• Development and Reproduction
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 2001

Precise mechanism by which the fetus can escape from mother's immune rejection is not well understood yet over the last 50 years. The clarification of immune mechanism at the feto-maternal interface is very important, because this can be a common pathogenesis of various pathologic conditions including spontaneous abortion, habitual abortion fetal growth restriction preeclampsia, implantation failure after assisted reproductive techniques, and fetal death. In this review, current hypothetical contents were described with the priority of importance: 1) The center of this mechanism is cross-talk between the expression of HLA-C, E, G on the extravillous cytotrophoblasts and their receptors on decidual NK cell, 2) immunomodulation, 3) innate immunity is the main immunologic mechanism, 4) various mechanisms besides HLA system(eq. complement) may be associated. The overall balance of immunomodulation among these mechanisms should result in the outcome of each pregnancy. Further researches regarding the regulation of HLA system, roles of cytokines, complements should be followed in the future.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.727-738
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• 2001

Macrophagal polykaryocytes (MPs) are terminally differentiated multinuclear macrophage cells responsible for remodeling and resorption of bone, foreign body, and tissue deposition in inflammation. MPs are encountered only in bone and cartilagenous tissues, in which they are referred to as osteoclasts, odontoclasts, in which they are referred to as osteoclasts, odontoclasts, and septoclasts. Depending on the disease, the MPs differentiate into many morphological variants that include foreign-body giant cells, Langhans-type cells, and Touton-type cells. Morphological heterogeneity of MPs could Touton-type cells. Morphological heterogeneity of MPs could reflect the giant cell formation from phenotypically different marophage precursors by the process of fusion. At present, many cytokines, adhesion/fusion molecules, and other factors of the microenvironment have been discovered that influence the multinucleation process. Many evidences suggest that conditions in giant cell fibrohistiocytomas, which facilitate MP formation, are similar to the inflammation site of granulomatosis. MPs in the giant cell tumors and granulomatosis foci are formed in response to the factors secreted by mesenchymal cells. It is proposed that one of the first steps in vertebrate evolution could be the organization of skeleton remodeling, in which osteoclasts play a major role. In this step, the same mechanism of regulations served as a basis for the development of both osteoclast and inflammatory forms of MPs.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.117-123
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to analyze inhibitory effects of anti-4-1BB monoclonal antibody on melanoma metastasis The 4-1BB (CD137) T cell molecule is a member of the TNF receptor family and its activation by either 4-1BB ligand or antibody induces T cell activation and growth. In the present study, administration of anti-4-1BB mAb induced inhibition of melanoma metastasis. Agonistic anti-4-1BB mAb induced not only CD$8^+$4-1BBT cells but also CD$8^+$IFN-${\gamma}$$^{+}$ T cell population. In the presence of anti-CD3 antibody, lymphocytes produced high levels of IFN-${\gamma}$ and low levels of IL-4 in anti-4-1BB mAb treated group. Exposure of melanoma cells to IFN-${\gamma}$ induced expression of MHC-I molecules. Thus, the increase in number of CD$8^+$T cells and enhanced MHC-I expression on B16F10 cells by augmented IFN-${\gamma}$ production in response to anti-4-1BB mAb may result in suppression of tumor growth and metastasis.s.

• Proceedings of the Microbiological Society of Korea Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.95-95
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• 2003

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1995.10a
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• pp.101-106
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• 1995

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.42
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• pp.3.1-3.2
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• 2020

• BMB Reports
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.419-428
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• 1999

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor members have unique structures composed of 2-4 cysteine - rich pseudorepeats in the extracellular domain. On ligation by trimeric ligand molecules, oligomerization of three receptor molecules occurs, which in turn activates the receptor and recruits intracellular signaling molecules to the cytoplasmic tail to initiate biological events. Recently, the numbers of tumor necrosis factor receptor and ligand family members have been rapidly expanding. Functional characterization of the new members has indicated redundant roles with other known members as well as provided insights into novel functions. In particular, identification of soluble decoy receptors which have the ability to bind multiple ligands highlights a complex control mechanism of immune responses by these molecules. Studies of the new members have also revealed that the TNF receptor and ligand family members play an important role in other than the immune system.

• Food Science and Industry
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.12-22
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• 2012

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.109-114
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• 2002

Background: To investigate the role of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in moxibustion-induced immunomodulation, the effects of chemical sympathectomy on moxibustion-induced changes in splenic NK cell cytotoxicity, T and B cell proliferation were studied in Sprague-Dawley male rats. Methods: Chemical sympathectomy was achieved with intraperitoneal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine 50 mg/kg/day for 3 successive days. Direct moxibustion (6-minute interval, 9 moxa ball, each of which weighing 0.007 g and burning for 40 seconds) was applied on unilateral anterior tibial muscle region where Zusanli (ST36) acupoint is located, once a day for 7 successive days. NK cell cytotoxicity was measured by $4hr-^{51}Cr$ release assay. Mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation was analyzed by [$^3H$]-thymidine incorporation assay. Results: NK cell cytotoxicity was suppressed by moxibustion, more in sympathectomized rats than in vehicle-treated rats. T cell proliferation induced by concanavalin A was not affected by moxibustion. B cell proliferation induced by lipopolysaccharide showed no significant change in vehicle-treated rats, but an increase in sympathectomized rats by moxibustion. Sympathectomy alone induced augmentation of NK cell cytotoxicity and suppression of T cell proliferation. Conclusion: These results suggest that SNS has no direct relation with moxibution-induced immunomodulation but has an important role in the mechanism to keep the homeostasis of immune system by tonically inhibiting excessive changes of various immune components.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.201-207
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains as probiotics. Two strains were isolated from healthy chicken cecum and their acid and bile tolerance, residual organic acids, antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria, and immunomodulation activity were measured. Identification of the isolated strains was performed using the API 50CHL system and phylogenetic analysis using 16S rDNA sequencing. The isolates were determined to be Lactobacillus sakei strains. The acid tolerance of strains L2 and L8 was high enough that 75% of the inoculum survived in pH 2 for 2 h. The bile tolerance of both strains was observed at a 1% Oxgall concentration in MRS broth. The production of organic acids (lactic acid and acetic acid) and pH changes during growth were monitored and the maximum concentrations were obtained after 48 h of incubation. Culture supernatants of the two LAB strains showed strong antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria. The heat-killed LAB cells also induced high levels of immune cell proliferation compared with the control, and stimulated IL-6 and TNF-α production in mouse macrophages. Therefore, L. sakei strains L2 and L8 can be considered suitable probiotic bacteria.