• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.08a
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• pp.1786-1790
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• 2004

The main objective of this paper is to analyze the performance of various force control algorithms in improving and adjusting the compliance of industrial robots in contact with their environment. Some of fundamental force control algorithms such as sensorless control, impedance control and hybrid position/force control are theoretically analyzed and simulated for various situations of an environment, and then a series of experiments using them were performed. In this paper, a control scheme to use position control in implementing the impedance control was investigated in order to nullify the effect of joint friction. The new reference trajectory is generated using contact force feedback and original desired trajectory. And an inner position control loop is designed to provide accurate position tracking for the new reference trajectory and good disturbance rejection. Experiments to insert a peg in a hole (so-called the peg-in-a-hole task) were performed with HILS (hardware-in-theloop simulation) system based on the results of the analyses and simulations on the characteristics of each control algorithm. The experiments showed that various force control methods improved the performance of robots in close contact with the environment by adjusting their compliance with respect to an arbitrary set of coordinates.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.496-509
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• 1995

This study was conducted to identify the attitude of ethical dilemmas in hospital nurses. Ethical dilemmas were categorized into four areas : human life area, clients area, nursing practice area, and nurses-co-worker area. 354 nurses working in clinical settings were selected in Seoul and Kangwon area. Data were gathered from 26, June to 10, July, 1994 by structured guestionnaires. Descriptive statistics were employed to analyze the data. The results obtained from data were as follows : 1) In human life area mean score was 3.03. This area showed remarkabale individual differences between utilitarian and deontological position. 2) In clients area mean score was 3.94. It means that nurses tend to take a deontological position. 3) In nursing practice area mean score was 3.41. It means that nurses tend to take a slightly deontological position. 4) In nurses-co-worker area mean score was 3.88. It means that nurses tend to take a deontological position. To conclude, clinents area, nursing practice area, and nurses-co-worker area taken deontological position. Most nurse's primary concern was the 'welfare of the patients' which is to fundamental ethical professional practice. But nurses experienced more ethical dilemmas in human life area than others. Therefore, nurses should be prepared to make in-dependent decision that based on bio-ethics and professional ethics.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.56-63
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• 2017

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effects of sitting posture on cervical flexion angle and pain during smart phone use. Method: This research was performed on 10 adult female students who use smart phones regularly, Each of the two groups of participants used the provided smart phone for 20 minutes while maintaining the given default posture. The evaluation order was randomly selected and the two groups were photographed twice before and after the experiment and were asked to answer if they felt pain during or after the experiment. Result: First, both upright sitting position and vertebra bent position pre and post experiment readings showed significant statistical difference (p<.05). And it is shown to be a factor that induces pain around the neck via increase in neck flexion angle. Second, although there were no significant statistical difference between the pre and post experiment readings of the upright sitting position results and the vertebra bent position results, the vertebra bent position readings showed bigger changes to the neck flexion angle then the upright sitting position readings. Third, all participants from both groups claimed pain in all the tested postures of smart phone usage. Conclusion: Smart phone usage for an extended amount of time in all body postures may prove to have a negative effect making the "optimal" smart phone usage position as a controlled time with neck stretches included in between short sessions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.18-24
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• 1987

