• 대한한의학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.92-105
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• 2018

Objectives: This aim of this study is to compare the reflux esophagitis improvement effects of Sepiae Os, Arcae Concha, Ostreae Concha, and Proton Pump Inhibitor(esomeprazole) through rat experiments. Methods: NO production inhibitory effect was measured by NO production amount and iNOS mRNA expression level in cell lines. iNOS, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and $p-I{\kappa}B$, and serotonin were compared using immunohistochemistry at the rat reflux esophagitis. Reflux esophagitis connection external form, lower esophageal sphincter, and gap were observed and an esophageal inflammatory indicator, IL-6 activity was also evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Results: NO production and iNOS mRNA expression was showed concentration dependent decrease in cell lines treated with Sepiae OS, Arcae Concha, and Ostreae Concha at the experiments of cell lines. In the suppression of iNOS and $p-I{\kappa}B$ at the rat reflux esophagitis, Sepiae Os treat group(SOT) and Ostreae Concha treat group(OCT) were more effective. In the increase of serotonin at the rat reflux esophagitis, ACT, MT and OCT were more effective. Damage of lower esophageal sphincter, and gap between esophageal keratin and mucosa were observed less at the SOT, ACT, OCT. In the suppression of IL-6 at the rat reflux esophagitis, SOT and OCT were more effective than GE and, SOT was more effective than MT significantly. Conclusions: The anti-inflammatory effect was the best in the SOT and lower esophageal sphincter muscle contraction was the best in the ACT at the rat reflux esophagitis. Sepiae OS was more effective than esomeprazole in the suppression of iNOS, $TNF-{\alpha}$, and IL-6.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.31-40
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• 2014

Objectives Trachelospermi caulis, known as Nak-Suk-Deung in Korea, is the dried leafy stem of Trachelospermum asiaticum var. intermedium Nakai, and climbing stems and branches of Trachelospermum sdisyivum var, intermedium nakai or Apocyanaceae. Trachelospermi caulis has antipyretic and analgesic activity. It has traditionally been used as a folk remedy in Korea for the treatment of various infla mMatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Effects of Trachelospermum caulis extract on SNP-induced infla mMatory responses in rabbit HIG-82 synovial membrane cells. Methods Anti-infla mMatory effects of the extract of Trachelospermum caulis were investigated using rabbit HIG-82 synovial membrane cells. For this study, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, western blot analysis, PGE2 i mMunoassay, and NO detection were conducted. Results The aqueous extract of Trachelospermum caulis exerted cytotoxicity and suppressed PGE2 synthesis and NO production in rabbit HIG-82 synovial membrane cells. The aqueous extract of Trachelospermum caulis also inhibited the SNP-induced expressions of COX-2, iNOS, and TNF-$\alpha$ in rabbit HIG-82 synovial membrane cells. Conclusions These results showed that the extract of Trachelospermum caulis exerts the anti-infla mMatory effect by suppressing COX-2, iNOS, and TNF-$\alpha$ expressions in the synovial membrane cells.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.463-469
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• 2010

This research is performed to obtain positive evidences of Mori cortex, a kind of oriental medicinal herbs, in the cellular levels. The extracts of M. cortex have shown anti-inflammatory effects against cutaneous inflammation and clinical effects on pulmonary asthma and congestion in oriental medicine. Thus BV2 cells were chosen because microglia are considered as the main immunocompetent cells in the central nervous system. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglial activation of cultured BV2 cells and subsequent release of nitric oxide (NO) and Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were effectively suppressed by methylene chloride extract of Morus alba L. (MEMA). From the inflammation-mediated mRNA and protein analyses, we showed that inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$) and tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$) induced by LPS were markedly decreased by MEMA treatment. From the observation of nuclear factor-kB (NF-${\kappa}B$) which is controlling and mediating inflammation through COX-2 and iNOS, there showed that p65, a subunit of NF-${\kappa}B$, was increased in nuclear and $I{\kappa}B$, a competitor of NF-${\kappa}B$, was recovered in cytosol after MEMA treatment. These are corresponding with results of iNOS, COX-2, IL-$1{\kappa}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$, and confirm some suppressive effect against transcriptional activation of NF-${\kappa}B$. In conclusion, the anti-inflammatory action of M. cortex against BV2 microglia cells is expected to protect nerve tissues through suppression of neuronal inflammation in various neurodegenerative diseases.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2001년도 Proceedings of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea
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• pp.153.3-154
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• 2001

