• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.42 no.4
• /
• pp.577-584
• /
• 2018

Background: Ginseng (Panax ginseng) is a widely used traditional herbal supplement that possesses various health-enhancing efficacies. Various ginseng products are available in market, especially in the Korean peninsula, in the form of drinks, tablets, and capsules. The different ginseng types include the traditional red ginseng extract (RGE), white ginseng, and black red ginseng extract (BRGE). Their fermented and enzyme-treated products are also available. Different treatment regimens alter the bioavailability of certain compounds present in the respective ginseng extracts. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to compare the antioxidant and immune-stimulating activities of RGE, BRGE, and fermented red ginseng extract (FRGE). Methods: We used an acetaminophen-induced oxidative stress model for investigating the reduction of oxidative stress by RGE, BRGE, and FRGE in Sprague Dawley rats. A cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression model was used to evaluate the immune-stimulating activities of these ginseng extracts in BALB/c mice. Results: Our results showed that most prominently, RGE (in almost all experiments) exhibited excellent antioxidant effects via increasing superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities in the liver and decreasing serum 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase levels compared with the groups treated with FRGE and BRGE. Moreover, RGE significantly increased the number of white blood cells, especially T and B lymphocytes, and antibody-forming cells in the spleen and thymus, and it also activated a number of immune cell subtypes. Conclusion: Taken together, these results indicate that RGE is the best supplement for consumption in everyday life for overall health-enhancing properties.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.26 no.8
• /
• pp.1358-1366
• /
• 2016

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the immune-enhancing activity of selenizing Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide (sCPPS₅) in nonspecific immune response. In in vitro experiment, the results showed that sCPPS₅ could promote the phagocytic uptake, NO production, and TNF-α and IL-6 secretion of RAW264.7 cells. sCPPS₅ could also strongly increase the IκB-α degradation in the cytosol and the translocation of NF-κB p65 subunit into the nucleus of RAW264.7 cells. In the vivo experiment, sCPPS₅ at medium doses could significantly improve the phagocytic index of peritoneal macrophages and induce the secretion of TNF-α and IL-6. Moreover, the effect of sCPPS₅ was significantly better than Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide (CPPS). These results indicated that selenylation modification could significantly enhance the immune-enhancing activity of CPPS in the nonspecific immune response.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.33 no.5
• /
• pp.397-405
• /
• 2023

Although glutathione (GSH) has been shown to play an important role in the prevention of oxidative damage as an antioxidant, studies on immune regulation by it have not been properly conducted. In this study, we investigated whether luthione^®, a reduced GSH, has an immune enhancing effect in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. The results of flow cytometry and immunofluorescence experiments indicated that luthione increased phagocytic activity, a representative function of macrophages, compared to the control cells. According to the results of the cytokine array, the expression of interleukin (IL)-5, IL-1β, and IL-27 was significantly increased in the luthione-treated cells. Luthione also enhanced the production of tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-1β through increased expression of their proteins, and increased release of the immune mediators such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E₂ was associated with increased expression of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2. In addition, the expression of cluster of differentiation 86, an M1 macrophage marker, was dramatically enhanced in RAW 264.7 cells treated with luthione. Furthermore, as a result of heat map analysis, we found that cytokine signaling 1/3-mediated signal transducer and activator of transcription/Janus tyrosine kinase signaling pathway was involved in the immunomodulatory effect by luthione. In conclusion, our data suggested that luthione could act as a molecular regulator in M1 macrophage polarization and enhance immune capacity by promoting macrophage phagocytic function.

• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
• /
• 2000.10a
• /
• pp.280.2-281
• /
• 2000

No Abstract, See Full Text

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.28 no.5
• /
• pp.697-706
• /
• 2018

Lactobacillus pentosus K1-23 was selected from among 25 lactic acid bacterial strains owing to its high inhibitory activity against several pathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, S. gallinarum, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clostridium perfringens, and Listeria monocytogenes. Additionally, among 13 strains of Aureobasidium spp., A. pullulans NRRL 58012 was shown to produce the highest amount of ${\beta}$-glucan ($15.45{\pm}0.07%$) and was selected. Next, the optimal conditions for a solid-phase mixed culture with these two different microorganisms (one bacterium and one yeast) were determined. The optimal inoculum sizes for L. pentosus and A. pullulans were 1% and 5%, respectively. The appropriate inoculation time for L. pentosus K1-23 was 3 days after the inoculation of A. pullulans to initiate fermentation. The addition of 0.5% corn steep powder and 0.1% $FeSO_4$ to the basal medium resulted in the increased production of lactic acid bacterial cells and ${\beta}$-glucan. The following optimal conditions for solid-phase mixed culture were also statistically determined by using the response surface method: $37.84^{\circ}C$, pH 5.25, moisture content of 60.82%, and culture time of 6.08 days for L. pentosus; and $24.11^{\circ}C$, pH 5.65, moisture content of 60.08%, and culture time of 5.71 days for A. pullulans. Using the predicted optimal conditions, the experimental production values of L. pentosus cells and ${\beta}$-glucan were $3.15{\pm}0.10{\times}10^8CFU/g$ and $13.41{\pm}0.04%$, respectively. This mixed culture may function as a highly efficient antibiotic substitute based on the combined action of its anti-pathogenic bacterial and immune-enhancing activities.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.12-22
• /
• 2012

Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate immune enhancing effect of Houttuyniae Herba water extract(HW) on RAW 264.7 cell of mouse macrophages. Methods: Effects of HW on productions of nitric oxide(NO) and hydrogen peroxide($H_2O_2$) in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages were measured. Effect of HW on production of cytokines such as interleukin(IL)-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-${\alpha}$ in RAW 264.7 cells was accessed by a multiplex bead array assay based on xMAP technology. All of results were represented P<0.05 compared to the normal. Results: 1. After 24 hr incubation, HW increased significantly NO production in RAW 264.7 cells at the concentrations of 25, 50, 100 and 200 ${\mu}g$/mL. 2. After 24 hr incubation, HW increased significantly hydrogen peroxide production in RAW 264.7 cells at the concentrations of 25, 50, 100 and 200 ${\mu}g$/mL. 3. After 24 hr incubation, HW increased significantly IL-$1{\beta}$ production in RAW 264.7 cells at the concentrations of 100 and 200 ${\mu}g$/mL. 4. After 24 hr incubation, HW increased significantly IL-6 production in RAW 264.7 cells at the concentrations of 100 and 200 ${\mu}g$/mL. 5. After 24 hr incubation, HW increased significantly TNF-${\alpha}$ production in RAW 264.7 cells at the concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 ${\mu}g$/mL. Conclusions: These results suggest that HW has immune enhancing activity related with its increasement of NO, hydrogen peroxide, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and TNF-${\alpha}$ in macrophages.

• Advanced Industrial SCIence
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.8-14
• /
• 2023

This study was performed as a preliminary experiment to develop functional feed additives using by-products generated during the production of black garlic. Therefore antioxidant and immune enhancing activity of black garlic pomace were measured. As a result of measuring the antioxidant activity of black garlic pomace, it was found antioxidant activity. Nitric oxide (NO) assay was performed to test the immune enhancing activity of vegetable samples including black garlic pomace among the samples used in the experiment. As a result of the NO assay experiment, highest concentrations of black garlic pomace, aster glehni, and MIX form produced NO, which Garlic pomace (69.4%), aster glehni (35.9%), and MIX (45.3%), respectively, compared to LPS (100%). In conclusion, it is considered that black garlic pomace contains an anti-inflammatory effect, and if the optimal mixing ratio of black garlic pomace and aster glehni is selected, it will be of sufficient value as a feed additive containing an anti-inflammatory effect.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.45-51
• /
• 1976

Hematological studies were conducted in reference to the immune enhancing mechanism of formalin applied to, as an inactivating agent, a formalin inactivaed anthrax vaccines in rabbits. Rabbits were inoculated two types of formalinized anthrax immunogens namely capsular and spore vaccines in addition of formalin saline as a control. From immune rabbits, peripheral blood was collected and subjected to count a total erythrocytes, leukocytes, and pyroninophilic lymphocytes. The experimental results were summarized as followings. At a level of 0.5M 0.5ml formalin with or without the addition to vaccine, a total leukocytes count was increased. Due to the increased lymphocytes, the ratio of neutrophil and lymphocyte was lowered within 4 to 12 hours of the postinoculation. Formalin saline, anthrax spore vaccine and capsular vaccine, without group difference, caused an increased level of pyroninophilic lymphocytes in peripheral blood. Throughout the studies, a possible role of immune enhancement by formlin was disscused and suggested.

• International Journal of Stem Cells
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.15-29
• /
• 2024

The development and differentiation of endothelial cells (ECs) are fundamental processes with significant implications for both health and disease. ECs, which are found in all organs and blood vessels, play a crucial role in facilitating nutrient and waste exchange and maintaining proper vessel function. Understanding the intricate signaling pathways involved in EC development holds great promise for enhancing vascularization, tissue engineering, and vascular regeneration. Hematopoietic stem cells originating from hemogenic ECs, give rise to diverse immune cell populations, and the interaction between ECs and immune cells is vital for maintaining vascular integrity and regulating immune responses. Dysregulation of vascular development pathways can lead to various diseases, including cancer, where tumor-specific ECs promote tumor growth through angiogenesis. Recent advancements in single-cell genomics and in vivo genetic labeling have shed light on EC development, plasticity, and heterogeneity, uncovering tissue-specific gene expression and crucial signaling pathways. This review explores the potential of ECs in various applications, presenting novel opportunities for advancing vascular medicine and treatment strategies.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
• /
• v.11 no.sup1
• /
• pp.111-116
• /
• 2008

Immunonutrition is the provision of specific nutrients that modulate the activity of the immune system. Several nutrients including arginine, glutamine, nucleotides, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and prebiotics can be provided to enhance immunity in critically ill patients. Supplying immunonutrition to critically-ill children, better prognosis and shortening of the hospital stay are expected from its immuno-modulating effects. Therefore, immune-enhancing enteral and parenteral formulas can be recommended in children with severe illness.