• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.125-148
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• 2011

Although the patient's problem with access to health information has been improved due to rapidly developing information technologies, such as the internet, some patients still do not have enough ability to understand, interpret, and analyze the health information. Given this view on the patient's asymmetric information problem, if a doctor provides sufficient effort to help patients understand and interpret medical information, the efficiency of patient's medical care use could be improved. This paper shows firstly that the patient's inefficient use of medical care originates from his information problems, such as the misperception of the effectiveness of medical care and secondly suggests that if the doctor makes sufficient effort to correct patient's information problems, the inefficiency can be ameliorated. This paper also suggests the manipulation of a doctor's payment method can lead a doctor to provide optimal level of efforts which can in turn lead patients to use the optimal level of medical care. With an optimal level of effort, a doctor can more easily achieve a patient's compliance with the newly recommended amount of medical care.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 2005

A bioequivalence study of CKD $Cefaclor^{(R)}$ capsule (Chong Kun Dang Pharm Co., Ltd) to $Ceclor^{(R)}$ capsule (Lilly Korea Co., Ltd.) was conducted according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Twenty four healthy male Korean volunteers received each medicine at the cefaclor dose of 250 mg in a $2{\times}2$ crossover study. There was a one-week washout period between the doses. An improved high-performance liquid chromatorgraphy (HPLC) analytical method with UV detection was used to determine plasma cefaclor concentration in human volunteers for 8 hr after oral drug administration. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to 8 hr ($AUC_{0-8hr}$) was calculated by the linear trapezoidal rule. the $C_{max}$ (maximum plasma drug concentration) and $T_{max}$ (time to reach $C_{max}$) were compiled from the plasma concentration-time data. Analysis of variance was carried out using logarithmically transformed $AUC_{0-8hr}\;and\;C_{max}$. No significant sequence effect was found for all of the bioavailability parameters indicating that the cross-over design was properly performed. The $90{\%}$ confidence intervals of the $AUC_{0-8hr}$ ratio and the $C_{max}$ ratio for CKD $Cefaclor^{(R)}$ and $Ceclor^{(R)}$ were $0.9400{\leq}{\delta}{\leq}1.0345$ and $0.8858{\leq}{\delta}{\leq}1.1021$, respectively. These values were within the acceptable bioequivalence intervals of 0.80-1.25. Thus, our study demonstrated the of CKD $cefaclor^{(R)}$ capsule was bioequivalent to $Cefaclor^{(R)}$ capsule with respect to its bioavailability.

• Journal of Science Education
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.204-220
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• 2011

This study was intended to develop an experimental module based on inquiry processes conducted by photosynthesis scientists. It was aimed to enhance scientific inquiry ability of the middle school students by applying the developed module. Developed module included some experiments conducted by earlier photosynthesis scientists such as Helmont, Woodward, Priestly, Hales and Ingen-Hausz. Inquiry process was involved in the developed module for instructing the inquiry methods. Rapid-cycling Brassica rapa known as a Fast Plant was used for the experimental material. Developed module was applied to the experimental group consisting 27 eighth grader, while experiments suggested in the science textbook was applied to the control group consisting 30 eighth grader. Developed module was more effective in improving students' scientific inquiry ability, especially measuring, forecasting and hypothesizing ability as its subordinate elements. When the result of post-test was compared to one of pre-test in the experimental group, their observing, forecasting, and generalization ability were improved. Experimental group showed that students' conception in photosynthesis and conceptual development related with the role of plants in the ecosystem and plant's food and movement of the water and nutrients were also improved. Before application, students in the experimental group did not have enough understanding of the abstract concept such as the existence or the role of the materials like $CO_2$ or $O_2$ or the energy accumulation. Developed module could help students to achieve the comprehensive concept regarding the role of plants as producers of organic matter and oxygen and to enhance their scientific inquiry ability and concepts regarding photosynthesis.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.162-169
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• 2007