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2001년도 Proceedings of International Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea
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• pp.207.2-207.2
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• 2001

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.273-280
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• 2004

Nitric oxide (NO) has been suggested to act as a mediator of cytokine-induced effects of turn over of bone. Activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) by inflammation has been related with apoptotic cell death in osteoblast. YS 49, a synthetic isoquinoline alkaloid, inhibits NO production in macrophages activated with cytokines. In the present study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of YS 49 to inhibit iNOS expression in ROS 17/2.8 cells, which were activated with combined treatment of inflammatory cytokines $(TNF-{\alpha},\;IFN-{\gamma})$ and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Results indicated that YS 49 concentration-dependently reduced iNOS mRNA and protein expression, as evidenced by Northern and Western blot analysis, respectively. The underlying mechanism by which YS 49 suppressed iNOS expression was not to affect iNOS mRNA stability but to inhibit activation and translocation of $NF-_kB$ by preventing the degradation of its inhibitory protein $I_kB_{\alpha}$. As expected, YS 49 prevented NO-induced apoptotic cell death by sodium nitroprusside. Taken together, it is concluded that YS 49 inhibits iNOS expression by interfering with degradation of phosphorylated inhibitory $_kB_{\alpha}\;(p-I_kB_{\alpha})$. These actions may be beneficial for the treatment of inflammation of the joint, such as rheumatoid arthritis.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.363-369
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• 2011

The present study elucidated the effect of the selective inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor $N^6$-(1-iminoethyl)-L-lysine (L-NIL) on monosodium urate (MSU) crystal-induced inflammation and edema in mice feet. L-NIL (5 or 10 mg/kg/day) was administered intraperitoneally 4 h before injection of MSU (4 mg) into the soles of mice hindlimb feet. Twenty-four hours after MSU injection, foot thickness was increased by 160% and L-NIL pretreatment reduced food pad swelling in a dose dependent manner. Pretreatment of 10 mg/kg/day L-NIL significantly suppressed the foot pad swelling by MSU. Plasma level of nitric oxide (NO) metabolites and gene expression and protein level of iNOS in feet were increased by MSU, which was suppressed by L-NIL pretreatment. Similar pattern of change was observed in nitrotyrosine level. MSU increased the gene expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ and interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$ and L-NIL pretreatment suppressed MSU-induced cytokines expression. The mRNA levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase1 were increased by MSU and L-NIL pretreatment normalized the gene expression. Phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and p38 was increased by MSU, which was suppressed by L-NIL pretreatment. The mRNA levels of iNOS, TNF-${\alpha}$, and IL-$1{\beta}$ were increased by MSU in human dermal fibroblasts, C2C12 myoblasts, and human fetal osteoblasts in vitro, which was attenuated by L-NIL in a dose dependent manner. This study shows that L-NIL inhibits MSU-induced inflammation and edema in mice feet suggesting that iNOS might be involved in MSU-induced inflammation.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.55-63
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• 2005

