• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.119-141
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• 2020

The Dromedary camel (Camelus dromedaries) is an important species because of its ability to produce good quality meat, milk, and fibers under harsh environmental conditions. Camels are also crucial for transportation, racing, and as draft animals in agriculture. Therefore, dromedary camels play a critical role in the economy for millions of people living in the arid part of the world. The inherent capability of camels to produce meat and milk is highly correlated with their reproductive performance. Compared with other domestic species, the reproductive efficiency in camelids is low. Although recent reproductive technologies such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) have been successfully applied to camelids and the birth of live offspring following these technologies has been reported; in vitro embryo production (IVP) has lagged in this species. The development of the IVP system for dromedary camels may be a useful tool for the genetic improvement of this species. IVP in farm animals includes three main steps; in vitro maturation (IVM) of an oocyte, IVF of a matured oocyte, and in vitro culture (IVC) of fertilized oocyte up to the blastocyst stage. This review aims to summarize various factors that influence oocyte quality, IVM, and in vitro embryo development in dromedary camel.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Embryo Transfer Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.93-93
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• 2003

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.225-231
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• 1996

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of preincubation time, concentration and exposure time of sperm on in vitro fertilization of porcine follicular oocytes rnatured in in vitro. The results obtained are as follows ; 1. Effect of preincuhation time for porcine sperm capacitation on in vitro fertilization in medium with heparin was investigated. Normal fertilization rate was highest in 15 min(26.4%). However, there were no significant differences among preincuhation times of 5~90 min, 2. Normal fertilization rates of sperm concentrations were 17.0~26.5%, and normal fertilization rate from l$\times$ l05cell /ml concentration was also higher than those of other sperm concentration. 3. Normal fertilization rates of sperm exposure time of 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 hours were 6.1, 20.8, 27.8, 25.0 and 26.7%, respectively. Normal fertilization rate from sperm exposure time of 12 hours was also higher than that of other sperm exposure times.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.95-102
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• 2000

Techniques for manipulation of spermatozoa and oocytes have been widely used for in vitro production(IVP) of Hanwoo. This study was conducted to examine the effects of theophylline and heparin on frozen-thawed Hanwoo sperm for enhancing the efficiency of IVP technique. Oocytes were inseminated with forzen bull semen treated with either theophylline or heparin for examining the effect of each substance on fertilization and subsequent development. More (P<0.05) oocytes formed pronucleus and develop to the morula and blastocyst stages after inseminated with sperm treated with heparin than after inseminated with sperm treated with theophylline. The pregnancy rate after embryo transfer was higher after heparin treatment than after theophylline treatment, but did not differ significantly. There was no significant difference of offspring delivery between two groups. In conculsion, theophylline and heparin can be used for enhancing the efficiency of IVP system for Hanwoo. Considering characteristics of these substance, theophylline may be useful in the artificial insemination system, which requires vigorous sperm motility. While, heparin supporting sperm viability in vitro can be effectively used for improving in vitro-fertilization system.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 1991

The present study was performed to investigate the effects of co-culture with granulosa cells on in vitro fertilization and cleavage of early bovine embryo development. Bovine oocytes were matured for 20-24 hrs in vitro with granulosa cells or without and then fertilized in vitro using frozen-thawed spermatozoa treated with BO-caffeine, BO-BSA(2OmM heparin added). At l8hrs after insemination, oocytes were fixed and examined or further cultured in TCM 199 for 48hrs. The fertilization rates between the control(70.4%) and the groups of co-cultured with granulosa cell(2.5$\times$106 cells/ml; 71.6%, 5.0$\times$ 106/ml; 71.9%, l.0$\times$ 107/ml; 71.1%) did not differ significantly. The cleavage rates in the groups co-cultured with granulosa cell(2.5$\times$ 106 cells/mi; 43.6%, 5.0$\times$ 106/ml; 46.8%. l.0$\times$ 107/ml; 45.0%)were significantly higher than that of without granulosa cell, respectively(P<0.05). However there were no significant differences between the groups co-cultured with granulosa cells. The result indicated that co-culture with granulosa cell was effective means to cleavage of bovine follicular oocytes but did not affect the in vitro fertilization.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.24-29
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• 1983

