• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.281-296
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• 2018

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different processing of rice on rumen fermentation in in vitro and in situ experiments. Different processing treatments (extruding, roasting, and steaming) were used in this study and all treatments were ground through a cyclone mill (Foss, Hillerød, Denmark) fitted with a 1 mm screen. Non-treated rice was considered to a control substrate. Then, all treatments were used in in vitro and in situ experiments. Total gas production and dry matter digestibility in control were lower than any other treatment at all incubation times (P<0.01). The lowest ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3-N$) concentration was observed in control among treatments at 6, 12, and 24 h incubation (P<0.01). Extruding had a highest total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration at 6, 12 h incubation (P<0.01) and Steaming exhibited a highest total VFA at 24 h (P<0.01). The lowest total VFA concentration was observed in control at 6, 12, and 24 h (P<0.01). In an in situ, The highest value of soluble fraction, degradation rates, effective degradability was observed in extruding (P<0.01). It was considered that feed processing increased dry matter digestibility, total VFA concentration, and decreased pH as well as $NH_3-N$ concentration indicating that processing may increase nutrient degradation of rice in the rumen.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1990

These experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of cumulus cells for in vitro fertilization and development of bovine follicular oocytes matured in vitro. The bovine ovaries were obtained at a slaughter house and the follicular oocytes surrounded by cumulus cells were collected by puncturing follicles with 2~6 mm of diameter. Bovine oocytes were matured in vitro for 24~26 hours in a CO2 incubator with 5% CO2 in air at 39$^{\circ}C$. The medium used for maturation was TCM-199 supplemented with hormones, pyruvate, FCS and antibiotics. Epididymal spermatozoa were capacitated by in vitro culture for 2~3 hours in BO solution containing BSA(5mg/ml) and caffeine(2.5mM). Insemination was made by introducing about 10~15 matured oocytes into the suspension of capacitated spermatozoa. Six hour after insemination the eggs were transferred to TCM-199 supplemented with FCS(10%) and HEPES(25mM), cultured for 7~8 days with 10~15 eggs/well in 4-well multidishes(Nunc Co.) forming cumulus cell monolayer. The results obtained in these experiments were summarized as follows ; 1. The majority of the follicular oocytes with compacted cumulus cells existed in GV stage while those with dispersed or denuded cumulus cells existed GVBD and M II stage. 2. After 24~26 hours maturation, the maturation rates of the follicular oocytes cultured in TCM-199 containing hormones were slightly higher than those of oocytes cultured in medium without hormones, and the frequency of cumulus compacted or denuded oocytes reaching M II stage cultured in medium containing hormones was 75.7% or 51.7%, respectively(P<0.05). 3. After 20 hours in vitro insemination, percentages of ova fertilized were 61.4% or 51.4%, respectively, for cumulus oophorus intacted or removed, and increased frequency of ova with both male and female pronuclei was found when cumuli were present(P<0.05). 4. The rates of embryos developed to 2-, 4-, 8-, 16-cell and morula or blastocyst stage after cocultured with cumulus cells were 65.0%, 45.3%, 34.7%, 28.0% and 22.7%, respectively. The results for momla or blastocyst stage were significantly higher than those of the embryos cultured in the basic medium(P<0.05).

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.43-51
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• 1986

In order to study antioxidative acton of garlic, alliin, scordinin, garlic oil, ethanol fraction and non-kaolin fraction which have been discovered from garlic until now were extracted and isolated, and each fraction was utilized as the experimental materials. Antioxidative action of each fraction was compared through the in vitro and in vivo experiments. Electron donatingability on $\alpha$, $\alpha$-diphenyl-$\beta$picrylhydra-$\chi$yl, the inhibitory effect of lipoperoxide formation by TBA and peroxide value were measured and analyzed. RESULTS : 1. When observed antioxidative ability by EDA value, ethanol fraction of garlic components showed the strongest reaction as 15.25. 2. In vitro experiment with TBA value, garlic oil, alliin and ethanol fracton showed distinctive effect on inhibitory effect of lipoperoxide formation. 3. Comparing with the inhibitory effect of lipoperoxide formation with TBA value in vivo, the ethanol fraction was the most effective in the blood or liver by intraperitoneal administration, whereas the ethanol fraction in the blood and non-kaolin fraction in the liver was most effective each other by orally administration. 4. In vitro experiment with peroxide value, garlic oil was distinctive effect on the inhivitory effect of lipoperoxide formation, which was a similar to the trend of TBA value in vitro. 5. Examining the induction time for the first period of lipoperoxide formation in vitro, garlix oil, ethanol fraction and alliin were effective, which was a similar to the trend of TBA value and peroxide value in vitro.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.355-362
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• 1997