For the purpose of getting the accuracy of NNSS fix, the continuous observation was performed to search the factors affecting the accuracy of NNSS fix, and then to examine their effects. The observation was made at Lat. $35^{\circ}'||'&'||'<\TEX>05'04"N, Long. '||'&'||'129^{\circ}'||'&'||'<\TEX> 02'13"E from 28th January to 20th July in 1985. Accuracy of the position fixed in accordance with the observation time, each satellite, elevation angle doppler count, passed direction of each satellite and the antenna height were analyzed. The results obtaines are summerized as follows: 1. The deflaetion error is reduced to 0.21 miles when the geodetic system of the calculating the position converted from WGS-72 to Bessel. 2. When the elevation angle of the mountain is high, or the range of the elevation angle of satellite is 20-70 degrees, the position fixed comes nearest the true position. 3. The position fixed is more accurate on the condition that doppler count is more than 21, and at night than in daytime. 4. The accuracy of the position fixed is more seriously affected when the input data of the antenna height has considerable errors. But there occures almost little difference in the accuracy of position according to each satellite.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.743-750
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of the study is to examine the correlation and influencing factors among ethics position, self-esteem, and perception of patient medical information protection in the dental hygiene students. Methods: This is a cross sectional study using the structured questionnaire. A self-reported questionnaire was completed by 202 dental hygiene students using the stratified sampling method from September 1 to November 1, 2013. The questionnaire was modified and complemented from Ethics Position Questionnaire (EPQ). The questionnaire included EPQ, self-esteem, and perception of patient medical information protection. Data were analyzed by independent t-test, one way ANOVA, Duncan's multiple comparison analysis, Pearson's correlation analysis, and stepwise multiple regression analysis using IBM SPSS Statistics 21.0 program. Results: There was a positive correlation among all the variable including idealism position, self-esteem, and perception of patient medical information protection, The factors influencing on the perception of patient medical information protection were idealism position (${\beta}=0.271$, p<0.001) and self-esteem (${\beta}=0.248$, p<0.001). The corrected explanation power of the model was 15.1%. Conclusions: As the idealism position and self-esteem become higher, the perception of patient medical information protection gets higher. Therefore, this study suggests that it is needed to develop and vitalize implement the appropriate programs enhancing ethics consciousness, proper position, and self-esteem in the dental hygiene students receiving the education for their professionalism in the dental hygiene curricula.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 2016

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of flexibility and foot pressure on stretching exercise of hamstring muscle with and without pelvis neutral position. Methods : This study was performed on 30 subjects. Thirty subjects were divided into two group; hamstring passive stretching exercise with pelvis neutral position(n=15), hamstring passive stretching exercise without pelvis neutral position(n=15). Both of the group performed the exercise 4 times a week for 6 weeks. The data was analyzed by the paired t-test for comparing before and after changes of factors in each group and the independent t-test for comparing the between groups. Results : The results were as follows. There was statistically significant difference of before and after hamstring flexibility, foot pressure in pelvis neutral position(p<0.05). There was statistically significant difference of before and after hamstring flexibility, foot pressure without pelvis neutral position group(p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference of between the two group in hamstring flexibility, foot pressure(p>0.05). Conclusion : As a result of this study, though no statistically significant difference of the between groups, we suggest that stretching exercise of hamstring muscle with pelvic neutral may be effective more than stretching exercise of hamstring muscle without pelvic neutral in flexibility, foot pressure.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.139-147
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• 2020

Purpose : Proprioceptive position sense plays a key role in providing joint stability, and multiple factors are related to proprioceptive position sense. Thus, this study aimed to determine the effects of body composition, particularly skeletal muscle mass on proprioceptive position sense following muscle fatigue. Methods : Healthy female subjects agreed to have their body composition analyzed. Only subjects who had 18.5-22.9 kg/㎡ of BMI (body mass index) were included in this study, and the participants were divided into two groups by skeletal muscle mass level. The experimental group had a level of skeletal muscle lower than the standard level (n=9), while the control group showed a standard or high level of skeletal muscle mass (n=11). To determine the change in proprioceptive position sense of the knee joint, the absolute angle error (AAE) was evaluated following muscle fatigue on low extremity. The muscle fatigue was induced by isokinetic resistance exercise program of Biodex system. AAE was measured by the Biodex system and compared the result before and after muscle fatigue. Results : The experimental group showed a significant AAE difference between before (3.16±2.48 °) and after (5.40±2.61 °) muscle fatigue. In addition, there was a AAE difference between the experimental (5.40±2.61 °) and control groups (3.53±1.67 °) after fatigue; however, there was no significance. Those results indicated that low level of skeletal muscle mass might influence the proprioceptive position sense of the knee joint after muscle fatigue. Conclusion : Thus, maintaining the proper level of skeletal muscle mass is pivotal to reduce the risk of injury following muscle fatigue in ADL or sport activities.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 1986

