• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.193-204
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• 2022

Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to examine the effect of women's empowerment on the immunization of Indonesian children. The secondary objective was to examine the effect of wealth as a factor modifying this association. Methods: We utilized data from the 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS). The subjects were married women with children aged 12-23 months (n=3532). Complete immunization was defined using the 2017 IDHS definition. Multiple components of women's empowerment were measured: enabling resources, decision-making involvement, and attitude toward intimate partner violence. The primary analysis was conducted using binomial logistic regression. Model 1 represented only the indicators of women's empowerment and model 2 controlled for socio-demographic variables. Subgroup analyses were conducted for each wealth group. Results: The primary analysis using model 1 identified several empowerment indicators that facilitated complete immunization. The analysis using model 2 found that maternal education and involvement in decision-making processes facilitated complete immunization in children. Subgroup analyses identified that wealth had a modifying effect. The indicators of women's empowerment were strong determinants of complete immunization in lower wealth quintiles but insignificant in middle-income and higher-income quintiles. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this study is the first to explore women's empowerment as a determinant of child immunization in Indonesia. The results indicate that women's empowerment must be considered in Indonesia's child immunization program. Women's empowerment was not found to be a determinant in higher wealth quintiles, which led us to rethink the conceptual framework of the effect of women's empowerment on health outcomes.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.326-330
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• 1994

The treatment of pseudomonal infection is a perplexed problem because of its modest susceptibility to most of the major antibiotics. A novel Pseudomonas vaccine(CFC-101) was prepared from the outer membrane protein fractions of several Pseudomonas strains. In this study, we examined CFC-101's effectiveness in both active and passive immunization models. CFC-101 in mice at 0.2 mg/kg, i.p., given three times at two-day intervals, completely prevented the death caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antibody titer, in accordance with the protective effect in this active immunization, was elevated to its peak level following three consecutive administrations of CFC-101. Thereafter, antibody titer stayed at a constantly high level. Each outer membrane protein fraction from the four CFC-101 producers, exhibited good cross-protective effects in mouse infection models against different Fisher types of P. aeruginosa. In the passive immunization model, 21~336 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg of anti-rabbit IgG to CFC-101, when mice being infected with a challenge strain, prevented the Pseudomonhas-induced death up to 60%. Therefore, the preventive effect of CFC-101 was verified in both the active and passive immunization models.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.211-218
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• 1993

The effect of active immunization against porcine somatostatin (SRIF-14) on somatostation and somatotropin secretion profile in 18 gilts was investigated. Gilts were assigned to the following treatments: control (sham injection, n = 6); bovine serum albumin (BSA) (injection of BSA with bacterial protein adjuvant, n = 6); SRIF (injection of BSA-SRIF-14 conjugate with bacterial protein adjuvant n = 6). Serum SRIF and pST were assayed from the blood samples taken on day 7 after the last immunization injection. Anti-SRIF antibody titres were assayed in weekly samples two weeks after the initial immunization to one week after the last immunization. Results revealed that the immunization protocol used in the present investigation failed to produce antibodies capable of neutralizing endogenous somatostatin. In addition, the porcine somatotropin assay revealed no significant differences in baseline pST concentration, mean peak amplitude and number of peaks during a 24 h secretory period among SRIF, BSA and control treatment. There were also no differences in SRIF baseline concentration, peak amplitude, and number of peaks during a 24 h secretory period among any of the three treatments. Circulating concentrations of pST and pSRIF were highly correlated (r = -0.09). Furthermore, anti-SRIF antibody titre was not detected in the serum of the gilts actively immunized against SRIF. These data, collectively, suggest that the protocol employed in the present investigation for active immunization against SRIF is not an effective method for changing SRIF and pST secretion profiles of the gilt and thus to enhance performance.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.135-146
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• 1989

This study was undertaken to assess the effect of sound stress on humoral and cellular immune responses to thymus-dependent and independent antigens in mice. After mice were exposed to 4 hr daily sound stessors(83㏈) for 4 days before or after immunization, the primary and / or secondary immune response to sheep red blood cells(SRBC), polyvinylpyrroridone(PVP) or picry1 chloride(TNCB) were assayed. When mice were exposed to sound stressor before or after immunization, delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction and contact sensitivity to TNCB was remarkably depressed compared with those of the unstressed control mice. However, the primary and secondary hemagglutinin response of the stresed mice to SRBC showed a pronounced increase compared with that of the unstressed mice, In contrast to antibody response to SRBC, the primary antibody response of the stressed mic to PVP was almost not detected. surprisingly, the secondary antibody response to PVP of the mice receiving the secondary sound stress was markedly increased when the immune-depressed mice received the secondary immunization with PVP at 46 days after the primary immunization. The susceptibility of mice to intraven-oulsy infected Candida albicans was not changed by the sound stress.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.93-105
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• 2001

