=1.763; 95% CI=1.273-2.443, thiamine : OR=1.748; 95% CI=1.276-2.395, protein : OR=1.610; 95% CI=1.213-2.138). Conclusions : The number of teeth in Korean elderly over 65 years old had a relation with nutritional status in this investigation. Especially, intake level of nutrients was different between the edentulous group and the reference group. Therefore, dental health care is needed from young and middle age to keep health dental condition for through whole life as well as old age. Although the dental condition of the aged is not good, it is evitable to educate them about the relation between dental health and nutritional ingestion to take balanced nutrition, we think.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제36권10호
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• pp.1293-1299
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• 2007

본 연구는 실버타운형 유료 노인복지시설에 입소한 남녀 노인들의 식품 및 영양소 섭취상태를 조사함으로써 복지시설에 거주하는 노인들의 건강증진을 위한 바람직한 급식관리방법에 필요한 기초자료를 제공하고자 수행되었다. 본 연구는 부산시 소재 유료 노인복지시설에 입소한 65세 이상 노인 중 외견상 건강하고 조사에 자원한 52명 (남자 18명, 여자 34명)을 대상으로 조사되었다. 조사대상 노인들의 연령은 65세 이상 74세까지가 남자는 50%, 여자는 58.5%이었고, 75세 이상 84세까지가 남자는 50%, 여자는 41.2%였다. 조사대상자의 체중과 신장의 측정을 통해 계산한 체질량지수(BMI)는 대체로 정상체중 범주에 속하였으나 체질량지수가 25에서 29.9까지인 경우도 남자 27.8%, 여자 11.8%를 나타내었다. 조사대상 노인의 에너지 섭취량은 평균 1077.6 kcal, 여자 노인은 평균 974.2 kcal로서 65세 이상 노인의 에너지 필요추정량에 비하여 매우 낮은 상태를 나타내었다. 단백질 섭취량에 있어서는 남자가 평균 85.5 g, 여자가 평균 62.7 g을 섭취하여 평균필요량을 크게 초과하였다. 평균적으로는 대체로 평균필요량에 상응하는 영양소 섭취상태를 보였으나 엽산의 섭취량은 평균필요량에 비해 현저하게 부족한 상태였다. 열량영양소인 탄수화물, 단백질, 지방의 에너지 섭취비율을 분석한 결과, 남자 노인은 각각 54.9%, 28.1%, 17.0%를 차지하였고, 여자 노인의 경우에는 56.3%, 26.9%, 16.8%로 나타났다 에너지는 곡류에서 섭취한 비율이 45.3%를 차지하였고 육류, 달걀류, 생선류에서 각각 11.7%, 4.0%, 8.9%를 섭취하였다. 단백질은 육류, 달걀, 생선류에서 52.5%를 섭취하였다. 비타민 A는 채소를 통한 섭취가 72.5%를 차지하여 대부분의 비타민 A는 카로티노이드을 통하여 섭취한 것으로 나타났다. 칼슘은 우유 및 유제품을 통한 섭취가 1.1%로 매우 낮았다. 노인들의 에너지 섭취량은 에너지 필요추정량과 비교할 때 전체 노인에서 평균 $58.3{\pm}8.5%$로 나타났다. 반면에 단백질 섭취량은 평균필요량을 기준으로 남자 $213.9{\pm}89.8%$, 여자 $179.1{\pm}37.2%$이었다. 평균필요량에 비해 가장 낮은 양을 섭취한 영양소는 엽산으로서 남자 $60.1{\pm}10.8%$, 여자 $54.6{\pm}9.9%$로 조사되었다. 칼슘의 섭취량은 평균필요량에 비해 전체 $74.9{\pm}31.9%$로 나타났다. 에너지 섭취량에 있어서 남자 노인들은 모두가 필요추정량의 75% 미만을 섭취하고 있었고 여자 노인의 경우에도 97%가 필요추정량의 75% 미만을 섭취하여 에너지 섭취량이 매우 낮았다 반면에 단백질 섭취량에 있어서는 남자 노인의 경우 100%가 평균필요량의 125%를 초과하였고, 여자 노인의 경우에는 91%가 평균필요량의 125%를 초과하여 대조적이었다. 비타민 A와 E는 각각 평균필요량과 충분섭취량의 125%를 초과하는 비율이 높게 나타난 반면에 비타민 $B_2$는 특히 남자 노인에서 평균필요량의 75%미만을 섭취한 비율이 높게 나타났다. 엽산 섭취량에 있어서는 평균필요량의 75% 미만을 섭취한 비율이 전체 96%로 나타나 심각한 부족상태로 조사되었다 반면에 철의 섭취량은 남녀 모두 100%가 평균필요량의 125%를 초과하여 섭취한 것으로 나타났다. 아연의 섭취량은 남자 17%,여자 15%가 평균필요량의 75% 미만을 섭취한 것으로 조사되었다. 에너지와 엽산은 모든 노인들에서 평균필요량에 미달되게 섭취한 것으로 나타났다. 반면에 단백질과 철분은 남녀 노인 모두에서 평균필요량 보다 적게 섭취한 대상자가 없는 것으로 조사되었다. 그 외의 영양소에서는 전체 노인을 기준으로 볼 때 칼슘 82.7%, 비타민 $B_2$ 76.9%, 아연 67.3%, 비타민 $B_1$ 64.5%, 비타민 C 28.8%, 비타민 A 15.4%, 니 아신 15.4%, 비타민 $B_6$ 7.7%, 인 7.7%의 노인들이 각 영양소의 평균필요량에 미달되게 영양소를 섭취하였다. 이상의 결과에서와 같이 비교적 많은 비용을 지불하고 급식을 제공받는 실버타운에 거주하고 있는 노인이라 하더라도 영양 섭취의 불균형이 심각한 것으로 나타나 노인급식관리를 위한 체계적인 대책이 필요하다고 여겨진다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.564-572
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• 2013