These experiments were carried out to obtain basic information necessary of the success of in vitro culture of blastomeres separated from mouse embryo. Total 446 single blastomeres separated from 2-, 4- and 8-cell mouse embryos by protease treatment (0.5% in Whittingham's medium), were cultured under the gas phase of 5% CO2 in air at 37$^{\circ}C$. whittingham's medium was used for culture of blastomeres. The results obtained in these experiments were summerized as follows: 1. Of total 446 blastomeres cultured, 127(87.0%), 134(73.2%) and 77(65.8%) blastomeres separated repectively from 2-, 4- and 8-cell embryos were developed to morula or blastular stages. 2. The numbers of blastomeres, being separated from 2-. 4- and 8-cell embryos and developing to blastocysts containing inner cell mass, were 97(76.4%), 86(64.2%) and 33(42.9%) respectively. 3. After in vitro culture of the blastomeres, the incidence of trophoblastic vesicles increased with the development of the cell stage of embryo. In case of blastomeres separated from 8-cell embryos, 50.6% of blastomeres that developed to blastular stage was trophoblastic vesicles.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.247-251
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• 1997

This research was conducted to observe developmental capacity of the early embryos aggrigated to phytohemagglutinin-M(PHA-M) in the culture of mouse embryos in vitro. The results showed that the development of blastocyst increased to 2-celT >< 2-cell : 68. 9%, 4-cell $\times$4-cell : 92.5% and 8-cell $\times$8-cell : 97.3% in the aggrigated embryos of ICR mouse, and 2-cell $\times$ 2-cell : 90.0%, 4-cell $\times$4-cell : 93.9% and 8-cell $\times$ 8-cell : 100% in the aggrigated embryos of two different strains (ICR $\times$ CBA/J mouse). (Key words : aggrigated embryos, in vitro 2-cell block, phytohemagglutinin-M, blastocyst)

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.137-144
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• 1996

The present study was carried out to obtain the pregnancy and delivery rate following transfer of fresh and frozen-thawed Korean native cattle(KNC) blastocysts(1~4 em-bryos / head) produced in vitro to Holstein recipients. The pregnancy rate of fresh and frozen-thawed KNC blastocysts produced in vitro was 50%(7 /14 heads) and 38.5%(5 /13 heads), respectively. The pregnancy rate of frozen-thawed KNC blastocysts produced in vitro frozen using 1.5M ethylene glycol and 1.4M glycerol for cryoprotectant was 33.3%(2 /6 heads) and 42.9 %(3 /7 heads), respectively. Seven calves including 2 sets of twin were born fiom 5 pregnant recipients receiving eleven fresh blastocysts. Three pregnant recipients were aborted among four pregnant recipients receiving twelve frozen-thawed blastocysts and one calf was born from the rest of one pregnant recipient.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.52-60
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• 2016

In animal reproduction, the quality of oocytes and embryos has been evaluated by the expression of specific molecules. Follistatin (FST), which was isolated from follicular fluid, binds and bio-neutralizes the TGF-${\beta}$ superfamily members. Previous studies using the bovine model showed FST could be an important molecular determinant of embryo developmental competence. However, the effect of FST treatment on porcine embryo developmental competence has not been established. In this study, the effect of exogenous FST on porcine embryo developmental competence was investigated during in vitro culture. FST (10 ng/ml) treatment induced a significant decrease in the rate of cell arrest at the 4-cell stage. The expression levels of DNA-methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1), and histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) were decreased in 4-cell stage embryos. FST treatment also resulted in significant improvements in developmental competence of embryos in terms of blastocyst formation rate and OCT-4 mRNA levels, the latter being related to pluripotency. In conclusion, during in vitro culture, FST treatment significantly ameliorated 4-cell block during embryonic development and improved embryo developmental competence. Therefore, FST treatment may potentially have a functional role in porcine embryogenesis that is broadly applicable to enhance in vitro embryo development.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.97-101
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• 1991

This study was carried out to investigate the survival rate of in vitro culture after frozenthawed, to used DMSO(dimethyl sulfoxide), glycerol and ethylene glycol of cryorpotective agents at the zona pellucida removed and intact on the morulae and blastocysts. The results obtained from this study were as follows : 1. The survival rate of in vitro culture after frozen-thawed to used cryoprotective agents of three kinds at the morulae was 86.0%, 87.1% and 83.3%, total or mean were 85.5%, respectively. 2. The survival rate of in vitro culture after frozen-thawed to used cryoprotective agents of three kinds at the zona pellucida removed morulae was 53.2%, 42.3% and 37.5%, total or mean were 44.3%, respectively. 3. The survival rate of in vitro cultrue after frozen-thawed to used cryoprotective agents of three kinds at the blastocysts was 89.4%, 86.2%, total or mean were 86.7%, respectively. 4. The survival rate of in vitro culture after frozen-thawed to used cryoprotective agents of three kinds at the zona pellucida removed blastocysts was 55.8%, 51.6% and 40.6%, total or mean were 49.3%, respectively.