• Clean Technology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.212-218
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• 2013

The microparticles of 2-hydroxypropyl-${\beta}$-cyclodextrin (HP-${\beta}$-CD) were prepared using aerosol solvent extraction system (ASES) by employing supercritical carbon dioxide as an antisolvent, The effects of various process parameters such as temperature, pressure, solution concentration and solution flow rate on the formation of HP-${\beta}$-CD microparticles were investigated. The HP-${\beta}$-CD microparticles prepared by the ASES process were observed to consist of agglomerates of nano-sized (50-200 nm) particles. When an aqueous solution of ethanol was used as a solvent for HP-${\beta}$-CD, the HP-${\beta}$-CD particles were found to be spherical in shape and to become larger as the water content increased. It was confirmed that the micronization of HP-${\beta}$-CD using the ASES process could enhance the inclusion efficiency of ibuprofen/HP-${\beta}$-CD complexes significantly.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.357-366
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• 2016

Pro-inflammatory cytokine and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are modulated in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study investigated the effects of ibuprofen (IBU) on enhanced anxiety in a rat model of PTSD induced by a single prolonged stress (SPS) procedure. The effects of IBU on inflammation and BDNF modulation in the hippocampus and the mechanisms underlying for anxiolytic action of IBU were also investigated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given IBU (20 or 40 mg/kg, i.p., once daily) for 14 days. Daily IBU (40 mg/kg) administration significantly increased the number and duration of open arm visits in the elevated plus maze (EPM) test, reduced the anxiety index in the EPM test, and increased the time spent in the center of an open field after SPS. IBU administration significantly decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$, $interleukin-1{\beta}$, and BDNF, in the hippocampus, as assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis and immunohistochemistry. These findings suggest that IBU exerts a therapeutic effect on PTSD that might be at least partially mediated by alleviation of anxiety symptoms due to its anti-inflammatory activity and BDNF expression in the rat brain.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.20.1-20.14
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• 2020

Objectives: To minimize the tooth sensitivity caused by in-office bleaching, many dentists use non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and topical desensitizing gels containing potassium nitrate and sodium fluoride. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of these substances on inflammation and the expression of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in pulp nerve fibers. Materials and Methods: Seventy-two rats were divided into 6 groups as follows: GI, control; GII, only dental bleaching; GIII, only ibuprofen; GIV, ibuprofen administered 30 minutes before and after the bleaching treatment and every 12 hours until the analysis; GV, only topical application of a desensitizing agent; and GVI, topical application of a desensitizing agent before dental bleaching. Placebo gel was applied to the upper left jaw and the bleaching agent was applied to the upper right jaw in all groups. Subsequently, the groups were divided into 3 subgroups based on the time of analysis: 0, 24, and 48 hours after bleaching (n = 8). The rats were euthanized and the maxillae were processed and evaluated by histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by the Dunn test (p < 0.05). Results: In the bleaching groups, the inflammatory process and expression of neuropeptides decreased over time. The animals in which a desensitizing agent was applied showed better results within 24 hours. Conclusions: The use of a desensitizing agent had positive effects on inflammation and pain-related neuropeptide expression, minimizing the painful effects of dental bleaching treatment.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 2002

A self-microemulsifying drug delivery system(SMEDDS) composed of Cremophor $EL^{\circledR},\;Labrasol^{circledR}$, and Lauroglycol $FCC^{circledR}$ was prepared for the enhancement of solubility, dissolution rate and bioavailability of ibuprofen(IBP), which is water-insoluble but soluble in oils and surfactants. Phase diagram with various regions including microemulsion area was depicted. The SMEDDS was encapsulated in soft gelatin capsules and their dissolution characteristics in various media were observed in comparison to the generic products commercially available in the market. Soft capsules of SMEDDS formulation showed better dissolution profiles, especially in acidic condition, than the others. For the period of 1 hr dissolution in pH 1.2 medium, it reached over 70% dissolution from soft capsules, compared to less than 40% dissolution from commercial reference tablets. On the other hand, in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained after oral administrations of different IBP preparations to Sprague Dawley rats. SMEDDS formulation showed higher $C_{max}$ and greater $AUC_{0-5hr}$ than the suspension of reference tablet or IBP powder. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that a newly developed soft capsules employing SMEDDS provides an alternative preparation to improve oral bioavailability of IBP.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.35-43
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• 2023

Background: This study aimed to examine the effect of Scutellaria baicalensis extract (SBE) on ameliorating pain response and inflammation in an animal model. Methods: The effects of SBE on joint inflammation-induced rats and pain writhing response were measured. In rats with monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced knee osteoarthritis (OA), the weight-bearing distribution of the hind legs was measured, the actual joint condition was visually confirmed, and serum cytokines were extracted from whole blood and measured. In addition, the acetic acid-induced pain was measured by the number of abdominal wall contractions and writhing responses. Results: 1. The weight-bearing distribution of the hind limbs of the SBE group was remarkably improved compared with that of the control group 7 days after MIA treatment, and the SBE 300 group was improved similarly to that of the indomethacin group. 2. Cartilage erosion was significantly recovered in the SBE and indomethacin groups, and the degree of healing of cartilage erosion by SBE was similar to that by indomethacin. 3. The serum levels of cytokines interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6 were significantly decreased in the SBE group compared with that in the control group, and the SBE 300 group had reduced levels of cytokines similar to the indomethacin group. 4. As regards acetic acid-induced writhing response, the number of writhes was significantly reduced in the SBE and ibuprofen groups, and the SBE 600 group had fewer writhes than the ibuprofen group. Conclusion: SBE significantly improves knee OA and pain and is expected to show similar therapeutic effects to indomethacin and ibuprofen.