Two trials were conducted to investigate the effect of decreasing the crude protein (CP) content of diets for finishing pigs containing two levels of available lysine on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen (N) balance and production performance. Ten finishing diets containing five levels of CP (on average 144, 155, 168, 182 and 193 g/kg fresh basis) and two levels of available lysine (6.9 and 8.2 g/kg fresh basis) were formulated. The diets were offered to pigs on a performance trial (n = 800 Large White (LW)${\times}$Landrace (LR) pigs) from 10 wk of age until finish at 21 wks+5 d of age. Average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated. In addition, a digestibility/N balance trial was conducted using pigs (n = 80 $LW{\times}LR$) housed in metabolism crates. Digestibility of dry matter (DM), CP, oil, fibre and energy was determined. N balance values were determined through analysis of N content of urine and faeces ('as determined'). N balance values were also calculated using ADG values and assuming that 16% of growth is protein deposition ("as calculated"). Pig performance was poor between 10 and 13 wk of age which indicated that the dietary treatments were nutritionally inadequate for pigs less than 40 kg. There was a significant (p<0.01) quadratic effect of increasing CP level on feed intake, ADG and FCR from 10 to 13 wk which indicated that the lower CP levels did not supply adequate levels of essential or non-essential amino acids. There was no effect of increasing available lysine level throughout the early period, which in conjunction with the response in older pigs, suggested that both 8.2 and 6.9 g/kg available lysine were insufficient to drive optimum growth. There was a positive response (p<0.05) to increasing available lysine level from 13 wk to finish which indicated that 6.9 g/kg available lysine was not adequate for finishing pigs. Energy digestibility decreased with decreasing CP level of diets containing 6.9 g/kg available lysine which may be attributed to the higher fibre content of the lower CP diets. Nitrogen excretion (g/d) was lowered when dietary CP was reduced regardless of whether the values were determined through balance or calculated using ADG. Calculated N excretion decreased linearly (p<0.001) and quadratically (p<0.001) with decreasing dietary CP content. When the N balance figures calculated in this study were compared with those quoted in the Northern Ireland and English Nitrates Directive Action Programmes, N excretion was less per pig (wean to finish) offered a 169 g/kg CP, 8.2 g/kg available lysine diet (2.39 kg vs 3.41 kg (Northern Ireland) and 2.93 kg (England)).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.385-394
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine the zinc status of preschool children in Ulsan. The study was conducted in 95 children aged 3 to 6 years by investigating the anthropometric indices and assessing the biochemical analysis. The blood was analysed to assess serum zinc and alkaline phosphatase. And a questionnaire for dietary intakes using 24-hr recall method were performed by mothers of 95 subjects. The dietary intakes of children were analysed to determine the prevalence of inadequate and excessive intakes of zinc with Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs). WHL (Weight-Length Index) and Kaup index were used to define obesity. The overall prevalence of overweight and obese subjects were 14.7% and 6.3% by WHL, were 15.8% and 13.7% by Kaup index. The mean intakes of zinc by children aged 3${\sim}$5y and 6y were 5.5 ${\pm}$ 1.4 mg/d (75.7% RDA) and 6.7 ${\pm}$ 2.0 mg/d, respectively, that was the level exceeding the estimated average requirement (EAR) and the recommended intake (RI) of Korean Dietary Reference Intakes. Less than 1.3% and 7.9% of children had usual zinc intakes below