BACKGROUND : Changiga is a hetnal medicine which has been used of the traditional therapeutic agent of asthma. So I examine the effect of Changija on immune Cell&serum OA-specific IgE in BALF in rat asthma model. MATERIAL and METHODS : Rats were sensitized with OA; at day 1 sensitized group and Changiga(CIG) groups were systemically immunized by subcutaneous ingection of 1mg OA and 300mg of Al(OH)3 in a total volume of 2ml. At the same time, 1ml of 0.9% saline containing $6{\times}109$ B. pertussis bacilli was injected by i.p. 14 days, after the systemic immunization, rats received local immunization by inhaling 0.9% saline aerocol containing 2%(wt/vol) OA, A day after local immunization, BAL fluid was collected from the rats. A day after local immunization, rats were orally administered with Changiga extract 14 days, Lymphocyte, CD4+ T-cell CD8+ T-cell counts, CD4+/CD8+ ratio in BALF, change of serum OA-specific IgE level in the peripheral blood were measured and evaluated. RESULT : Changiga showed a suppressive effect on a rat asthme model. Changiga decreased lymphocyte, CD4+ T-cell, CD4+/CD8+ ratio in BALF, serum OA-specific IgE level as compared with the control group, whereas Changiga decreased CD8+ T-cell in BALF with statistical nonsignificance as compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: This study shows that Changiga have a suppressive effect on rat allergic athma model. Changiga would be useful allergic asthma treatment agent.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.333-339
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• 2005

To increase IgY in egg yolks, hens were fed a feed supplemented with kelp meal $4\%$ cinnamon $0.3\%$ and mint $2\%$ respectively, and immunized 5 times with Streptococcus mutans(S. mutans) at 2 week intervals. Groups fed experimental feeds without immunization showed higher laying rate than the control group, without supplementary feed and immunization. After the immunization, the laying rates had been decreasing due to the stress of immunization. The laying rate was recovered after the termination of immunization. Egg weight was not affected by the immunization but diets. Feed intake was dependent on the laying rate. Total IgY concentration in eggs laid from hens fed feeds containing supplementary feeds was higher than that of control. Especially, total IgY was increased up to $7.9\%$ in eggs laid from hens fed feeds supplemented with $4\%$ of kelp meal. Anti-S. mutans IgY was detected at 4 weeks after first immunization. Activity of anti-S. mutans IgY was sustained at 5 week after the final immunization. As the average concentration of specific IgY during the experimental period showed that eggs from hens fed the feed containing $4\%$ of kelp meal increased the specific IgY by $8.5\%$ kelp meal supplement improved specific IgY production by immunization.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.157-164
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• 1993

Acanthamoebn culbertsoni is a pathogenic free-living amoeba causing primary amoebic meningoencephalltls (PAME) in human and mouse. Several reports on the immune responses in mice with this amoebic infection have been published, but the effects of transferred passive Immunity on the active immunization In offspring mice have not been demonstrated. This experiment was done to observe the effect of active Acanthamoebn culbertsoni was cultured in the CGV medium axenlcally. Female BALB/c mice weighing about 20g were immunized through the intraperitoneal injection of Acanthamoeba cuLbensoni trophozoites 1 × 106 each three times at the interval of one week. Offspring mice were immunized two times. The mice were inoculated Intranasally with 1 × 104 trophozoites under secobarbital anesthesia. There was a statistical difference in mortality between the transferred immunity group and the active immunization group. Statistical differences were not demonstrated in antibody titer between both groups. But L3T4+ T ce11/Ly2+T cell ratio was increased in the transferred Immunity group more than active immunization group of the offspring mice at the age of 5 weeks. There was no differences statistically in mortality between both groups. It was recognized that active immunization in offspring mice born to immune mother could modulate the immune status according to the time of Immunization.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.1022-1029
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• 2018

