• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.216-221
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• 2004

Treatment effect of benzyladenopurine (BA) used to block the lateral roots formed on soybean sprouts should be influenced by its applying methods. This study was done to check the effects of temperature and period from seed imbibition into 2 ppm BA solution to the first watering for sprout culture on growth and morphology of soybean sprouts. Imbibed three cultivar (cv. Pungsannamulkong, Sowonkong and Junjery) seeds for 5 houys into 2 ppm BA solution were placed under different temperatures (AT; 20, 30, $40^{\circ}$) and periods (AP; 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 hours). On the 6th day, the soybean sprouts were classified by 4 categories on the base of hypocotyl length; ＞7cm, 4 to 7cm), ＜ 4cm and non-germination to calculate their composition rates, number of lateral roots, lengths of hypocotyl and root diameters at middle and hook of hypocotyl, and fraction dry weights were measured. Germination and growth responses of the cultivars were changed by AT and AP treatments. The responses, lateral root formation and fresh weights were, however, mainly affected by the cultivars used rather than Af treatment. Rate of the sprouts which formed lateral roots was decreased with increased periods to 4 hours, but their number per sprout was not different between the treatments of longer than 3 hours. Lengths of hypocotyl and root organ and total fresh weights were the highest in an hour AP treatment although longer than 3 hour AP treatments did not showed the significant difference in the lengths. Conclusionally AP treatment was more important than Af one in seed aeration for soybean sprout culture immediately after imbibition into BA solution, and was done at least for 3 hours.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.487-490
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• 2004

Methods for culturing bean sprouts could be divided into two main groups of overspraying and underwatering according to water supplying. The study was done to measure the effect of water supplying method on growth of mungbean sprouts and temperatures inside their culture boxes. The morphological characters, fresh and dry weights were measured on the 6th day after culturing, but temperatures of the boxes were recorded daily by dataloggers. Lateral roots was not formed in the under-watering method (UM) while partially done in the over-spraying method (OM). OM had longer hypocotyl but UM had longer root compared to the other. Two water supplying methods, however, had nearly similar total length adding hypocotyl and root lengths, diameters of middle and upper parts of hypocotyl. OM showed more total fresh weight than UM mainly resulting from increment of hypocotyl fresh weight. The fresh weight increment in OM was caused by relatively higher temperature of culture box compared to UM.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.482-486
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• 2004

Benzyladenopurine (BA), a synthetic chemical commonly used for bean sprout culture, should be minimized for wellbeing foods or not be applied. The study was done to check the effect of different BA concentrations treated during 5 hour imbibition on growth and morphological characters of mungbean sprouts. The mungbean seeds of 3 cultivars (Keumseongnogdu, Owoolnogdu, and Zhong Lu 1) were imbibed for 5 hours in the solutions with different BA concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm) before 3 hour aeration. On the 6th day after culture, the mungbean sprouts were classified by 4 categories on the base of hypocotyl length; > 7cm, 4 to 7cm, < 4cm, and non-germination, and their morphological characters, fresh and dry weights were measured. Regardless of cultivars the composition rate of hypocotyls of longer than 7cm was decreased with increased BA concentration over 50 ppm while the reverse result was true in the rate of shorter than 4cm. In the rate of 4 to 7cm. cv. Owoolnogdu showed the highest rate in its 50 ppm concentration although cv. Keumseongnogdu and Zhong Lu 1 showed similar result to the above two rates. Formation rate and its number of lateral roots were largely changed around 50 ppm concentration but the roots was not formed in over its 75 ppm concentration. Hypocotyl and root lengths of all the cultivars were shortened with increased BA concentration. In the diameter of middle part of hypocotyl, 3 cultivars showed nearly the same responses as the rate of 4 to 7cm hypocotyls. Hypocotyl and total fresh weights per sprout were heavier in BA treated sprouts than in no treated ones but the weights of the former sprouts were not influenced by its different concentrations.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.7
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• pp.608-617
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of sowing date on soybean-sprout growth characters and for improving cultural techniques to produce high quality soybean-sprout. Six sprout-soybean cultivars were planted on three sowing dates in 2000 and 2001. The growth of hypocotyl in soybean sprouts was accelerated at higher temperature and the differences among cultivars became greater at later culture days. The longest of hypocotyl and root lengths of soybean sprouts was obtained from July 5 sowing, followed by May 25 and June 15 sowing. Doremikong and Hannamkong had the thickest and the thinness hypocotyls, respectively. Total length of soybean-sprouts was longer in seeds harvested from later sowing, respectively. Eunhakong produced the longest soybean-sprouts, while Tawonkong produced the shortest. Percentage of rotten seed and imperfectly germinated seed harvested at later sowing was lower. Somyeongkong and Tawonkong showed the highest and the lowest percentages of rotten seeds, respectively, while Pungsannamulkong and Hannamkong showed the lowest and the highest percentages of imperfectly germinated seeds. The soybean-sprouts yields were higher in seeds harvested in 2001 and later sowing. Although Eunhakong and Doremikong showed higher soybean-sprout yield, Pungsannamulkong and Somyeongkong showed stable soybean-sprout yield regardless of the sowing dates.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.311-317
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• 2011

