• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.9-36
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• 2009

Objectives The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of a concurrent administration of JUJSTK and AJ on atopic dermatitis in an in-vivo experiment. Thus, this study is expressed by using NC/Nga atopic dermatitis mice which have histological and clinical similarities to that of humans have been used. Methods Clinical skin score, hematology, serum total IgE and IgG1 of the mouse was evaluated, and cytokine levels, total number of the cells, immunohistochemical staining, histological features of axillary lymph node(ALN), peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs), and a dorsal skin tissue of the mouse were analyzed. Results Oral administration of JUJSTK and concurrent administration of JUJSTK and AJ lowered the clinical skin score, total cell number of WBC, eosinophils in blood, and serum total of IgE & IgG1, IFN-$\gamma$, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17. In addition, total cell number of ALN and dorsal skin tissue, absolute cell number of $CD3e^+$ T cell, $CD4^+$ Th cell, $CD8^+$ c/sT cell, $CD3^+CCR3^+$ cell, $CCR3^+$ cell, $CD3^+CD69^+$, $CD4^+CXCR5^+$ in ALN, PBMCs, absolute cell number of $CCR3^+$, $CD3^+/CD69^+$, $CD11b^+/Gr-1^+$, $CD11b^+/Gr-1^+$ in dorsal skin tissue, Eotaxin2 mRNA, CCR3 mRNA in dorsal skin tissue and gene expression of IL-5 mRNA, IL-13 mRNA in ALN were significantly decreased. Furthermore, thickness of epidermis infiltrated inflammatory immune cell & mast cell in dermis, histological infiltration of mast cell, the size of inflammatory lymphocytes cells & plasma cells in ALN and histological infiltration of $CD4^+$ & $CCR3^+$ in ALN and dorsal skin tissue were significantly decreased as well. Conclusions Concurrent administration of JUJSTK and AJ on atopic dermatitis in an in-vivoexperiment by using an NC/Nga atopic dermatitis mouse was very effective as an atopic dermatitis treatment.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.71-77
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• 2010

Purpose: To determine whether upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) transcription and translation is related to radicular pain in a model of lumbar disc herniation. Also, to investigate the temporal changes of mRNA expression of iNOS and the identity of iNOS and transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) 1 channel expression cells in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of a model of lumbar disc herniation. Methods: A lumbar disc herniated rat model was developed by implantation of the autologous nucleus pulposus, harvested from the coccygeal vertebra of each tail, on the left L5 nerve root just proximal to the DRG. Rats were tested for mechanical allodynia of the plantar surface of both hind paws 2 days before surgery and 1, 5, 10, 20 and 30 days postoperatively. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to follow iNOS mRNA expression. To stain iNOS and TRPV1 in DRG, an immunohistochemical study was done 10 days after surgery. Results: A significant drop in mechanical withdrawal threshold on the ipsilateral and contralateral hind paws was observed 1 day after surgery and was prolonged to 30 days in rats with lumbar disc herniation. The expression of mRNA for iNOS peaked at postoperative day 10 on both sides of the DRG. iNOS-positive sensory neurons in the DRG varied in size from large to small diameter cells. A majority of small and intermediate sensory neurons were TRPV1-positive cells. Double immunofluorescence staining for TRPV1 and iNOS revealed that most intermediate TRPV1-positive sensory neurons co-localized with iNOS-positive neurons. Conclusion: Nucleus pulposus-induced mechanical allodynia can be generated without mechanical compression. This pain is related to temporal changes in expression of iNOS mRNA in the DRG. Co-localization of TRPV1 and iNOS in intermediate neurons of the DRG is correlated with pain modality and intensity.