EAR and RI of KDRIs, respectively. The percentages of children with intakes exceeding the tolerable upper intake level (UL) were 2.6%. The zinc nutritional status by biological assay was found that mean serum zinc and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) of total subjects were 64.0 ${\pm}$ 8.4 ${\mu}$g/dl and 72.8 ${\pm}$ 14.9 U/L, there was not a significant difference between boys and girls. The range of serum zinc level was 45${\sim}$89 ${\mu}$g/dl and children with a low serum zinc concentration by several cut-off points were 18.9${\sim}$55.8%, especially. Serum zinc level was positively correlated to the intakes of calorie, calcium, fiber, iron, zinc, zinc/kg and height (p<0.001). Serum ALP was positively correlated height, weight and WLI. The zinc intake of children aiso showed a positive correlation with height and weight. These results indicate that there were significant correlations between the zinc status and growth of preschool children. Preschool children in Ulsan have dietary zinc intakes that exceed the new DRIs. The present level of intake does not seem to pose a health problem, but if zinc intakes with fortified foods and supplements were considered, the amount of zinc consumed by children may become excessive.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.222-237
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• 2002

Effects of high and low levels of feeding with or without protected protein on the performance of lactating goats were studied. Twenty four German Fawn goats either from 1st ($43.37{\pm}3.937$ kg and 2 year old) or 3rd $62.64{\pm}6.783$ kg and 4-5 year old) parity were used for the trial. Feeding levels were 7.2 (I) and 5.2 (II) MJ ME/litre of milk of 3.5% fat in addition to that of the maintenance allowance. At each feeding level, diet had either unprotected (U) or formaldehyde protected (P) soya-meal. Thus, four diets were IU, IP, IIU and IIP, having six animals in each. The diets were composed of hay and pellet (10:4:1 of beet pulp : barley : soya-meal). Effect of feeding level, protein protection, parity, health status and kid number on intake, milk yield, milk composition, growth rate of goats were recorded across the 21 weeks of study. High feeding level resulted increase (p<0.001) in estimated metabolizable energy (ME) and metabolizable protein (MP) availability. Dietary inclusion of protected soya-meal increased (p<0.001) the estimated MP but not the ME availability. Animals in 1st parity ate more (p<0.001) DM (111 vs. 102 g/kg $W^{0.75}$/d) than those in 3rd parity. Animals with twin kids (110 g/kg $W^{0.75}$/d) had higher (p<0.001) DM intake than those with single kid (102 g/kg $W^{0.75}$/d). Fat (4%) corrected milk (FCM) yield was not effected by high (1,924 g/d) or low (1,927 g/d) feeding level but increased (p<0.001) with protected (2,166 g/d) compared with unprotected (1,703 g/d) soya-meal. FCM yield for four dietary combinations were 1,806, 2,078, 1,600 and 2,254 g/d for diets IU, IP, IIU and IIP, respectively. For unit increase (g) in estimated MP availability relative to ME (MJ) intake, FCM yield increased ($1,418{\pm}275.6$) g daily ($r^2$=0.58; p<0.001). Milk fat (3.14 vs. 3.54%; p<0.001) and protein (2.94 vs. 3.04% p<0.05) contents were lower at high than the low feeding level. Protected protein increased (p<0.001) the fat, lactose and net energy (NE) content of milk. Milk urea concentration of 175, 183, 192 and 204 mg/l for diets IU, IP, IIU and IIP, respectively indicated lower RDP content of these diets. The RDP contents were 6.97, 6.70, 7.30 and 6.83 g/MJ of ME for diets IU, IP, IIU and IIP, respectively. Live weight change over the experimental period were 41, 6, 17 and 19 g/d. Absence of any positive response of high feeding was probably due to inefficient rumen fermentation resulting from inadequate RDP supply. Protected protein improved production performance apparently by increasing MP:ME ratio in the absorbed nutrient.