• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.14-21
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• 2022

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which has been rampant since the end of 2019, has evidently affected pain management in clinical practice. Fortunately, a COVID-19 vaccination program is currently in progress worldwide. There is an ongoing discussion that pain management using steroid injections can decrease COVID-19 vaccine efficacy, although currently there is no direct evidence to support this statement. As such, the feeling of pain in patients is doubled in addition to the co-existing ill-effects of social isolation associated with the pandemic. Thus, in the COVID-19 era, it has become necessary that physicians be able to provide high quality pain management without negatively impacting COVID-19 vaccine efficacy. Steroids can alter the entire process involved in the generation of adaptive immunity after vaccination. The period of hypophysis-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression is known to be 1 to 4 weeks after steroid injection, and although the exact timing for peak efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines is slightly different for each vaccine, the average is approximately 2 weeks. It is suggested to avoid steroid injections for a total of 4 weeks (1 week before and after the two vaccine doses) for the double-shot vaccines, and for 2 weeks in total (1 week before and after vaccination) for a single-shot vaccine. This review focuses on the basic concepts of the various COVID-19 vaccines, the effect of steroid injections on vaccine efficacy, and suggestions regarding an appropriate interval between the administration of steroid injections and the COVID-19 vaccine.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.77-96
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• 1976

In order to investigate the effects and acting mechanism on ovaries, thyroid glands and hypophyses of rabbits in short term administration of sulfadimethoxine (SDM) as medical dose, a total of 90 virgin albino rabbits (mean body weight, 1,362g) were selected at random and alloted to two groups. Rabbits in one group served as controls and the others were administered SDM of 50 mg/kg/day for 5 weeks, and then reared without medication for 4 weeks. Pathological changes of the three organs were observed each week for 9 weeks and the results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. Mean body weights of both groups manifested slow increasing tendency but mean hypophysis weights fluctuated throughout the experimental term. Mean ovary weights of experiments were decreased significantly from the 3rd to 6th week but mean thyroid weights of experiments were increased significantly from the 1st to 6th week compared with those of controls. 2. Many ovarian follicles of each developing stage showed follicular atresia accompanying atrophy or necrosis of oocytes and of disintegrated follicular cells. Theca interna cells and sudanophilic interstitial cells showed atrophy and diminished sudanophilic granules and also liquor folliculi were diminished. These changes icreased from the 1st week, remaining so for 5 weeks and returned to normal status in the 8th or 9th week. 3. The thyroid gland showed a typical hyperplastic goiter. Hypertrophic and hyperplastic epithelia follicular manifested cuboidal or columnar form showing tiny or small vacuoles in cytoplasm. The follicles showed atrophy and decreasing colloidal materials. Necrotic and regenerative changes were also present. The interfollicular vessels showed congestion and hemorrhage. These changes increased from the 1st week, remaining so for 5 weeks and returned to normal status in the 9th week. 4. The rates of differential cell counts of hypophyses revealed increase of basophils (gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs) and decrease of chromophobes. Basophils which had diminished granules stainable with HE, PAS and AF revealed hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and increasing of tiny or small vacuoles in cytoplasm. These changes increased from the 1st week, remaining so for 5 weeks and returned to normal status in the 8th or 9th week. As summarized above histologically, administration of SDM led thyrotrophs and gonadotrophs of pituitary glands to hyperactivity but revealed retrogressive and compensatory changes with functional disturbance in ovaries and thyroid glands. These changes were transitional and attributed to direct actions of the drugs on the ovaries and thyroid glands.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.110-116
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• 1968

The mature guinea pigs were grouped as indicated in the table 1. Radio-active iodine(I-131)in dose of 4.5mci, was administered to the experimental groups. The animals were killed for examination in 1, 7, 14, 28, 42, and 55 days after the administration the radio-active iodine. The thyroid and adrenal glands were observed histologically. The results obtained were as follows; 1. One day after the administration, thyroid epithelial cells were abnormally enlarged. After seven days, specimens taken from the middle of the thyroid showed that the follicles and epithelial cells were changing to fibrous tissue, however, some follicles still remained in the verge of the thyroid. Follicles were not observed after fourteen days. After twenty-eight days, the follicles had all changed to fibrous tissue, and had lost their function. 2. The size of the zonas gromerulosa of adrenal cortex epually, in both male and female, showed slight fluctuation in size with no tendency to be changed. 3. Among the zones of the adrenal glands, zona fasciculata showed marked changes. Zona fasciculata was atrophied in Process of time. In females, it was atrophied significantly(P<0.05) after fourteen days, and highly significant (P<0.01) in twenty-eight and fifty-six days after the administration of radioactive iodine. In males, it also decreased significantly(P<0.05) in seventy-eight days and highly significant(P<0.01) in forty-two and fifty-six days after the administration. 4. The size of the Zona reticularis of adrenal cortex in the females increased significantly (P<0.05) in twenty-eight days after the administration. In males, it showed slight fluctuation until twenty-eight days, but it increased significantly(P<0.05) in forty-two and fifty-six days after the administration. 5. The size of the adrenal medulla increased significantly(P<0.05) in twenty-eight and forty-two days in females. It was increased significantly(P<0.05) in fourth-two days and high significantly(P<0.01) in fifty-six days after the administration.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.68-76
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• 1978

난소(卵巢)의 분필기능(分泌機能)이 하수체(下垂體)의 조절기능(調節機能)없이 혈청성분(血淸成分)에 직접적(直接的)인 영향(影響)을 미치는가를 구명(究明)하기 위하여 암흰쥐에서 하수체(下垂體)를 척출(剔出)하고 마리당 6.0mg씩의 hexestrol을 투여(投與)한 후 혈청(血淸)중의 총지방(總脂肪), Cholesterol, 총단백질(總蛋白質), Non-protein nitrogen, Na, Cl 및 K의 변화를 처리(處理) 8주후(週後)까지 조사(調査)하여 비교검토(比較檢討)한 바 다음과 같은 결론(結論)을 얻었다. 1. 총지방(總脂肪)과 cholesterol의 양(量)은 대조군(對照群)에 비하면 2주후(週後)부터 유의성(有意性)이 인정(認定)되는 증가(增加)를 하였는데, 하수체척출군(下垂體剔出群)과 하수체척출후(下垂體剔出後) hexestrol 투여군간(投與群間)에는 유의성(有意性)이 인정9認定)되지 않았다. 2. 총단백질(總蛋白質)과 Non-protein nitrogen의 함량변화(變化)는 동일(同一)한 경향(傾向)으로서 시간(時間)이 경과(經過)함에 따라 점증(漸增)하였는데, 대조군(對照群)에 대하여 처리(處理) 4주후(週後)부터 유의성(有意性)이 인정(認定)되었고, 하수체척출군(下垂體剔出群)과 하수체척출후(下垂體剔出後) hexestrol 투여군간(投與群間)에는 유의성(有意性)은 인정(認定)되지 않았으나 하수체척출군(下垂體剔出群)에서 높은 값을 나타냈다. 3. Na, Cl 및 K의 함량(含量)은 일정(一定)한 변화경향(變化傾向)없이 근소하게 증감(增減)하여 전(全) 실험기간(實驗期間)에 걸쳐서 비교군간(比較群間)에 유의성(有意性)을 인정(認定)할 수 없었다. 4. 하수체척출(下垂體剔出) 암흰쥐에 있어서 hexestrol의 투여(投與)는 단백질대사(蛋白質代謝)에는 약간의 영향(影響)을 미치나, 지질(脂質) 및 무기물(無機物)의 대사(代謝)에는 영향(影響)을 미치지 못한다고 생각된다.