This experiment was conducted to give basic information to sprout-soybean breeding and automated sprout production by investigating the effect of seed size on the sprout growth and texture. Twenty cultivars and lines including large and medium soybean, small interspecific cultivars and extra-small wild soybean lines were used. Seeds were cultured for 4 days using small sprout-culturing kits. Hypocotyl length of large Hwanggeumkong, small Pungsannamulkong and Soyoung were longer and wild soybean lines were shorter than other cultivars. Fresh sprout weight and growth rate per unit dry seed weight of wild soybean lines ware increased dramatically and more than other cultivars between 48 to 72 hours after culture. Not only the increasing rate but sprout yield ratio to used dry seed weight showed the negative relationship pattern with seed size. The hardness of hypocotyl in Jangyeubkong, mastication in Taekwang, and cutting force in Eunhakong were the highest as 3,505 g, 1,650 g, and 133 g respectively, and texture values of these traits in wild soybean YWS516 were the lowest. Cutting force of soybean hypocotyl showed the positive relationship pattern with seed size. Breaking force of hypocotyl in large Jangyeobkong was the highest as 83.5g and wild soybean lines were the lowest showing the same pattern as other textural characters.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.309-314
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• 2014

A total of 67 watermelon accessions which include 37 accessions from Korean and 27 accessions from Turkish germplasm and 3 accessions of other related species from USA were investigated for morphological characteristics. The UPOV descriptor list for 56 characters (6 seedlings, 4 plants, 11 leaves, 5 flowers, 23 fruits and 7 seeds) was used in characterization. In addition, eight quantitative characters, hypocotyl length, cotyledon width, cotyledon length, fruit weight, fruit length, fruit width, thickness of outer layer of pericarp and soluble solid content were also measured. The 56 qualitatively scored characters were analyzed by principle coordinate analysis (PCoA) while the eight quantitative ones were subjected to principle component analysis (PCA). Morphological characterization result demonstrated that the accessions displayed high morphological diversity(how much percent?). A high level of phenotypic diversity was observed from the results of morphological characterization. However, plant growth habit and leaf blade flecking showed constant characters for all of the accessions. The Korean and Turkish watermelon genotypes are diverse groups and can be separated by both multivariate analysis of morphological characters although the grouping was more apparent in PCoS results.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.302-306
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• 2005