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제39권7호
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• pp.624-640
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• 2006

Dialysis patients are at risk of malnutrition not only because of losses of nutrients during peritoneal dialysis but also because of anorexia that results in inadequate nutrient intakes. The aim of this study was to estimate the nutritional status of 154 patients receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), especially focused on protein-energy malnutrition and vitamin and mineral status. The mean age of the subjects was $5.12\;{\pm}\;12.4\;y$ with educational years of $12.3\;{\pm}\;0.4\;y$ for male and $9.6\;{\pm}\;0.4\;y$ for female. The mean duration of dialysis was $22.7\;{\pm}\;21.7\;mo$. The causes of renal failure included diabetes (32.7), chronic glomerulonephritis (15.0%), and hypertension (8.5%). The main complications associated with chronic renal failure were hypertension (86.1%), diabetes (35.4%) and liver disease (9.0%). The mean daily energy intake was $1216.8\;{\pm}\;457.3\;kcal$ and increased to $1509.2\;{\pm}\;457.2\;kcal$ when added with the energy from dextrose in dialysate. The latter was still much lower than estimated energy requirement but energy intake per kg of body weight (28.1 kcal/1 g) was within the range of that recommended for CAPD patients' diet therapy (25 - 30 kcal/kg). The average daily intake of protein was $49.2\;{\pm}\;25.1\;g$ with 37.6% of the patients showing their intakes less than Estimated Average Requirement. The average protein intake per kg of weight was 0.9 g/kg, which is less than that recommended for CAPD patients (1.2-1.5g/kg) with mean serum albumin level $3.2\;{\pm}\;0.5\;g/dl$. The proportion of the patients with dietary calcium intake less than EAR was 90.9%, but when added with supplementary calcium (phosphorus binder), most patients showed their total calcium intake between EAR and UL. Fifty percent of the patients were observed with dietary iron intake less than EAR, however most patients revealed their total iron intake with supplementation above UL. The addition of folic acid with supplementation increased mean total folic intake to $1126.0\;{\pm}\;152.4\;{\mu}g$ and ninety eight percent of the subjects showed their total folic acid intake above UL. The prevalence of anemia was 83.1 % assessed with hemoglobin level, even with high intakes of iron with supplementation. Thirty four percent of the patients showed their fasting blood glucose was not under control $(\geq\;126\;mg/dl)$ even with medication or insulin probably due to dextrose from dialysate. The mean blood lipid levels were within the reference levels of hyperlipidemia, but with 72.1 % of the patients showing lower HDL-C. In conclusion, Fairly large proportion of the patients were observed with protein malnutrition with low intake of protein and serum albumin level. Few patients showed their vitamins and minerals intake less than EAR with supplementation. For iron and folic acid, their intakes were increased to above UL for large proportion of he patients. However, more than eighty percent of the patients were still anemic associated with decreased renal function. The serum blood glucose and lipid level were not under control for some patients with medication. It seems that supplementation and medications that patients are taking should be considered for dietary consulting of CAPD patients.