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 1999

아프리카 왕달팽이(Achatina fulica)의 뇌신경절을 AB/AY 염색법과 면역조직화학법을 이용, 실험한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 아프리카 왕달팽이의 뇌신경절은 2 x 1 mm 정도 크기의 흰색 타원형체로 중앙은 직경 1 mm 정도의 대뇌교련부(cerebral commissure)에 의해 연결되어 있었다. 뇌신경절(cerebral ganglion)의 종단면은 나비모양으로, 세포의 분포형태에 따라 중배부위(medio-dorsal part), 측배부위(latero-dorsal part), 미배부위(caudo-dorsal part) 그리고 측엽부위(lateral lobe) 등으로 나눌 수 있었다. 중배부위와 측배부위를 구성하는 대부분의 세포는 LG 세포와 약간의 DG 세포로서, 이들은 혼재되어 나타났다. 그러나 측엽부위에서는 LG 세포와 DG 세포는 거의 관찰되지 않고, 주로 Y 세포만이 관찰되었다. LG 세포는 크기가 20-70 $\mu\textrm{m}$ 정도의 원형 또는 타원형의 세포로서 AB/AY 염색시 밝은 녹색으로 염색되고 핵질속에서는 과립상의 염색질이 고르게 분비되어 있으며, 1-3 개의 인이 관찰되었다. 세포질 속에는 분비성과립들이 고르게 발달해 있었다. DG 세포는 대부분 장타원형의 세포로서 LG 세포에 비해 약간 작았다. 이들은 m-b 이중염색에서 강한 methylenophilia를 보였고, AB/AY 염색에서는 진한 녹색으로 염색되었다. 이 세포는 rabbit anti-somatostatin antibody를 이용한 염색에서 노란색으로 염색되고, H-E 염색에서는 eosinophilia를 보여 호산성세포로 확인되었다. 그러나 BG 세포는 위의 세포들과는 달리 뇌신경절의 주변 부위 결합조직에서 관찰된 매우 드문 세포였다. 이들은 AB/AY 염색시 청녹색으로 염색되고, H-E 염색에서는 hematoxylin 에 강한 반응을 보였다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.1565-1570
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• 2016

Background: Central neurocytomas are rare neuronal neoplasms with a favorable prognosis. They are typically located in the lateral ventricles of the brain and mostly histologically correspond to WHO grade II with a Mib 1 labelling index of <2%. Similar tumors located in the cerebral hemispheres and spinal cord, for example, are called "extraventricular neurocytomas". A few tumors histologically show atypia, mitoses, vascular proliferation and/or necrosis and a Mib 1 index >2 % and are designated as "atypical neurocytomas. Aim: The aim of our study was to describe the common as well as unusual morphologic features and the role of various immunohistochemical stains in the diagnosis of these rare tumors. Materials and Methods: We retrieved and reviewed 35 cases diagnosed between 2001 and 2015. Results: Sixty percent of patients were males, and the mean age was 26 years. 31 cases (88.6%) were intraventricular and 4(11.4%) were extraventricular. Histologically, 6 cases (17.1%) were compatible with "atypical neurocytomas". All cases showed the classic morphology comprising nests and sheets of uniform, round cells with uniform round to oval nuclei with finely speckled chromatin and perinuclear cytoplasmic clearing (halos). All cases also showed delicate, fibrillary, neuropil-like matrices. Other common histologic features included capillary-sized blood vessels in a branching pattern in 57.1%, foci of calcification in 34.3% and perivascular pseudorosettes in 20%. Rare findings included Homer-Wright or true rosettes in 8.6% and ganglioid cells in 2.9%. Synaptophysin was the most consistent and valuable marker, being positive in almost all cases. GFAP positivity in tumor cells was seen in 25.7% of cases. Follow up was available in 13 patients. Of these 9 had histologically typical and 4 had atypical tumors. Only 1 (with an atypical neurocytoma) died, probably due to complications of surgery within one month, while 12 (including 3 with atypical neurocytomas) remained alive. Recurrence developed in 1 of these 12 patients (histologically consistent with typical morphology) almost 9 years after surgery. Only 4 patients, including 2 with atypical tumors, received postoperative radiotherapy, all with surgery in 2010 or later. Overall, prognosis was excellent with prolonged, recurrence free survival and most patients, even without receiving radiation therapy, were alive and well for many years, even a decade or more after surgery, without developing any recurrence, indicating the benign nature of these neoplasms.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권15호
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• pp.6789-6794
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• 2015

Background: To analyze the expression of estrogen receptors (ER), progesterone receptors (PR), C-erbB-2 and Ki-67 in endometrial carcinoma (EC) and their relationships with the clinicopathological features. Materials and Methods: Sixty-seven EC samples, 53 normal endometrial samples and 53 atypical hyperplasia endometrial samples were all selected in Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital from Jun., 2012 to Jun., 2014. The expression of ER, PR, C-erbB-2 and Ki-67 in EC tissue, normal endometrial tissue and atypical hyperplasia endometrial tissue was respectively detected using immunohistochemical SP method. The relationships between the expression of ER, PR, C-erbB-2 and Ki-67 and the patients' clinicopathological features as well as their correlations in EC tissue were also analyzed. Results: The positive expression rates of ER and PR in EC tissue were 44.8% and 41.8%, respectively, dramatically lower than in atypical hyperplasia endometrial tissue and normal endometrial tissue (P<0.01). The positive expression rates of C-erbB-2 and Ki-67 in EC tissue were 80.6% and 64.2%, respectively, significantly higher than in atypical hyperplasia endometrial tissue and normal endometrial tissue (P<0.01). In EC tissue, the expression of ER and PR was closely associated with the differentiated degrees and depth of myometrial invasion (P<0.05), while that of C-erbB-2 and Ki-67 with the clinical staging, differentiated degrees, depth of myometrial invasion and presence or absence of lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). Spearman correlation analysis further displayed that the expression of ER was positively correlated with PR (r=0.393, P=0.001), but negatively with C-erbB-2 and Ki-67 (r=-0.469, P=0.000; r=-0.329, P=0.007); The expression of PR was negatively correlated with C-erbB-2 and Ki-67 (r=-0.273, P=0.025; r=-0.251, P=0.041), but that of C-erbB-2 positively with Ki-67 (r=0.342, P=0.005). Conclusions: Abnormal expression of ER, PR, C-erbB2 and Ki-67 might play an important role in endometrial malignant transformation and cell differentiation, so their joint detection is likely to be a comprehensive combination of immune factors, which is of great importance for EC prognosis.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권8호
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• pp.3675-3680
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• 2012