This Study was Conducted in 3 glasshouse to examine the Possibility for cultivation of plug seedlings using four growing media containing recycled PET-bottle-particles (PBT) as a medium component. Plug seedlings of 'Seokwang' tomato were grown in media containing $100\%$ PBT, $100\%$ peatmoss, or $50\%$ $PBT+50\%$ peatmoss. A commercial plug medium (Tosilee) was used as the control. All seeds were sown in 128 cell plug trays on July 12, 2004. Seedling growth was measured at 30 days after sowing. Percent seed germination was greater than 95% in all treatments. Plant height, shoot fresh and dry weights, leaf area, and hypocotyl length were the greatest in the control treatment. Root length and weight were the greatest in the $100\%$ PBT treatment, which had a medium pH of 7.3. Leaf area and shoot dry weight were greater in the $50\%$ $PBT+50\%$ peatmoss treatment, than in the $100\%$ PBT treatment, while they were the smallest in the $100\%$ peatmoss treatment. No toxicity symptoms caused by the use or PBT had been observed in any treatment. The results suggest a possibility of recycled PBT, a valuable reusable resource, to be used as a component for medium amendments in horticultural transplant production.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.152-155
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• 2003

Burcucumber (Sicyos angulatus L.), used as a medicinal or rootstock for cucurbitaceous crops have shown high variation in seed maturity and size. This study was carried out to determine the effect of seed maturity and size on seed germination, seedling emergence and growth of burcucumber, Seeds collected from a native site were divided into small, medium and large ones after sorted to mature and immature ones. Their germination, seedling emergence and growth were done in indoor and a green house. Mature seeds showed higher germination and seedling emergence rate than immature ones. Regardless of their maturity, medium. and small seeds showed higher germination rate than large ones. Medium and large seeds, however, had the greatest and the least seedling emergence, respectively. Seedling height, number of true leaves areas of cotyledons and true leaves except hypocotyl length were increased with increased seed size although were not affected by the maturity. Cotyledon, leaf, hypocotyl, root and their total dry weights were greater in large mature seeds than large immature ones while increased with increased seed size in both maturities.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.240-247
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• 2016

In this study, routinely used transformation method, which includes transferring explants onto co-cultivation medium after inoculating them with bacterial solution for a while, was compared with 3 different inoculation methods. In every 3 methods, hypocotyl explants excised from 7-day-old sterile flax seedlings having cotyledon leaves and no root system dried under air flow in sterile cabin for 35 min were inoculated with different volumes of bacterial solution at different inoculation periods. GV2260 line of Agrobacterium tumefaciens having 'pBIN 19' plasmid containing npt II (neomycin phosphotransferase II) gene and GUS reporter gene was used in transformation studies. After inoculation, hypocotyl segments of seedlings (0.5 cm in length) - were excised and left to co-cultivation for 2 days. Then, explants were transferred to regeneration medium supplemented with different antibiotics. The presence of npt-II and GUS genes in transformants was confirmed by PCR and GUS analysis. The highest results in all characters examined in all cultivars were obtained from the 2 inoculation method in which hypocotyls excised from seedlings inoculated with $500{\mu}l$ of bacterial solution after drying in sterile cabin for 35 min were used.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.413-418
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• 2003

Genetic diversity and soybean sprout-related traits were evaluated in a total of 72 soybean accessions (60 Glycine max, 7 Glycine soja, and 5 Glycine gracilis). 100-seed weight (SW) was greatly varied and ranged from 3.2g to 32.3g in 72 soybean accessions. Positive correlation was observed between GR and hypocotyl length (HL), whereas negative correlation was observed between SW and hypocotyl diameter (HD). Re-evaluation by discarding two soybean genotypes characterized with low GR indicated that much higher correlation of sprout yield (SY) with HD and SW. Based on the principal component analysis (PCA) for sprout-related traits, 57 accessions were classified. Soybean genotypes with better traits for sprout, such as small size of seeds and high SY, were characterized with high PCA 1 and PCA 2 values. The seed size in second is small but showed low GR and SY, whereas the third has large seed, high GR and more than 400% SY. In genetic similarity analysis using 60 SSR marker genotyping, 72 accessions were classified into three major and several minor groups. Nine of twelve accessions that were identified as the representatives of soybean for sprout based on PCA were in a group by the SSR marker analysis, indicating the SSR marker selection of parental genotypes for soybean sprout improvement program.