목적 : 만성 염증성 질환에 대한 전침효과를 알아보기 위해 complete Freund's adjuvant (CA) 유발 관절염 모델에서 염증관련 단백질의 변화를 살펴보았다. 방법 : Sprague-Dawley계 흰쥐의 족부에 CFA를 주사한 다음 3일 간격으로 2 Hz, 15 Hz 및 120 Hz 전침 자극을 주며 부종 형성여부를 plethysmometer로 측정하여 판정하였으며 30일 째 거퇴관절을 취하여 4% paraformaldehyde에 고정하고 EDTA용액에서 탈회시켜 파라핀연속 절편을 얻어 $NF-{\kappa}B$를 비롯한 5종의 염증관련 단백질의 발현을 면역조직화학적으로 살펴보았다. 결과 : 관절연골내 면역반응 중 연골기질은 반응이 없거나 약하고 연골세포는 $NF-{\kappa}Bp65,\;I-{\kappa}B{\alpha},\;iNOS$반응이 강하며 특히 유리연골층에서 더 현저하였으나 염증 및 전침자극에 따른 변화는 없었다. 관절낭에서 면역반응을 살펴보면 염증유발시 활액세포의 면역반응세포는 $I-{\kappa}B{\alpha}$가 감소한 반면 iNOS, $IL-1{\beta}$는 증가하며 특히 iNOS 증가가 현저하였으며 전침자극에 의해 iNOS가 감소하였다. 활액막조직에서 모든 면역반응이 증가하며 특히 $NF-{\kappa}Bp65,\;I-{\kappa}B{\alpha},\;iNOS$ 반응이 현저한데 전침자극에 의해 $IL-1{\beta}$를 제외한 모든 반응이 감소하였다. 결론 : 만성 염증성 동물모델의 거퇴관절 내 염증관련 단백질은 관절연골보다 관절낭에서 큰 변화를 보이며 전침처치에 의해 이들 단백질 발현이 억제되는 것으로 보아 전침이 만성 염증성 질환에 효과적임을 알 수 있다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.97-101
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• 2009

The present study describes the preliminary evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activities of Phellinus linteus (PL) and Phellinus linteus Grow in Germinated Brown Rice (BRPL). In order to effectively screen for anti-inflammatory agents, we first examined the extracts' inhibitory effects on the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines activated with lipopolysaccharide. Moreover, we examined the inhibitory effects of the PL and BRPL extracts on pro-inflammatory factors such as NO, iNOS, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and $IFN-{\gamma}$ in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. NO production and iNOS expression was significantly augmented in LPS treated cell, the production of NO and iNOS was greater in the BRPL than in the PL group. In addition, protein and mRNA levels of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and $IFN-{\gamma}$ in BRPL showed relatively more potent pro-inflammatory-activity inhibition compared to that of PL. These results suggest that BRPL may have significant effects on inflammatory factors, and may be a potential anti-inflammatory therapeutic materials.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제20권2호통권33호
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• pp.89-101
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• 2007

Objectives : This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Jeondo-San(JDS) on anti-Inflammation and anti-Propionibacterium acnes. Methods : The effects of JDS on anti-Inflammation and anti-Propionibacterium acnes were measured by the cytotoxicity of Raw 264.7 cell, the inhibition for NO, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $PGE_2$, iNOS and COX-2, the blocking $NF-{\kappa}B$ into nucleus and the sterilizing power for Propionibacterium acnes. Results : 1. All concentrations of JDS has no cytotoxicity in Raw 264.7 cell. 2. All concentrations of JDS inhibited the production of NO in the Raw 264.7 cell stimulated with LPS. 3. All concentrations of JDS did not significantly inhibit the production of $TNF-{\alpha}$ in the Raw 264.7 cell stimulated with LPS. 4. All concentrations of JDS inhibited the production of $PGE_2$ in the Raw 264.7 cell stimulated with LPS. 5. All concentrations of JDS did not inhibit the expression of COX-2 but concentrations of 50\;{\mu}g/ml$, 100\;{\mu}g/ml$ JDS inhibited iNOS expression in the Raw 264.7 cell stimulated with LPS. 6. Concentrations of 50\;{\mu}g/ml$, 100\;{\mu}g/ml$ JDS has the effect of blocking $NF-{\kappa}B$ into nucleus in LPS-induced macrophage Raw 264.7 cell. 7. All concentrations of IDS did not have the inhibitory effect of Propionibactrium acnes. Conclusions : The present date suggest that JDS has a effect on the stage of inflammation of acne.