The establishment and/or registration of an optimal or physiologic relationship between the maxillae and mandible has long been a subject of considerable interest and controversy in dentistry. Centric relation has been generally accepted as a repeatable starting point for restoring the mouth. Recently, it has been claimed that an electronic device (Myo-Monitor) will produce an accurate, reproducible occlusal registration at the vertical and horizontal occlusal position most compatible with the muscular of each patient. The objectives of this study was to compare Myo-Monitor centric to centric relation at the points of reproducibility and anteroposterior, superoinferior position. A Vericheck instrument was employed for examining difference in the position and reproducibility of mandible reproduced by the various check bite records. For this study, 8 dental students and dentists who had no missing teeth and no difficulties of mandibular movement were selected. The following three different positions of the mandible were registered (a) centric relation manipulated by means of chin-point technique with Lucia-jig, (b) centric relation manipulated by means of bilateral technique, (c) Myocentric manipulated by Myo-Monitor. From this experiment, the following results were obtained. 1. Bilateral manipulated centric relation was more reproducible than Myocentric in anteroposterior and superoinferior position , but more reproducible than centric relation manipulated by means of chin point technique with Lucia-jig in anteroposoterior position. Centric relation manipulated by means of chin Point technique with Lucia-jig was more reproducible than Myocentric in right anteroposterior and superoinferior position. 2. Centric relation by means of chin point technique with Lucia-jig was posterior($2.16{\pm}0.78mm$) and superior($0.41{\pm}0.16mm$) to centric occlusion. Bilateral manipulated centric relation was posterior($1.68{\pm}0.10mm$) and superior($1.02{\pm}0.45mm$) to centric occlusion. Myocentric was anterior($0.75{\pm}0.70mm$), inferior($0.59{\pm}0.44mm$) to centric occlusion.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.630-636
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• 2019

Passive Ranging Sonar (PRS) is a type of passive sonar consisting of three sub-array on the port and starboard, and has a characteristic of detecting a target and calculating a bearing and a distance. The bearing and distance calculation requires physical sub-array position information, and the bearing and distance accuracy performance are deteriorated when the position information of the sub-array is inaccurate. In particular, it has a greater impact on distance accuracy performance using plus value of two time-delay than a bearing using average value of two time-delay. In order to improve this, a study on sub-array position error estimation and error compensation is needed. In this paper, We estimate the sub-array position error based on enetic algorithm, an optimization search technique, and propose a method to improve the performance of distance accuracy by compensating the time delay error caused by the position error. In addition, we will verify the proposed algorithm and its performance using the sea-going data.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.123-129
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• 2018

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to investigate the influence of hip abduction angle on the muscle activity of the Gluteus Maximus (GM), Biceps Femoris (BF) and Tensor Fascia Lata (TFL) during Knee Flexed Prone Hip Extension exercise. METHODS: The subjects of this study were 42 healthy individuals. All participant consented to participate in this study. Subjects performed exercise, using the Knee Flexed Prone Hip Extension exercise in three hip abduction position $0^{\circ}$, $15^{\circ}$ and $30^{\circ}$. Subjects rested two minutes, between changing hip abduction position. Data were analyzed using a Noraxon MR-XP 1.08 Master Edition EMG to determine average amplitude, for each angle and muscle. All data were processed by Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). There were a total of three groups. the GM muscle, BF muscle, TFL muscle. RESULTS: GM muscle activity was greatest in the $30^{\circ}$ hip abduction position (p<.05), followed by $0^{\circ}$. Between $0^{\circ}$ and $30^{\circ}$ has significant difference in muscle activity. However, the BF and TFL amplitude were greatest at $0^{\circ}$ hip abduction position followed by $30^{\circ}$. Moreover, the TFL differed significantly between $0^{\circ}$ and $30^{\circ}$, but, BF did not (p<.05). CONCLUSION: Hip abduction at $30^{\circ}$ was found to be the most appropriate position for GM muscle activity.