• Journal of the Korean Burn Society
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.15-19
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• 2019

Purpose: Pain management in burn treatment is important in improving wound healing and quality of life. Ibuprofen is a proven pain relieving agent in patients with partial thickness burn by intraveous injection. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of Biatain Ibu^® (polyurethane foam containing ibuprofen) in pain control for outpatients with partial thickness burns. Methods: A prospective randomized clinical trial was performed in outpatients with partial thickness burn from August 1, 2017 to July 31, 2018. Acute pain, chronic pain, complications, days for re-epithelialization and patient's satisfaction were compared between Biatain Ibu^® and Biatain^® groups. Results: A total of 20 patients (Biatain Ibu^®, n=10; Biatain^®, n=10) were assessed in the trial. On Burn days 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, and 15, the acute pain levels were significantly lower in the Biatain Ibu^® group than in the Biatain^® group. Complications, chronic pain levels and days for re-epithelialization were not significantly different between the two groups. Patient's satisfaction was not statistically significant but was higher in the Biatain Ibu^® group. Conclusion: Biatain Ibu^® is effective in relieving pain in outpatients with partial thickness burn without decreasing patient satisfaction, wound healing ability or developing any complications.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.339-345
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• 2013

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are a family of central signaling molecules that respond to numerous stimuli and are known to participate in processes of cell survival and death. However, it is not clear on data for cell-type specific activation of MAPKs in the progression of gastric ulcer. In the present study, we assessed how MAPKs localized at various cell types during the progression of gastric ulcer induced by ibuprofen. Gastric ulcer was induced by the repeated treatment of 200 mg/kg ibuprofen with 8 hrs interval in a day. Animals were sacrificed at 24 hrs, 48 hrs, and 72 hrs after oral treatment of ibuprofen and gastric tissues were subjected to immunohistochemical and immunoblotting evaluation. Immunoreactivity of phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) was mainly expressed at the proliferating zone of gastric mucosa in control rats. But, these signals for p-ERK were highly shifted from cells of proliferating zone to parietal cells of the basal regions 24 hrs after treatment of ibuprofen. p-ERK signal was strongly expressed in epithelial cells adjacent to ulcer margin and new capillary and infiltrated inflammatory cells within granulation tissue of the ulcer base above 48 hrs after treatment of ibuprofen. While, phospho-c-Jun $NH_2$ terminal kinase (p-JNK) was mainly localized to the nuclei of the surface epithelial cells and the glandular epithelial cells in early gastric injury. Also, p-JNK was often observed as a scattered pattern in different regions of gastric mucosa with early gastric injury. Gradually, signal of p-JNK was strongly stained in infiltrated inflammatory cells and fibroblasts within severe ulcer base. Phospho-p38 (p-p38) MAPK was observed as scattered pattern within connective tissues of gastric mucosa. Especially, p-p38 MAPK showed strong signal in infiltrated macrophages within ulcer base. These results show that each MAPK has a specific role in various cell types during the progression of gastric ulcer.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.88-98
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• 2017

To prevent toxicity from both robax platinum (methocarbamol, ibuprofen) and robaxacet (methocarbomol, acetaminophen), separately, we used stretches and naproxen as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) to compare each effectiveness. This study used the United States Forces Korea Prescription form (Annex A-Over-The-Counter Prescription) and Alice Rich's Pain scale with robax platinum, robaxacet including narproxen. The IBM SPSS statics version 24 was used to calculate the data. The combined methocarbamol 500 mg, acetaminophen 325 mg tablet, and ibuprofen 200 mg (or naproxen) tablet can work as well as the combined methocarbamol 500 mg tablet with acetaminophen 325 mg tablet with stretches. Both methods were successful in managing pain. The drug combination of methocarbamol 500 mg, acetaminophen 325 mg and ibuprofen 200 mg tablets yielded similar benefits as the methocarbamol 500 mg and acetaminophen 325 mg tablets paired with physical stretching exercises regarding managing overall pain.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.352-363
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• 2021

Purpose: Some systemic conditions, especially diabetes mellitus (DM), adversely affect dental implant success. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ibuprofen-loaded TiO₂ nanotube (ILTN) dental implants in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. Methods: Twenty-six New Zealand white rabbits were treated with alloxan monohydrate to induce DM. At 2 weeks following DM induction, 3 types of implants (sandblasted, large-grit, and acid-etched [SLA], ILTN, and machined) were placed into the proximal tibia in the 10 rabbits that survived following DM induction. Each type of implant was fitted randomly in 1 of the holes (round-robin method). The animals were administered alizarin (at 3 weeks) and calcein (at 6 weeks) as fluorescent bone markers, and were sacrificed at 8 weeks for radiographic and histomorphometric analyses. Results: TiO₂ nanotube arrays of ~70 nm in diameter and ~17 ㎛ in thickness were obtained, and ibuprofen was loaded into the TiO₂ nanotube arrays. A total of 26 rabbits were treated with alloxan monohydrate and only 10 rabbits survived. The 10 surviving rabbits showed a blood glucose level of 300 mg/dL or higher, and the implants were placed in these diabetic rabbits. The implant stability quotient (ISQ) and bone-to-implant contact (BIC) values were significantly higher in the ILTN group (ISQ: 61.8, BIC: 41.3%) and SLA group (ISQ: 62.6, BIC: 46.3%) than in the machined group (ISQ: 53.4, BIC: 20.2%), but the difference in the BIC percentage between the SLA and ILTN groups was not statistically significant (P=0.628). However, the bone area percentage was significantly higher in the ILTN group (78.0%) than in the SLA group (52.1%; P=0.000). Conclusions: The: ILTN dental implants showed better stability (ISQ) and BIC than the machined implants; however, these values were similar to the commercially used SLA implants in the 2-week diabetic rabbit model.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.217.2-218
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• 2002