This study was undertaken in an effort to product embryos through in vitro maturation(IVM), in vitro fertilization(IVF) and in vitro culture(IVC) after cryopreservation of immature and mature porcine oocytes. The experiments were conducted to investigate IVM rate of oocytes frozen with 3 different cryoprotectants and to examine IVF and IVC of frozen-thawed oocytes. The CEI(cumulus cells expansion index) after IVM of frozen-thawed immature oocytes was higher in oocytes frozen with PG＋PEG(propylene glycol plus polyethylene glycol) than those frozen with single cryoprotectant and this index was almost 90% of unfrozen oocyte's index(2.39 vs. 2.66). The IVF rate of all frozen oocytes was very low(68% of unfrozen oocytes) and the IVF rate of frozen immature oocytes was slightly higher than that of frozen mature oocytes(39.0% vs. 34.4%), but polyspermic penetration was higher in frozen immature oocytes(21.9% vs. 19.1%). The cleavage rate after IVF of frozen-thawed oocytes was 9.3% for frozen mature oocytes and 11.3% for frozen immature oocytes and this rate was significantly lower(P<0.05) than that of control(60.7%). The development to 8-cell stage was greatly lower in frozen mature oocytes than in frozen immature oocytes. The results indicate that the use of PG plus PEG as cryoprotectant may be very effective for vitrification of porcine oocytes and the frozen-thawed immature porcine oocytes can be used fro in vitro embryo production based on IVM, IVF and IVC system.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.241-245
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• 2005

Porcine oviduct epithelial cells (POEC) are widely used in co-culture experiments to improve early embryonic development, in vitro fertilization in embryo transfer programs for domestic animals and in vitro maturation of immature germ cells. POEC were mechanically isolated and cultured in tissue culture medium 199. Cells grew continuously, and confluent monolayers were formed after 7 days. After forming confluent monolayer of epithelial cells, supernatant was collected as the condition medium for maturing round spermatids in vitro. Round spermatids were also separated mechanically and cultured in the POEC condition medium. In this study we observed that $20\%$ of round spermatid cultured were matured into elongating spermatid after 24 h, and about $10\%$ of round spermatid cultured showed complete elongation (elongated spermatid) within $24\~48$ h of in vitro culture. No further development was observed within $50\~72$ h and transformed cells lost their viability after 72 h. These preliminary findings suggest that the condition medium from POEC may be possible to overcome the round spermatid block by improving the milieu of culture system.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.73-83
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• 1994

The objective of this study was to develop an effective in vitro production system capable of obtaining more porcine embryos from immature oocytes. These experiments were thus conducted to examine the effect of oocytes type and maturation time on the in vitro maturation(IVM) and fertilization(IVF) of oocytes and the in vitro development (IVD)of IVF embryos. 1. The degree of oocyte maturation based on cumulus expansion index(GEI) did not differ for A- and B-typed oocytes but the index of oocyte type C was lower(P<0.05) than that of other oocyte types. 2. When the oocytes of type A and B were matured for 36, 42 and 48hrs, the GEl was not different between the 36- and 42-h maturation but the GEl after 48hrs was greatly lower(P<0.05) than that of other maturation times. 3. The highest cleavage rate(48.6%) of IVF oocytes was obtained from A typed oocytes and 42-h maturation but the developmental potential based on cleavage index was the highest when B-typed oocytes were matured for 42hrs.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1481-1486
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• 2009