Objective: To investigate the expression of endogenous hypoxia-related markers identified as being involved in vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC). Methods: We performed immunohistochemical staining of hypoxia-inducible factor-$1{\alpha}$ (HIF-$1{\alpha}$), glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1), carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA-9) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), on tissue sections of 25 VSCC patients, 10 vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) patients and 12 healthy controls. Results: HIF-$1{\alpha}$ expression was found in all sections, with no significant difference between controls, VIN and VSCC sections (all P<0.05). Glut-1 expression was found in 25% of control, 90% of VIN and 100% of VSCC sections. A significant difference between control and VIN or VSCC was observed (all P<0.05), while no difference was found between VIN and VSCC sections (P>0.05). CA-9 expression was negative in control sections, but it was found in 30% of VIN sections and 52% of VSCC sections with strong staining. Similarly, CA-9 expression also showed obvious differences between controls and VIN or VSCC sections (all P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between VIN and VSCC (P>0.05). There were only 25% of control sections with weak VEGF expression, while strong staining was found in about 60% of VIN sections and 25% of VSCC sections (all P<0.05). In addition, a difference was also found between VIN and VSCC sections (P<0.05). Conclusion: Expression of endogenous hypoxia markers (HIF-$1{\alpha}$, GLUT-1, CA-9 and VEGF) might be involved in the malignant progression of VSCC.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권7호
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• pp.4121-4126
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• 2013

Objective: Low dose radiation may stimulate the growth and development of animals, increase life span, enhance fertility, and downgrade the incidence of tumor occurrence.The aim of this study was to investigate the antitumor effect and hormesis in an erythrocyte system induced by low-dose radiation. Methods: Kunming strain male mice were subcutaneously implanted with S180 sarcoma cells in the right inguen as an experimental in situ animal model. Six hours before implantation, the mice were given 75mGy whole body X-ray radiation. Tumor growth was observed 5 days later, and the tumor volume was calculated every other day. Fifteen days later, all mice were killed to measure the tumor weight, and to observe necrotic areas and tumor-infiltration-lymphoreticular cells (TILs). At the same time, erythrocyte immune function and the level of 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid (2,3-DPG) were determined. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of EPO and VEGFR of tumor tissues. Results: The mice pre-exposed to low dose radiation had a lower tumor formation rate than those without low dose radiation (P < 0.05). The tumor growth slowed down significantly in mice pre-exposed to low dose radiation; the average tumor weight in mice pre-exposed to low dose radiation was lighter too (P < 0.05). The tumor necrosis areas were larger and TILs were more in the radiation group than those of the group without radiation. The erythrocyte immune function, the level of 2,3-DPG in the low dose radiation group were higher than those of the group without radiation (P < 0.05). After irradiation the expression of EPO of tumor tissues in LDR group decreased with time. LDR-24h, LDR-48h and LDR-72h groups were all statistically significantly different from sham-irradiation group. The expression of VEGFR also decreased, and LDR-24h group was the lowest (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Low dose radiation could markedly increase the anti-tumor ability of the organism and improve the erythrocyte immune function and the ability of carrying $O_2$. Low-dose total body irradiation, within a certain period of time, can decrease the expression of hypoxia factor EPO and VEGFR, which may improve the situation of tumor hypoxia and radiosensitivity of tumor itself.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권7호
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• pp.4353-4358
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• 2013