Immune activities of two different extracts of Kadsura japonica Dunal. by typical extraction processes using water and ethanol at 60 $^{\circ}$C and 100 $^{\circ}$C were compared to them by ultrasofication system and through traditional fermemtation process. The fermented broth Kadsura japonica Dunal. definitely improved the growth of human B and T cell up to 30% and 22%, respectively, compared to the control. The secretion of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-60 was also enhanced by the addition of the fermented broth, up to 35%. NK cell activation was significantly improved up to 1.4 times higher than the case of adding other extracts. It was also found that this broth could yield higher nitric oxide production from macrophage than Lipopolysaccharides (LPS). It can be concluded that Kadsura japonica has immune activities and, in general, the culture broth from a conventional fermentation has higher immune activities, possibly by yielding immuno-modulatory compounds, not existed in typcial extraction systems as the result of HPLC analysis.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.117-122
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• 2005

After establishing improved HPLC analytical method of cefaclor in human plasma samples, a bioavailability study of cefaclor capsules was conducted according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The standard calibration curve using an HPLC with UV detector was constructed in a range of $0.0324{\sim}16\;{\mu}g/ml$. The 6% perchloric acid instead of 6% trichloroacetic acid was used to precipitate plasma protein. The HPLC chromatograms were precisely and accurately resolved when spiked with human plasma spiked with cefaclor and cephalexin (internal standard). Twenty healthy male Korean volunteers received two commercial cefaclor capsules, $Neocef^{\circledR}$ capsule (Jinyang Pharm. Co., Ltd) or $Ceclor^{\circledR}$ capsule (Lilly Korea. Co., Ltd.) at the 250 mg cefaclor in a $2{\times}2$ crossover study. There was a one-week washout period between the doses. Plasma concentrations of cefaclor were monitored for 8 hours after oral drug administration. $AUC_t$ the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to 8 hr (13 points), was calculated by the linear trapezoidal rule method. $C_{max}$ (maximum plasma drug concentration) and $T_{max}$ (time to reach $C_{max}$) were compiled from the plasma concentration-time data. Analysis of variance was carried out using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$. No significant sequence effect was found for all of the bioavailability parameters indicating that the cross-over design was properly performed. The 90% confidence intervals of the $AUC_t$ ratio and the $C_{max}$ ratio for $Neocef^{\circledR}/Ceclor^{\circledR}$ were $0.9049{\leq}{\delta}{\leq}1.226$, respectively. These values were within the acceptable bioequivalence intervals of 0.80-1.25. Thus, our study demonstrated the bioequivalence of $Neocef^{\circledR}/Ceclor^{\circledR}$ with respect to the extent of absorption.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.2652-2659
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• 2011

The principal objective of this study was to provide the basic information on the sourdough bread made with probiotics and yeast(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and to establish an optimum formula for the development of sourdough bread with high physiological, textural and sensory quality characteristics. The following mixing ratios of probiotics and yeast were used: Test 1, probiotics: yeast = 1.5 : 0.1; Test 2, 0.30 : 0.02; Test 3, 0.15 : 0.01(g/g). Fermentatioin using sourdough resulted in increase in number of probiotics in sourdough by 244~642 times but reduced pH in sourdough. Contributions by yeast in pH in sourdough were not as high as probiotics after the first fermentation of 15 hrs period of the dough. Among the three groups, bread volume, crumb firmness, crumb thickness, crumb elongation, compression force value, and specific volume of bread of bread were not significantly different. However, in sensory evaluation, flavor, taste, overall acceptance in sourdough produced by Test 2 markedly improved(p<0.05). These results show that Test 2 bread had improved sourdough properties, compared to Test 1 bread and Test 3 bread.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2002

Quality variation of plastic pouch packing of Changran-Jeotgal produced by improved process and conventional process were investigated during storage at 10, 20 and $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. The kind of plastic pouch used in this study were polyethylene/nylon/linear low density polyethylene (PE/Ny), polyethylene terephthalatefpolyethyleneflinear low density polyethylene (PET) and low density polyethylene (PE). In the higher storage temperature, the faster increase of$ CO_2$, concentration and volume of pouch packing in all kinds of pouch. However, the highest value of pH, L-value, volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) and viable cell counts were shown in PE, the next was PET and PE/Ny, Overall, Changran-Jeotgal produced by improved process showed a little change of physical and chemical characteristics than conventional process. From above results, relationship between quality parameters were predicted pH, L-value, VBN and sensory score were highly correlated, therefore, these parameters is expected to uses as shelf-life indicated elements in cease of plastic pouch packaging.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.271-281
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• 1979

