• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 2002

This study was conducted to evaluate the prediction of sensory attributes of tobacco smoke by the use of volatile oil components of tobacco. For analytical and sensory evaluations, twelve aging tobaccos (i.e., 3 crop years; 1998, 1999, 2000, and 4 stalk positions) were prepared in flue-cured and burley tobaccos. 61 volatile oil components and 5 sensory attributes such as irritation, impact, after taste, bitter and green were investigated. Irritation of flue-cured tobacco, and irritation and impact of burley tobacco were significantly increased with the ascending stalk position, whereas after taste of burley tobacco was significantly decreased. Significantly positive correlations among irritation, impact, and bitter were observed in flue-cured tobacco. A significantly positive correlation between irritation and bitter was observed, significantly negative correlations between after taste and irritation and between after taste and impact were observed in burley tobacco. Except for green of burley tobacco, all probabilities of multiple linear regression equations between volatile oil components of tobacco and sensory attributes of tobacco smoke were significant(P$\leq$0.05). This study suggests that the multiple linear regression equations may be useful to predict the sensory attributes of tobacco smoke with a few selected volatile oil components of tobacco.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.787-796
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• 2008

When the manipulator collides with surroundings, there occurs an impulse. To reduce the impulse, the self motion should maintain the manipulator's position by the minimally effective mass. At this time, we can use the local joint torque minimization algorithm to resolve the redundancy. In this study, to reduce the impulse and damages by the impact between the manipulator and surroundings, new control algorithm for the minimization of the joint torque using the kinetic redundancy and the impact minimization is proposed. It adapts fuzzy logic and genetic algorithm to the conventional local joint torque minimization algorithm. The proposed algorithm is applied to a 3-DOF redundant planar manipulator. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm works well.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.145-156
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• 2013

PURPOSES : This research is a study on the changes in the road network of the surrounding area is installed according to the Kiss & Ride Zone. METHODS : Estimating the transportation mode of students by using the Metropolitan household Surveys(2006) and estimating the O/D by Kiss & Ride ratio with the estimated data, then being applied to a method of reducing the number of lanes for certain sections of the road which would be installed with Kiss & Ride Zone. RESULTS : The reason why it is different for delay resolving time and the affected roads as the Kiss & Ride percentage change, was the impact of the Kiss & Ride Zone's installation position. CONCLUSIONS : The purpose of the study was to analyze the impact of the road network in accordance with the installation of Kiss & Ride Zone by using speed and queue delay resolving time, and it is a need to develop a quantitative evaluation technique which was using various indicators in impact analysis according to the installation of the traffic safety facilities in the future.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.60 no.2
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• pp.205-210
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• 2017

Objective : This study was performed to evaluate and compare the efficacies of caudal epidural injections performed at prone and lateral decubitus positions. Methods : A total of 120 patients suffering from low back pain and radicular leg pain were included and patients were randomly distributed into 2 groups according to the position during injection. In Group 1 (n=60; 32 women, 28 men), caudal epidural injection was performed at prone position, whereas it was implemented at lateral decubitus position in Group 2 (n=60; 33 women, 27 men). Visual analogue scale, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), walking tolerance (WT) and standing tolerance (ST) were compared in 2 groups before and after injection. Results : In Group 1, ODI values were higher at 30th minute (p=0.007), 3rd week (p=0.043) and 6th month (p=0.013). In Group 1, ODI, VAS and ST values were improved significantly at all follow-up periods compared to initial values. In Group 1, WT scores were better than initial values at 30th minute, 3rd week and 3rd month. In Group 2, ODI scores at 30th minute, 3rd week, 3rd month and 6th month were improved while VAS and ST scores were improved at all periods after injection. WT scores were better at 30th minute, 3rd week and 3rd month compared to initial WT scores. Conclusion : Our results indicated that application of injection procedure at lateral decubitus position allowing a more concentrated local distribution may provide better relief of pain.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.45-51
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• 2011

Purpose: To determine the correct measurement methods of the ankle joint complex range of motion for measuring the neutral position and evaluate the rater reliability. In addition, the impact of training on the rater reliability was also assessed. Methods: The subjects were eleven healthy women, who were evaluated by two physical therapists and one physical therapist recorded the results of the study. Standard goniometer was used as the measurement tool. The ankle and subtalar joint neutral position and the active range of motion of the ankle and subtalar joint were measured. Intra-rater reliability and inter-rater reliability measures were analyzed with intraclass correlation coefficients. Results: Intra-rater reliability and inter-rater reliability ranged from high to medium for the neutral position of the ankle joint complex. Intra-rater reliability for dorsiflexion and plantarflexion measurements was medium, while the inter-rater reliability was high. The range of motion of the subtalar joint was measured, and the intra-rater reliability and inter-rater reliability were low and medium, respectively Also, the intra-rater reliability was increased with formal training of the measurement techniques. Intra-rater reliability was reduced in case the raters had not undertaken the training. Conclusion: In summary, the results obtained with the measurement tools and joint measurement of position, indicate the consistency of repeated measurements made by the same observers. Under the same circumstances along with repetition of the same measurement technique during training caused an increase in the rater reliability of formally trained raters.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.133-139
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• 2016

