• Journal of architectural history
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.19-34
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to comprehend the assignment and the procurement method of wood works' craftsman through the Salleung-dogamuigwes in royal tombs constructions in the late Joseon period. Following conclusions have been reached through the study. First, Carpenter and other nine craftsmen were introduced in carpentry works. The craftsmen were put in by occupation to maintain the quality of the government building construction by wood processing area. It was distinguished by frame member, Sujangjae, window framing wood, decorative member. Second, sawyer showed a sharp increase in the latter half of the 18th century and declined since the middle of the 19th century. This is closely related to the increase in demand for building materials and the growth of civilian wood products. As a maximum of 300 people have been assigned to the craftsmen in the woodwork, it can be seen that the work has been divided by the process. Third, the national carpenter was difficult to procure from the 17th century to the beginning of the 18th century. From the middle 18th century, the system procuring national carpenter was stabilized. In the 19th century, the input ratio of the national craftsmen seems to have decreased significantly and seems to have kept it at the minimum level. Forth, sawyer were procured through Seongonggam from the late 18th century through the mid 19th century. That means that the role of the sawyer had become important. Since Jogakjang is not a necessary manpower, it usually has civilian artisans.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.61 no.5
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• pp.147-163
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• 2011

King Jeong-jo (正祖) was the 22nd king of Joseon dynasty (朝鮮王朝), who led the golden age of Korean culture during his ruling. This study is on the burial dressing of King Jeong-jo based on the publications during his ruling; such as "Gukjo Sangrye Bopyeon (國朝喪禮補編)", "Chungwan Tonggo (春官通考)", Jeong-jo "Gukjang Dogam Euigwe (國葬都監儀軌)", "Jeongjo Binjeon Honjeon Dogam Euigwe (正祖殯殿魂殿都監儀軌)" and "Jeong-jo Sillok (正祖實錄)", "Gukjo Sangrye Bopyeon (國朝喪禮補編)" was published in 1758. It compiled the funeral protocols of royal court, complementing the shortcomings of protocol documents published till then. "Chungwan Tonggo" was published in 1788, compiling all the protocols and customs practiced during Joseon dynasty in an organized manner. "Jeong-jo Gukjang Dogam Euigwe" and "Jeongjo Binjeon Honjeon Dogam Euigwe", record the burial dressing and the state funeral of King Jeong-jo in detail based on the contents of above protocol publications. In addition, the 'Daeryeom Euidae ', 'Soryeom Euidae', 'Seup Euidae' and 'Mokyok Euidae' that had been actually practiced were studied in detail based on the records in June/July, 1800 in Book 54 'Jeong-jo' of The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty. The timing of King Jeong-jo's state funeral was when the most elaborated and complete protocol books of Joseon dynasty had been published. Therefore, it was possible to explore the solemn and magnificent funeral culture and King's burial dressing in late Joseon dynasty by way of King Jeong-jo's burial dressing.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.60-70
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• 2017

This study traces the development of physic gardens in Korea and explores their significance in the history of landscape architecture. For this purpose, records related to physic gardens from medical sources from the period of the Three States to the Joseon dynasty, when herbal medicine was systematized as a field, were searched. Physic gardens had been developed by the time of the late Goryeo and early Joseon dynasties, in the 13th and the 15th centuries. Yakpo(kitchen gardens for medicinal herbs) were cultivated by a group of new high-level officials in the late Goryeo dynasty, when an increasing interest in hyangyak(native herbs) emerged under the influence of the Neo-Confucian perspective on nature, which emphasized locality. The sources analyzed in this study confirm that physic gardens called jong-yakjeon(royal medicinal herb gardens) were in operation in the early Joseon dynasty when policies to investigate, discover, cultivate, and research native herbs were put into place. It is likely that the jong-yakjeon were established at the beginning of the Joseon dynasty as subsidiary facilities under its central medical institutions, the Naeuiwon and Hyeminseo, and then declined in the late Joseon dynasty. Jong-yakjeon can be confirmed to have existed in the mid-15th century. Physic gardens were located in several places outside the Fortress Wall of Hanyang, such as Yakhyeon, Yuldo, Yeoudo, and Saari. The total area encompassed by physic gardens was about 160,000 square meters in the early 18th century. In jong-yakjeon, dozens of medicinal herbs were cultivated, including Schizonepeta tenuifolia var. japonica, Rehmannia glutinosa, and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer, and these gardens were operated by physicians dispatched from the Naeuiwon and dozens of provincial slaves. In conclusion, the jong-yakjeon were similar to the physic gardens of Renaissance medical universities in that they reflected the interest in and development of theories about new herbs, and were similar to the physic gardens of medieval castles and monasteries in terms of species types, location, and function. This paper has limitations in that it does not present the specific spatial forms of the yakpo or the jong-yakjeon. Nevertheless, this paper is significant for the field of garden history because it shows that physic gardens in Korea appeared in the late Goryeo and early Joseon dynasties concomitantly with the development of medicine towards native herbs and functioned as utilitarian gardens to cultivate community remedies.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.400-410
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to discuss how 'milk' was produced and supplied introduced and spread in the modern Joseon period. Condensed milk and powdered milk were mainly consumed in Joseon during the Japanese colonial period since they could be conveniently preserved for a long time, although raw milk was also produced and consumed. For areas adjacent to farms, milk delivery service was offered while areas with great consumption received an additional supply from different areas by rail. Since no manufacturing plants were operational in Korea, condensed milk and powdered milk consumed in Joseon had to be imported. In the case of condensed milk, when production in Japan increased, extra supply was aggressively sent into their colony, Joseon. The 'Gyeongseong Milk Association' founded in 1937 is considered significant in that it led to standardization of the production system and prices as well as pasteurization of milk. In the late Japanese colonial era, milk production and consumption were controlled. As milk was purchased as a war supply, the milk consumption market became distorted and limited.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.65-76
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• 2019