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.99-117
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate weight gain during pregnancy based on pre-pregnant Body Mass Index, to compare eating habits based on the recommended standards for weight gain presented by the Institute of Medicine, and to identify factors affecting the weight gain of pregnant women. The subjects were grouped into three categories according to the recommended weight gain standards presented by the Institute of Medicine: the inadequate group, the adequate group and the excessive group. The excessive group had a significantly higher pre-pregnant Body Mass Index than that of the two other groups. Based on a comparison of the eating habits and nutrient intake of the women to the recommended standards for weight gain, the excessive gain group had large meals and ate more frequently outside of the home when compared to the pre-pregnancy period. Based on an analysis of correlations between weight gain during pregnancy and diet factors, the adequate gain group had positive correlation between weight gain and a "balanced meal" and had negative correlation with "convenience meals". The excessive gain group had a positive correlation with "convenience meals" and had a negative correlation with "meal skipping." All the pregnant women were more frequent in the "overeating categories" and all ate more "fruit," as their weight gain was higher. In particular, the excessive gain group was frequently evaluated as "overeating". These results indicate that the factors affecting weight gain during pregnancy were the Body Mass Index before pregnancy, eating types, and eating habits. As the Body Mass Index before pregnancy was higher, the ingestion of a 'balanced meal' was less, and overeating and gluttony were more frequent. Therefore weight gain was enhanced.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.187-197
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was carried out to determine nutritional status of elderly patients in a long-term care hospital according to meal type and eating ability. Methods: Subjects were 47 female patients aged over 65 ($79.3{\pm}7.1$ years) who resided in a long-term care hospital in Seoul. Thirty seven patients who ate diet orally were grouped according to meal type (27 general diet and 10 soft diet) and eating ability (26 eating by oneself and 11 eaten with help) and 10 were on tube feeding. Nutritional status was determined by food consumption and mid-arm circumference. Results: The mean adequacy ratios (MARs) of 12 nutrients (protein, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, vitamin $B_6$, niacin, folic acid, vitamin C) were 0.687 for general diet, 0.565 for soft diet, 0.680 for eating by oneself and 0.677 for eaten with help, which were significantly lower than 0.982 for tube feeding (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). The patients on tube feeding had significantly lower % arm circumference compared to those who ate general diet (84.0% vs. 95.4%, respectively, p < 0.05). Nutrients intakes, nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) and index of nutritional quality (INQ) were not different between meal types as well as eating ability. The most insufficiently consumed nutrients by the patients on diet were folic acid, vitamin $B_2$, and calcium (NAR 0.334~0.453, 0.515~ 0.539, and 0.516~0.533, respectively). Conclusions: The results suggested that regardless of meal type or eating ability, the subjects who were on diets in this study might have inadequate intake of folic acid as well as vitamin $B_2$, and calcium, which need to be reflected on menu planning. The measurement of mid-arm circumference presented more risk of malnutrition of patients on tube feeding than those on diets, despite apparently better nutrient consumption.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.352-367
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• 2002

전주 지역에 거주하는 65세 이상 노인 230명 (남자 73명 (31.7%) 여자 157(68.3%))을 대상으로 식생활 조사를 실시하여 식사의 질을 평가, 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 교육수준은 남자는 중-고졸이 47.9%, 여자는 초등졸 이하가 55.4% (p<0.001), 가구소득은 남자는 51~150만원이 49.3%, 여자는 50만원 이하가 54.3% (p<0.001), 용돈은 남자는 6~10만원이 31.5%, 여자는 5만원 이하가 30.2% (p<0.001), 가족형태가 43.3%로 각각 가장 높은 빈도를 보여 유의적인 차이(p<0.001)가 있었다. 하루에 섭취한 식품가지수인 DVS는 남녀 각각 19.6, 17.7로 남자가 여자보다 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 평균 1일 식품 총 섭취량은 남녀 각각 1492.5, 1204.2g으로, 당류, 채소류, 음료, 난류, 어패류, 유제품은 남자가 여자보다 (p<0.05~p<0.001), 해조류는 여자가 남자보다 유의적으로 많이 섭취하였다(p<0.05). 식물성;동물성 식품비율은 남녀 각각 85 : 15, 89 : 11로 식물 비율이 남녀 모두 높았다. DDS(곡류, 육류, 유제품, 채소류, 과일류)의 식품군별 패턴에서 남녀 모두 11011 (유제품만 섭취하지 않음)이 각각 47.9, 33.8%로 가장 많았으며, KDDS(곡류, 육류, 채소류, 유제품, 유지류)의 식품군별 패턴 1위는 11100 (곡류, 육류, 채소류는 섭취하고 유제품, 유지류는 섭취하지 않음)으로 남녀 각각 46.6, 31.8%였다. DDS는 남녀 각각 4.0, 3.7 (p<0.05), KDDS는 각각 3.5, 3.2 (p<0.01)로 KDDS가 DDS보다 낮았다. KDDS를 끼니별로 적용한 Meal balance 분류에서 very bad($\leq$6)가 남녀 각각 4.1, 21.7%, bad(7~9)는 각각 58.9, 55.4%, normal (10~13)은 34.2, 22.3%, good (14~15)은 2.7, 0.5% (p<0.01)로 여자가 남자보다 점수가 낮았으며, 평균 점수는 남녀 각각 9.1, 8.1 (p<0.001)로 매 끼니마다 식품을 다양하게 섭취하지 못하였다. 1일 평균 에너지 섭취량이 남녀 각각 1,740, 1,433 kcal (p<0.05)로, 권장량의 각각 84.0, 80.9%로 단백질 섭취량은 남녀 각각 67, 49 g(p<0.001)으로, 권장량의 각각 100.7, 88.3% (p<0.001)로 양호한 섭취를 보였다. 그러나, 칼슘은 권장량의 각각 62.7, 55.3% (p<0.001), 비타민 A는 각각 60.7, 53.9%이었다. 열량 구성 영양소인 단백질 : 지방 : 탄수화물의 비율이 남자는 15.8:15.7:68.5, 여자는 13.8:13.2:73:0으로 남자가 여자보다 단백질, 지방의 섭취비는 유의적으로 높고 (p<0.001), 탄수화물 비는 낮았다(p<0.01), 아침 : 점심 : 간식 : 저녁 : 밤참의 끼니별 에너지 배분을 보면 남자는 29.2 : 32.4 : 5.0 : 31.2 : 2.2, 여자는 30.5 : 33.5 : 4.5 : 28.6 : 2.9로 세끼 식사 중에 남녀 모두 점심이 차지하는 비율이 가장 높았다. 에너지 섭취를 고려한 INQ는 칼슘과, 비타민 A는 남녀 모두, 비타민 B$_2$는 여자가 1이하로 나타났다. 또한 NAR 중에서도 낮은 영양소는 비타민 A (남 0.52, 여 0.42 (p<0.05), 칼슘 (남 0.68, 여 0.54 (p<0.001)), 비타민 B$_2$(남 0.77, 여 0.67 (p<0.01))이었다. MAR은 남녀 각각 0.82, 0.73 (p<0.001)로 여자가 남자보다 낮았다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때 전주지역 노인들은 식품을 다양하게 섭취하지 못하였으며, 특히 유제품군과 유지류 섭취가 낮았다. 영양소 섭취는 대체로 양호하였으나, 비타민 B$_2$는 질적 평가에서, 칼슘과 비타민 A는 질과 양이 모두 낮은 영양소로 나타났으며 특히 여자의 경우는 권장량의 절반이하의 수준으로 나타났다. 따라서 이들 영양소의 섭취를 위해 효율적인 식품선택이나 추가 보충등의 방안이 모색되어야 할 것으로 보인다. DVS를 종속변수로 하고 DDS, KDDS, MBS를 독립변수로 하여 다중회귀분석 (Stepwise 방법)을 실시하여, 남자는 KDDS (p<0.001)가, 여자는 MBS, DDS(p<0.001) 순으로 채택되었다. MAR를 종속변수로 하고 DDS, KDDS, MBS를 독립변수로 하였을 때는 남자는 KDDS, DDS 순으로 (p<0.001), 여자는 MBS, DDS(p<0.001)순으로 채택되었다. 이것은 DDS보다는 KDDS가 전체 식품 가짓수를 가늠할 수 있으며, 영양소 섭취를 추정할 수 있는 것으로 생각한다. 즉, 우리나라 노인은 유지류 섭취빈도가 과일류보다 낮아 유지류 섭취 여부가 전체 식품 가짓수를 가늠할 수 있으며, 영양소 섭취를 추정할 수 있는 것으로 생각된다.