The neccessity of hillside land reclamation for food production in Korea is no matter of question. Accordingly, the Government has launched some large scale hillside land reclamation projects. From the past experiences followings are pointed out as to the rational hillside land reclamation engineering methodologies. 1. It is observed that due to the shortages in labor and high wage, the machanization in hillside land reclamation will be an urgent subject. 2. There are several engineering methods for the reclamation of hillside lands; contour terracing, improved contour terracing, bench terracing and sloping bench terracing. 3. Selection of suitable methods will demand the considerations on the topography, particularly degree of slope, and the land use after reclamation. For ordinary crops cultivation, slope should be low and contour terracing is to be recommended, to enable the introduction of machines. In case of grass land development, after smoothing the land surface, improved contour terracing might be selected. And for the orchard development, sloping bench terracing with the construction of roads between the terrace will be suitable.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.8-14
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• 2017

Improvements in the standard of living and lifestyle have led to increased sales of frozen milk products, such as soft ice cream or slush. These frozen milk products are commonly made in a small refrigeration machine. In a soft ice cream machine, the freezer is composed of a concentric cylinder, where the refrigerant flows in the annul us and the ice cream is made in the cylinder by a rotating scraper. In this study, an optimization and performance evaluation were conducted on a soft ice cream machine having a freezer volume of 2.8 liters. The optimization was focused on the scraper rotation speed and the refrigerant path of the freezer. The measurements included the temperature, pressure and consumed power. At the optimized speed of 124 rpm, ice cream was produced in 6 minutes and 2 seconds, and the COP was 0.90. Through a flow visualization study using air-water, the refrigerant path was improved. The improved design reduced the ice cream making time significantly. The present results may be used for the optimization of other refrigeration cycles, including those of frozen food products.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.58 no.6
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• pp.19.1-19.7
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• 2016

Background: Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.]) is a legume cultivated throughout most tropical countries and is valued as food and feed for human and livestock respectively. The search for an improved cowpea variety has been on-going with the aim of improving traits such as grain yield, drought and pest resistance. But no information exist on the feeding value of these improved varieties. Phosphate (P) fertilizer application is recommended to augment grain yield in grain legumes but data on the effect of P fertilizer on haulm quality is limited. Results: Two separate experiments were conducted to determine the effect of P fertilizer dose on the nutritive value of haulms from different cowpea varieties (V). In experiment 1, effect of three P doses (30, 60 and 90 kg $P_2O_5/ha$) on in vitro gas production (IVGP) characteristics, concentrations of digestible organic matter (DOM), crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of haulms from five cowpea varieties (Zaayura-SARC 4-75, Songotra-IT97K-499-35, Hewale-IT93K-192-4, IT99K 573-1-1 and Asomdwe-IT94K-410-2) were investigated using the $3(P){\times}5(V)$ factorial treatment arrangements in a completely randomized design. In experiment 2, the effects of two P doses (30 and 90 kg $P_2O_5/ha$) and two varieties (Zaayura-SARC 4-75 and Hewale-IT93K-192-4) on the voluntary feed intake, live weight, haematology and carcass characteristics of Djallonke lambs were also assessed using a $2(P){\times}2(V)$ factorial treatment arrangement. The $V{\times}P$ interaction significantly affected CP, NDF and ADF with CP concentration increasing with increase in P doses in Zaayura-SARC 4-75 and Asomdwe-IT94K-410-2. Whilst an increase (P < 0.05) in NDF was observed in Songotra-IT97K-499-35and Asomdwe-IT94K-410-2 as P doses increased, the other V only increased from P dose 30 to 60 kg/ha and declined at P dose 90 kg/ha. The ADF decreased (P < 0.05) with increase in P dose for all V with the exception of Songotra-IT97K-499-35. There was a significant V effect on DOM with the highest reported in Zaayura-SARC 4-75 (43.44 %). Daily DM intake, carcass length and blood urea nitrogen of the lambs were significantly affected by the V x P interaction. There was a significant V effect on globulin and P effect on live weight at slaughter, dressed weight, chuck, leg, loin, rib and flank and liver and lungs. Conclusion: It can be concluded that nutrient concentrations of cowpea haulms were positively influenced by different P dose and varieties with favorable effects on growth, haematology and carcass composition of lambs. Varieties Zaayura-SARC 4-75 and Hewale-IT93K-192-4 at P dose at 90 kg/ha are recommended to enhance growth performance and carcass yield of Djallonke lambs.