Modern Joseon Architecture is North Korea's unique building style that interprets Korean traditional architecture in a modern way, and its most distinctive design feature is the Paljak roof that decorates the upper part of the buildings. This paper argues that continuous attempts at characterizing the nature of traditional Korean architecture in the late 1950s and early 1960s developed the theoretical rationale for the exclusive use of the Paljak roof in Modern Joseon Architecture. It also argues that the construction of the Pyongyang Grand Theater and the Okryu Restaurant during this period became a decisive moment for the formalization of the Paljak roof. The double roof rafters and gables and the "cheerful yet solemn" roofline were considered as main characteristic features of the Korean roof and the Paljak roof perfectly fits this description. Particularly, in North Korean society where Kim Il Sung became idolized as an impersonalized deity, an anecdote in which Kim Il Sung fixed a prominent gabled roof in the Pyongyang Grand Theater into a Paljak roof has allowed for the roof to gain an exclusive status. Hence, almost all Modern Joseon Architecture since the 1960s accepted the Paljak roof's monopoly position, rather than experimenting with other traditional roof types.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2009

The eminent brother doctors Cho-Gaek Hur (Young Hur) and Cho-Sam Hur (Eon Hur) represent the medical tradition of the southeastern region of Mt. Jirisan incluiding Sancheong. This study investigated and examined their herediatary testimonies and medico-historical facts described in the literature tale, genealogy and family collection of works. At an early age after their family run away to the southern region from the harm of political struggle, they gave up taking the highest-level state examination to recruit ranking officials and set their heart on learning medicine. Their choice of medicine was the second best plan for the survival of their family and descendents from the influence of their ancestors who suffered from the party strife during the late Joseon Dynasty. The case is a good example of the deliberate action of the nobility intellectuals since the late Goryeo and early Joseon dynasties to who made attempts to have the minimum elegance and cause while securing livelihood after they have been collapsed politically. The tale of Cho-Gaek and Cho-Sam is a typical story of eminent doctors which combined reality and fiction about the persons who had outstanding medical skills. In the tale, the elder brother was good at herbal prescriptions and the younger brother was good at acupuncture, contrasting the treatment of administrative internal medicine and insertive acupuncture treatment. It shows that the prepositions for the choice of the treatment method for the public during that period were safety and fast efficacy. In their old age, they wrote a book titled Jinyangsinbang. Another Jinwoosinbang is estimated as a different kind of copy, which was a medical writing from experience that derived from the same original book as Jinyangsinbang. written by Cho-Gaek Hur and it is a valuable medical material that possesses the distinct features of the local medicine during the late Joseon Dynasty. Most of the contents are variations in application using the basis of Dongeuibogam, forming the roots of the traditional Korean medicine in Sancheong region together with the medical activities of the Hur brothers.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.83-99
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• 2007

This study examines the joint and splice of wooden structure at Geunjeongjeon Hall of Gyengbok Palace, which was constructed in the late Joseon Dynasty. The scope of the study is on the part of columns, the bracket sets, and the frame structure. This research also deals with the relationship between vortical load and horizontal load. Firstly, the examination of the joint and splice methods between the pillar and penetrating ties is on the joint and splice methods of the outer and corner. Through the investigation, it is verified that the joint methods between pillar and penetrating tie on the outer and corner pillars is the method of Sagal joints(cross joints, 사개맞춤). Joints used between pillar and penetrating tie are dovetailed tenon joints, between columns and Anchogong(안초공), between columns and Choikgong(초익공) are tenon joint(장부맞춤). Secondly, the examination of the joint and splice methods of the bracket set is on that of Salmi and Cheomcha(첨차), and Salmi and Janghyeo(장혀). Joints used between Salmi and Cheomcha, Salmi and Janghyeo are halved joint, and between each Janghyeo are stepped dovetailed splice. It is Cheomcha that is used the Jujang-Cheomcha(주장첨차) on center line. Therefore it is connected with each bracket set, which gets to is the strong system, easy and convenient on the construction of that. Thirdly, the frame structure of wooden architecture in royal palace is consist of purlins and beams, Janghyeo(장혀, timber under purlin), tall columns, king posts, etc. Through the investigation, it is verified that the joint and splice methods between purlins and beams are used with the methods of Sungeoteok joint(숭어턱맞춤). It is verified that the joint and splice methods between beams and high columns are used with methods of mortise and tenon joint(장부맞춤), is highly related with tensile force. To reduce the separation of parts, sangi(산지) and tishoi(띠쇠) are used as a counterproposal, which were generally used for architecture in royal Palaces in the late Joseon Dynasty and continued to be used until these days common wooden architecture.