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the coordinates of anatomical landmarks on cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) images in varied head positions before and after reorientation using image analysis software. Materials and Methods: CBCT images were taken in a normal position and four varied head positions using a dry skull marked with 3 points where gutta percha was fixed. In each of the five radiographic images, reference points were set, 20 anatomical landmarks were identified, and each set of coordinates was calculated. Coordinates in the images from the normally positioned head were compared with those in the images obtained from varied head positions using statistical methods. Post-reorientation coordinates calculated using a three-dimensional image analysis program were also compared to the reference coordinates. Results: In the original images, statistically significant differences were found between coordinates in the normal-position and varied-position images. However, post-reorientation, no statistically significant differences were found between coordinates in the normal-position and varied-position images. Conclusion: The changes in head position impacted the coordinates of the anatomical landmarks in three-dimensional images. However, reorientation using image analysis software allowed accurate superimposition onto the reference positions.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Power Electronics
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.221-233
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• 2007

In this paper, a simple but effective position profile generation algorithm for single axis high dynamic linear machine drive system is presented. In the recent industrial application fields like as LCD/PDP and semiconductor factory, requirements for the high performance positioning system with optimal position profile generator are highly increased to reduce the overall processing time. There might be various solutions for position profile generating algorithm according to the application type. A square-wave Impact quantity(Jerk) based algorithm with minimal locomotion time is argued in this paper to minimize the total time of one movement under some specific constrains such as maximum speed limit and maximum acceleration limit. In order to reduce the calculation efforts and satisfy the minimal locomotion time condition, the time variants representing each profile sector and a simple condition comparison algorithm are adopted. Also, the actual implementation method for profile generation algorithm and it's real performance results are presented through commercial linear machine drive system.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.199-224
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• 2018

Aviation's safety record continues to improve yearly, especially with respect to passenger and crew injuries and deaths. However, although the number of accidents has decreased over the decades, there are still many events, such as landings short of the runway and runway excursions, both of which pose threats to passenger and crew safety. Surviving any kind of aviation accident depends on the physiological threat and stress of the impact(s), the extent to which the physical structure surrounding the passengers and crew remains intact, and the ability of the passengers and crew to be able to escape the wreckage. The one action that both passengers and crew can carry out to help decrease the likelihood of crash-related injury or death is to assume an emergency brace position. Doing so has been demonstrated over several decades to improve survivability. While cabin crew are taught (and then might have to teach passengers in an emergency about the emergency brace position), passengers in many parts of the world never learn about the brace position unless they are involved in an emergency in which there is time to prepare for the landing. This lack of provision of information is related to the fact that most airlines do not provide information in the preflight safety briefing and some do not even provide the information in the passenger safety cards. Many countries do not require their airlines to do so, a fact, which in turn, is related to the lack of mention of the brace position in ICAO's Annex 6. Until standards and recommended practices are changed at the highest world level, passengers will continue to be deprived of this vital, life-saving information that they can use, potentially to help save their own lives.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.846-855
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• 2020

A loose part monitoring system is used to detect unexpected loose parts in a reactor coolant system in a nuclear power plant. It is still necessary to develop a new methodology for the localization and mass estimation of loose parts owing to the high estimation error of conventional methods. In addition, model-based diagnostics recently emphasized the importance of a model describing the behavior of a mechanical system or component. The purpose of this study is to propose a new localization and mass-estimation method based on finite element analysis (FEA) and optimization technique. First, an FEA model to simulate the propagation behavior of the bending wave generated by a metal sphere impact is validated by performing an impact test and a corresponding FEA and optimization for a downsized steam-generator structure. Second, a novel methodology based on FEA and optimization technique was proposed to estimate the impact location and mass of a loose part at the same time. The usefulness of the methodology was then validated through a series of FEAs and some blind tests. A new feature vector, the cross-correlation function, was also proposed to predict the impact location and mass of a loose part, and its usefulness was then validated. It is expected that the proposed methodology can be utilized in model-based diagnostics for the estimation of impact parameters such as the mass, velocity, and impact location of a loose part. In addition, the FEA-based model can be used to optimize the sensor position to improve the collected data quality in the site of nuclear power plants.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.431-444
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• 2012

Constituents of timber framed floor affect the insulation performance against impact sound significantly. Among them, installation of massive sound absorbing layer and reinforcement of stiffness of timber floor have been considered as major factors that improve the insulation performance against impact sound. Researches on evaluating the effect of floor constitutions have been carried out through the field measurements for timber framed buildings in Korea. It is concluded that the impact sound pressure level at the relatively lower frequency governs the overall insulation performance, and can be improved by the installation of sound absorbing layer and reinforcement of floor stiffness. Especially, the insulation performance against heavy impact sound was improved significantly when the massive cement mortar layer for floor heating system was installed and the stiffness was reinforced by shortening the joist span using additional beam at the mid-position of original span.