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a serious health issue around the word. Adenovirus (Ad)-based vaccine and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)-based vaccine have emerged as two of the most promising immunization candidates over the past few years. However, the performance of the homologous and heterologous prime-boost immunization regimens of these two viral vector-based vaccines remains unclear. In the present study, we constructed recombinant Ad and MVA expressing an Ag85B-TB10.4 fusion protein (AdH4 and MVAH4) and evaluated the impact of their different immunization regimens on the humoral and cellular immune responses. We found that the viral vector-based vaccines could generate significantly higher levels of antigen-specific antibodies, $IFN-{\gamma}$-producing splenocytes, $CD69^+CD8^+$ T cells, and $IFN-{\gamma}$ secretion when compared with bacillus Calmette-$Gu{\acute{e}}rin$ (BCG) in a mouse model. AdH4-containing immunization regimens (AdH4-AdH4, AdH4-MVAH4, and MVAH4-AdH4) induced significantly stronger antibody responses, much more $IFN-{\gamma}$-producing splenocytes and $CD69^+CD8^+$ T cells, and higher levels of $IFN-{\gamma}$ secretion when compared with the MVAH4-MVAH4 immunization regimen. The number of $IFN-{\gamma}$-producing splenocytes sensitive to $CD8^+$ T-cell restricted peptides of Ag85B (9-1p and 9-2p) and Th1-related cytokines ($IFN-{\gamma}$ and $TNF-{\alpha}$) in the AdH4-MVAH4 heterologous prime-boost regimen immunization group was significantly higher than that in the other viral vector-based vaccine- and BCG-immunized groups, respectively. These results indicate that an immunization regimen involving AdH4 may have a higher capacity to induce humoral and cellular immune responses against TB in mice than that by regimens containing BCG or MVAH4 alone, and the AdH4-MVAH4 prime-boost regimen may generate an ideal protective effect.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.149-162
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• 2006

Objectives : The aim of this study is to evaluate the analgesic effect of electroacupuncture on Jogsamni (ST36) in the collagen-induced arthritis rats and investigate the role played by opioid receptor subtypes $({\mu},\;{\delta},\;{\kappa})$ in the antinociceptive effect of electroacupuncture (EA) In the thermal hyper algesia test. Methods : Immunization of male Sprague-Dawley rats with bovine type H collagen emulsified in incomplete Freund's adjuvant, followed by booster injection 2 weeks later induced collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). The thermal hyperalgesia was evaluated weekly with tail flick latency (TFL). In the fourth week after first immunization, EA stimulation (2 Hz, 0.07 mA, 0.3 ms) was delivered into Jogsamni (5736) for 20 minutes. Analgesic effect was evaluated by using the tail flick latency (TFL) after intraperitoneal injection of normal saline, naloxone, naltrindole and nor-binaltorphimine respectively to CIA rats. Results : The results were as follows; 1. The TFL were gradually decreased in CIA as time elapsed after e immunization of arthrogenic collagen and the maximum value was reached between the third to fifth week. 2. EA stimulation on 5736 inhibited chronic inflammatory pain induced by CIA. 3. The analgesic effect of EA was inhibited by pretreatment of ${\mu}-receptor$ antagonist (naloxone),${\delta}-receptor$ antagonist (naltrindole) and ${\kappa}-receptor$ antagonist (nor-binaltorphimine) respectively. Conclusion : Electroacupuncture has an analgesic effect on the CIA rat and has an antinociception mediated by 8, 5, H receptors.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.77-90
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• 2006

Objectives : To evaluate the analgesic effect of electroacupuncture on Choksamni (ST36) in the collagen-induced arthritis rats and investigate the role played by serotonergic receptor subtypes $(5-HT_{1A},\;5-HT_{1B},\;5-HT_4)$ in the antinociceptive effect of electroacupuncture in the thermal hyperalgesia test. Methods : Immunization of male Sprague-Dawley rats with bovine type II collagen emulsified in incomplete Freund's adjuvant, followed by booster injection 14 days later induced collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). The thermal hyperalgesia was evaluated weekly with tail flick latency (TFL). In the fourth week after first immunization. EA stimulation (2Hz, 0.07mA, 0.3ms) was delivered into Choksamni for 20 minutes. We measured the analgesic effect of EA with TFL afer intraperitoneal injection of normal saline, WAYl00635, SB216641 and GR125487. Results : TFLs were gradually decreased in CIA as time elapsed after the immunization of arthrogenic collagen and the maximum value was reached from third to fifth week. EA stimulation on ST36 inhibited chronic inflammatory pain induced by CIA. The analgesic effect of EA was inhibited by pretreatment of $5-HT_{1A}$. antagonist (WAYl00635), $5-HT_{1B}$ antagonist (SB216641) and $5-HT_4$ antagonist (GR125487). Conclusion : Electroacupuncture has the analgesic effect on chronic inflammatory pain and its mechanism was mediated by $5-HT_{1A}$, $5-HT_{1B}$ and $5-HT_4$.