• 한국통계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국통계학회 2001년도 추계학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.191-194
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• 2001

In general, the imputation problems which are caused from survey nonresponse have been studied for being based on ignorable cases. However the model based approach can be applied to survey with nonresponse suspected of being nonignorable. Here in this study, we will make the nonresponse for nonignorable into ignorable cell using adjustment cell approach, then we can applied the ignorable nonresponse method. For data sets of each nonresponse cells are simulated from normal distribution.

• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.45-61
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• 2002

We consider the problem of estimating binomial proportions in the presence of nonignorable nonresponse using the Bayesian selection approach. Inference is sampling based and Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods are used to perform the computations. We apply our method to study doctor visits data from the Korean National Family Income and Expenditure Survey (NFIES). The ignorable and nonignorable models are compared to Stasny's method (1991) by measuring the variability from the Metropolis-Hastings (MH) sampler. The results show that both models work very well.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.399-411
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• 2004

A common method of handling nonresponse in sample survey is to delete the cases, which may result in a substantial loss of cases. Thus in certain situation, it is of interest to create a complete set of sample values. In this case, a popular approach is to impute the missing values in the sample by the mean or the median of responders. The difficulty with this method which just replaces each missing value with a single imputed value is that inferences based on the completed dataset underestimate the precision of the inferential procedure. Various suggestions have been made to overcome the difficulty but they might not be appropriate for public-use files where the user has only limited information for about the reasons for nonresponse. In this note, a multiple imputation method is considered to create complete dataset which might be used for all possible inferential procedures without misleading or underestimating the precision.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.407-426
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• 2003

본 연구에서는 범주형 반복측정자료의 일반화추정방정식(GEE)모형에서 결측이 발생할 경우 결측값 대체(imputation)방법들에 대한 성능을 비교하고자 한다. 설명변수 X가 부분적으로 결측을 갖는 경우 GEE추정량을 계산할 수 없다. 본 논문에서는 시점에 따라 값이 변하는 설명변수에 결측이 있는 경우 GEE모형에서 결측값을 추정하는 7가지의 대체방법을 다루며, 실제자료와 모의실험을 통하여 대체방법별 GEE추정량의 성질을 연구한다. 대체방법별 GEE추정량의 성능을 비교하기 위해 우리는 반응변수가 범주형인 반복측정모형에서 완전자료의 GEE추정량과 완전자료에서 결측을 생성하여 결측값에 각 대체방법을 적용하여 대체한 후 구한 GEE추정량을 비교한다. 대체방법으로는 (1) 단순삭제 (2) 표본 평균대체 (3) 행 평균대체 (4) 횡 시점 회귀대체 (5) 이월대체 (6) 베이지안 붓스트랩 (7) 근사적 베이지안 붓스트랩에 대해서 살펴본다. 결측과정(missing mechanism)은 무시할 수 있는 무응답(ignorable nonresponse)을 가정하며, 결측 발생에 대해서는 원자료의 시점 무응답 패턴(wave nonresponse pattern)을 고려하여 발생시키거나 또는 시점 무응답 패턴을 고려하지 않고 단순임의추출로 결측을 발생시키는 방법을 각각 고려한다.

• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.121-150
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• 2003

The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) is one of the surveys used to assess the health status of the US population. One indicator of the nation's health is the total number of doctor visits made by the household members in the past year, There is a substantial nonresponse among the sampled households, and the main issue we address here is that the nonrespones mechanism should not be ignored because respondents and nonrespondents differ. It is standard practice to summarize the number of doctor visits by the binary variable of no doctor visit versus at least one doctor visit by a household for each of the fifty states and the District of Columbia. We consider a nonignorable nonresponse model that expresses uncertainty about ignorability through the ratio of odds of a household doctor visit among respondents to the odds of doctor visit among all households. This is a hierarchical model in which a nonignorable nonresponse model is centered on an ignorable nonresponse model. Another feature of this model is that it permits us to "borrow strength" across states as in small area estimation; this helps because some of the parameters are weakly identified. However, for simplicity we assume that the hyperparameters are fixed but unknown, and these hyperparameters are estimated by the EM algorithm; thereby making our method Bayes empirical Bayes. Our main result is that for some of the states the nonresponse mechanism can be considered non-ignorable, and that 95% credible intervals of the probability of a household doctor visit and the probability that a household responds shed important light on the NHIS.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.136-140
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• 2002

Objectives : A common problem with analyzing survey data involves incomplete data with either a nonresponse or missing data. The mail questionnaire survey conducted for collecting lifestyle variables on the members of the Korean Elderly Phamacoepidemiologic Cohort(KEPEC) in 1996 contains some nonresponse or missing data. The proper statistical method was applied to evaluate the missing pattern of a specific KEPEC data, which had no missing data in the independent variable and missing data in the response variable, BMI. Methods : The number of study subjects was 8,689 elderly people. Initially, the BMI and significant variables that influenced the BMI were categorized. After fitting the log-linear model, the probabilities of the people on each category were estimated. The EM algorithm was implemented using a log-linear model to determine the missing mechanism causing the nonresponse. Results : Age, smoking status, and a preference of spicy hot food were chosen as variables that influenced the BMI. As a result of fitting the nonignorable and ignorable nonresponse log-linear model considering these variables, the difference in the deviance in these two models was 0.0034(df=1). Conclusion : There is a lot of risk if an inference regarding the variables and large samples is made without considering the pattern of missing data. On the basis of these results, the missing data occurring in the BMI is the ignorable nonresponse. Therefore, when analyzing the BMI in KEPEC data, the inference can be made about the data without considering the missing data.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.597-606
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• 2005

대개의 표본조사에서 무응답은 필연적으로 발생되고 있고, 직접 표본조사에 참가하지 않은 데이터의 사용자는 무응답의 원인을 알 수 없는 것이 일반적이므로 데이터 분석에 어려움을 갖는다. 또 대부분의 통계분석 방법은 무응답을 전제하지 않고 있어 무응답이 있는 항목은 데이터 분석의 걸림돌이 된다고 하겠다. 최근 무응답에 대해 대체법이 하나의 표준적인 처리 방법이 되고 있어 현재까지 대체법에 대한 많은 연구가 있었으나 대부분의 대체법은 정규성 등을 가정한 연속형 변수의 대체법에 대한 것이었다. 그러나 표본조사에서 많은 중요한 항목들이 순서 범주에 의해 측정되는 경우가 많으므로 범주형변수의 대체법에 대한 연구가 필요하며, 본 연구에서는 보조변수가 있는 경우 Bayesian 모형에 의한 순서범주형 항목의 대체법에 대해 알아본다.

• 한국통계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국통계학회 2000년도 추계학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.51-56
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• 2000

When the standard inference is to be used with complete data and nonresponse is ignorable, then multiple imputations should be created as repetitions under a Bayesian normal model. Many Bayesian models besides the normal, however, approximately yield the standard inference with complete data and thus many such models can be used to create proper imputations. We consider the Bayesian bootstrap (BB) application.