The immunomodulating effect of Salicornia herbacea polysaccharides on BALB/c mice splenocytes was investigated. Crude (CS) and fine polysaccharide (PS) extracts with potential biological activity were prepared from S. herbacea. For in vitro experiments, splenocytes and separated T cells were treated with CS and PS (0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg/mL). For in vivo experiments, the CS and PS were orally administered to BALB/c mice every day for 2 weeks. For basic data analysis, physiological parameters were recorded. Cell proliferation of splenocytes and T cells was used as an index for immunomodulating activity. The proliferation of splenocytes and separated T cells was 3.2 and 3.5 times higher than the control, respectively. Moreover, when splenocytes were treated with mitogen, the highest proliferation rate was observed in splenocytes cultured with PS. Interestingly, the stimulative activity of PS was more strongly exerted through $CD4^+$ T cells than through $CD8^+$ T cells.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.65-70
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• 2004

In this paper, we described 23 cases of animal experiment with our pneumatic ventricular assist device and new durability-improvement method. The blood pump consists of blood housing, and back plate made by the injection molding of isoplast, and the diaphragm fabricated by dipping of polyurethane solution onto the aluminum mold. Its volume was 75 $m\ell$ and in-vitro test showed that maximum output was 4.5 $\ell$/min at the 100 mmHg. The adult female sheep with weight of 50 ＋ 10 kg were employed for tile in-vivo experiments and the mean blood flow was sustained at 3.0 1/min. 4 animals survived more than 15 days and the longest survival time was 28 days. In the prior 10 cases, the major causes of death were the tearing of diaphragm at the diaphragm to blood housing junction. By the new mesh and alumina ball milling methods, the durability was enhanced, and its qualitative and quantitative improvement was proved via the in-vivo and in-vitro methods. Animal experiments demonstrated that all the physiologic parameters a ere maintained within the permissible ranges and no thrombus formation was observed through the visual and blood test. The in-vivo experiments demonstrated our pneumatic ventricular assist device to he one month's bridge to transplantation device.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.175-182
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• 2007

In vitro ciprofloxacin (CFX)-release study and bioassay using microorganisms were performed to estimate the retention of the antimicrobial activity of the CFX-incorporated central venous catheters (CFX-CVCs). The release experiments were carried out under the optional CFX-release conditions to mimic the in vivo environment. The release of CFX experienced an initial burst followed by a slow and steady matrix-diffusion controlled release. The 1.0CP (polyurethane catheter containing 1.0% (w/w) of CFX) under dynamic condition showed a near zero-order CFX release profile, which is beneficial for the long-tenn antimicrobial activity. The modified Kirby-Bauer method was performed employing S. aureus and E. coli to evaluate the retention of antimicrobial activity of the catheters retrieved from the release experiments. The 1.0CP showed the long-term antimicrobial activity (${\geq}\;21$ days) against both S. aureus and E. coli. These results indicate that 1.0CP is useful as a long-tenn indwelling CVC.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.140-148
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• 2000

Objectives : This experiment was conducted to investigate the suppressive effects of Dangguijakyak-san and Wuelbigachul-tang on the expression of ICAM-l and ${\beta}1-integrin$, which mediate cell-cell or cell-matrix interaction, and on the proliferation of mesangial cells. Methods : After in vitro culturing of human mesangial cells with the supernatant which was obtained from the monocytes separated from human blood with Con-A, hydrocortisone, Dangguijakyak-san and Wuelbigachul-tang respectively, we evaluated suppressive effects by measuring the mesangial cell surface enzyme immunoassay or flow cytometry. Results : The results are summarized as follows: 1. Dangguijakyak-san and Wuelbigachul-tang induced marked suppressive effects on the mesangial cell proliferation in the 50% and 25% supernatant concentration stimulating experiments, but hydrocortisone had little effect in these experiments. 2. Dangguijakyak-san and Wuelbigachul-tang induced marked suppressive effects on ICAM-l and ${\beta}1-integrin$ expression, but were less effective than hydrocortisone was. Conclusions : Based on these results, Dangguijakyak-san and Wuelbigachul-tang were found to be effective in the suppression of mesangial cell proliferation and in ICAM-1 and ${\beta}1-integrin$ expression. Further in vitro investigations as conducted above, with the in vivo experiments reflected, may prove that Dangguijakyak-san and Wuelbigachul-tang contribute to the prevention of the glomerular disease.