• Journal for History of Mathematics
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.203-219
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• 2017

As is well known, the most important development in the history of Chinese mathematics is materialized in Song-Yuan era through tianyuanshu up to siyuanshu for constructing equations and zengcheng kaifangfa for solving them. There are only two authors in the period, Li Ye and Zhu Shijie who left works dealing with them. They were almost forgotten until the late 18th century in China but Zhu's Suanxue Qimeng(1299) had been a main reference for the Joseon mathematics. Commentary by Luo Shilin on Zhu's Siyuan Yujian(1303) was brought into Joseon in the mid-19th century which induced a great attention to Joseon mathematicians with a thorough understanding of Zhu's tianyuanshu. We discuss the history that Joseon mathematicians succeeded to obtain the mathematical structures of Siyuan Yujian based on the Zhu's tianyuanshu.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.176-187
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• 2007

Buddhist paintings in the late Joseon dynasty are characterized by diversification and subdivision of subject matters. Buddhist paintings rapidly declined since 19th century, being miniaturized and showing complicated composition. Figures that identified the shape of shoes in Buddhist paintings of late Joseon dynasty included sacheonwang that were placed in the left and right bottom of Buddhist paintings, sinjung, gwiwang and pan-gwan of siwangtaeng. Sacheonwang, an Indian folk god, was depicted as a noble person in "ahamgyeong", an early sutra, but was depicted as an armored warrior in Mahayana Buddhism world. The style of shoes sacheonwang in Korea were different depending on the times. The shoes of the sacheonwang sculpture in Seogguram of Shilla dynasty are sandal type. The sacheonwang that was drawn on Jijangbosaldo in Goryeo dynasty wears non-showy armor and red yi(履). The sacheonwang that was expressed on Buddhist paintings in Joseon dynasty wears showy armor and decorated hwa. Comparing the yi of Goryeo Jijangbosaldo sacheonwang with the yi of Bodhisattva on the Dunhuang yeolbanbyeonsangdo, Jijangbosaldo sacheonwang's shoes are Korean style in which the sole is flat and the front part has no decoration, but in the shoes of Bodhisattva on the Dunhuang yeolbanbyeonsangdo the sole is not flat, the front part is lifted. The style of shoes of pan-gwan, who is depicted on Siwangtaeng, is hwa. However, unlike the decorative hwa of sacheonwang, its front is not lifted and it has no decoration. It is assumed that the shoes of sacheonwang or pan-gwan represented obangsaek based on the idea of eumyang-ohaeng. Depiction of shoes shown in Buddhist paintings reflected the phases of the social life. In addition, the sandals of Shilla sacheonwang implies that sourthern culture in addition to Buddhism was introduced. Having expressed the shoes of Goryeo sacheonwang with conventional yi implies that Buddhism governed the inner world of the people, and the shape and material of the shoes reveals aristocracy. It is assumed that that an armored warrior wore yi, not hwa implies that the then society was stable. Also, it is assumed that that the shoes of sacheonwang on Buddhist paintings in Joseon dynasty were hwa implies that the role of tutelary god was stressed in the disordered society.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.7-20
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• 2011

In this research, the changes of spaces on Namsan-Park and of the meaning of the park from the late 1900s through the early 1908s are analyzed, and the results are provided as follows. To begin with, inserting a concept of park to Namsan provided people with limitation in understanding definition of park, which indicated finite and constrained space, so that it distracted people from using spaces on Namsan. At that time, since the park was considered as one of key factors to establish Modern city, it was distinguished to the urban structure which had existed. After then, Joseon shrine, settled in Hanyang-Park, absorbed in functions of the park, so that the term of Hanyang-Park meant an area around the shrine or a boundary of the space. In addition, the particularity of Joseon shrine sometimes discouraged people from using the park spaces as well as spaces on the shrine, which led to decline the publicity of the park. However, Joseon shrine was correlated and planned with infrastructures of the city, Kyeongsung, not only physically but also visually in that Joseon shrine played role in one of components in Kyeongsung performed as an entertaining city such as a theme park. Lastly, Seoul is no longer subordinated and dependent city but has dramatically changed as a prominent city after regaining of independence in 1945. This indicates that the entertaining function of the old city was dismantled or reduced or transferred to public spaces, especially Namsan-Park. Consequently Namsan-Park has diverse and complex characteristics like traits of Kyeongsung, playing a pivotal role in providing cultural spaces, and its spatial organization is divided and planned based on various facilities and buildings on the park. This organization has a negative effect on the city and the park by decreasing in connectivity between them.