Introduction: Breast cancer aggressiveness can be correlated with proliferation status of tumor cells, which can be ascertained with tumor grade and Ki67 indexing. However due to lack of reproducibility, the ASCO do not recommend routine use of Ki67 in determining prognosis in newly diagnosed breast cancers. We therefore aimed to determine associations of the Ki67 index with other prognostic markers like tumor size, grade, lymph node metastasis, ER, PR and HER2neu status. Methods: A total of 194 cases of newly diagnosed breast cancer were included in the study. Immunohistochemical staining for ER, PR, HER2neu and Ki67 was performed by the DAKO envision method. Associations of the Ki67 index with other prognostic factors were evaluated both as continuous and categorical variables. Results: Mean age of the patients was 51.7 years (24-90). Mean Ki67 index was 26.9% (1-90). ER, PR, HER2neu positivity was noted in 90/194 cases (46.4%), 74/194 cases (38.1%) and 110/194 cases (56.70%) respectively. Significant association was found between Ki67 and tumor grade, PR, HER2neu positivity and lymph node status, but no link was apparent with ER positivity and tumor size. There wasan inverse relation between Ki67 index and PR positivity, whereas a direct correlation was seen with HER2neu positivity. However, high Ki67 (>30%) was associated with decreased HER2neu positivity as compared to intermediate Ki67 (16-30%). The same trend was established with lymph node metastasis. Conclusion: Our study indicates that with high grade tumors, clinical utility of ki67 is greater in combination with other prognostic markers because we found that tumors with Ki67 higher than 30% have better prognostic profile compared to tumors with intermediate Ki67 level, as reflected by slightly lower frequency of lymph node metastasis and HER2neu expression. Therefore we suggest that Ki67 index should be categorized into high, intermediate and low groups when considering adjuvant chemotherapy and prognostic stratification.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.50-56
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• 2018

Background: Saponins from Panax japonicus (SPJ) are the most abundant and main active components of P. japonicus, which replaces ginseng roots in treatment for many kinds of diseases in the minority ethnic group in China. Our previous studies have demonstrated that SPJ has the effects of anti-inflammation through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-${\kappa}B$) signaling pathways. The present study was designed to investigate whether SPJ can modulate intestinal tight junction barrier in aging rats and further to explore the potential mechanism. Methods: Aging rats had been treated with different doses (10 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, and 60 mg/kg) of SPJ for 6 mo since they were 18 mo old. After the rats were euthanized, the colonic samples were harvested. Levels of tight junctions (claudin-1 and occludin) were determined by immunohistochemical staining. Levels of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-$1{\beta}$ and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$) were examined by Western blot. NF-${\kappa}B$ and phosphorylation of MAPK signaling pathways were also determined by Western blot. Results: We found that SPJ increased the expression of the tight junction proteins claudin-1 and occludin in the colon of aging rats. Treatment with SPJ decreased the levels of interleukin-$1{\beta}$ and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, reduced the phosphorylation of three MAPK isoforms, and inhibited the expression of NF-${\kappa}B$ in the colon of aging rats. Conclusion: The studies demonstrated that SPJ modulates the damage of intestinal epithelial tight junction in aging rats, inhibits inflammation, and downregulates the phosphorylation of the MAPK and $NF-{\kappa}B$ signaling pathways.

• 대한두경부종양학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.135-142
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• 2004

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate for prognostic significance of VEGF expression and tumor angiogenesis in papillary carcinomas of the thyroid. Materials and Methods: The materials were 79 cases of papillary thyroid carcinomas, and age, sex, tumor size, multiplicity of tumor, capsular invasion, lymph node metastasis, recurrence, TNM stage, DeGroot stage and AMES scale were evaluated. An immunohistochemical stains for CD 34 to estimate microvessel density (MVD), and VEGF were done. MVD was defined as an average count of vessels per ${\times}400$ power field in the most vascularized area. VEGF expression was interpreted as 1+ and 2+ according to staining intensity and percentages of positive cells. Results: Mean score of MVD was $39.7{\pm}16.9.$ MVD were significantly higher in cases with capsular invasion (p=0.0001), lymph node metastasis (p=0.0001), TNM stage III (p=0.0022), DeGroot stage III (p=0.0163) and high risk group by AMES scale (p=0.0001). VEGF 2+ expression rate was significantly increased in cases with capsular invasion and lymph node metastasis (p=0.0006, p=0.0013), and in cases with TNM stage III, DeGroot stage III and high risk group by AMES scale (p=0.0236, p=0.0003, p=0.0293). In VEGF 2 + expression group, MVD was significantly higher than in VEGF 1 + group (p=0.0008), and MVD showed positive relation to VEGF 2 + expression (r=0.4616). Conclusion: VEGF expression and high MVD were significantly correlated to capsular invasion, lymph node metastasis, TNM stage III, DeGroot stage III and high risk group by AMES scale. The expression of VEGF and high MVD could be considered to be one of prognostic factor in papillary thyroid carcinomas.