• BMB Reports
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.247-260
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• 2007

Cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) is a key enzyme of phenylpropanoid pathway, which synthesizes numerous secondary metabolites to participate in development and adaption. Two C4H isoforms, the 2192-bp BnC4H-1 and 2108-bp BnC4H-2, were cloned from oilseed rape (Brassica napus). They both have two introns and a 1518-bp open reading frame encoding a 505-amino-acid polypeptide. BnC4H-1 is 57.73 kDa with an isoelectric point of 9.11, while 57.75 kDa and 9.13 for BnC4H-2. They share only 80.6% identities on nucleotide level but 96.6% identities and 98.4% positives on protein level. Showing highest homologies to Arabidopsis thaliana C4H, they possess a conserved p450 domain and all P450-featured motifs, and are identical to typical C4Hs at substrate-recognition sites and active site residues. They are most probably associated with endoplasmic reticulum by one or both of the N- and C-terminal transmembrane helices. Phosphorylation may be a necessary post-translational modification. Their secondary structures are dominated by alpha helices and random coils. Most helices locate in the central region, while extended strands mainly distribute before and after this region. Southern blot indicated about 9 or more C4H paralogs in B. napus. In hypocotyl, cotyledon, stem, flower, bud, young- and middle-stage seed, they are co-dominantly expressed. In root and old seed, BnC4H-2 is dominant over BnC4H-1, with a reverse trend in leaf and pericarp. Paralogous C4H numbers in Brassicaceae genomes and possible roles of conserved motifs in 5' UTR and the 2nd intron are discussed.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.148-153
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to elucidate the effect of light-emitting diode treatment on early growth and inorganic elements in leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. 'Oak Leaf'). In changes to leaf morphology, shoot elongation and hypocotyl length showed poor growth under red light irradiation, while red+blue light irradiation induced shorter plant height and more leaves, resulting in increased fresh weight. With respect to Hunter's color and SPAD values, lettuce seedlings grown under red+ blue and fluorescent light irradiation had a higher $a^*$ value but showed no other changes to SPAD values. Interestingly, redness in relative chlorophyll content was 1.4 times higher under red+blue light irradiation. Inorganic element (N, Ca, Mg, and Fe) and ascorbic acid concentrations increased in lettuce plants grown under LED light irradiation compared to those of lettuce grown under fluorescent light, which showed a higher P content. In conclusion, red+blue light irradiation, which stimulates growth and higher nutrient uptake in leaf lettuce, could be employed in containers equipped with LEDs.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.291-298
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• 1995

This study describes plant regeneration from leaf explant of Bupleurum falcatum through somatic embryogenesis, and the effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on somatic embryo abnormalities. The relationship between the cotyledon number of somatic embryo and its germinability is also described. Embryogenic calli were selected from calli formed on explants cultured on MS solid basal medium supplemented with 1 mg/L 2,4-D. Cotyledonary abnormalities were observed in somatic embryos which were developed from calli cultured on MS medium with 1 mg/L 2,4-D for 6-week and then subcultured on 2,4-D free MS medium for 3 weeks. The frequency of abnormalities was as follows: 7% of somatic embryos had one cotyledon, 65% of them had two cotyledons, 25% three cotyledons, 5% four cotyledons, 2% five cotyledons, and 3% trumpet-like cotyledons. The two cotyledon somatic embryos were germinated at a frequency of 80%. However the germination frequency of one cotyledon embryo and multicotyledonary embryo was lower than that of the two cotyledon somatic embryo. All of trumper-like somatic embryos did not germinate. Histological observations of multicotyledon embryo showed circular procambium in the root but pocambial strands in the cotyledonary node or upper hypocotyl. The number of the strands was equal to the cotyledon number.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.299-306
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• 1995

The objective of this study is to establish an efficient celll culture system for somatic embryogenesis in Ostericum koreanum and Angelica purpuraefolia. The highest frequency of embryogenic callus on immature seeds of O. konanum and A, purpuraefolia. was obtained when seeds were cultured on MS medium containing 0.1 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.1 mg/L BA. However somatic embryos were formed directly from the edge of cotyledon and hypocotyl of plant which regenerated on medium supplemented with 0.1-3.0 mg/L NAA. Immature seed explane cultured at 25$\pm$2$^{\circ}C$ after 10 days treatment at 5$^{\circ}C$ produced embryogenic callus and somatic embryos, and these differentiated into whole plane. Addition of glutamine and coconut milk to media did not enhance the frequency of somatic embryogenesis in immature seed cultures of A. purpuraefolia. However in immature seed culture of O. koreanum, the frequency of somatic embryogenesis were increased on media supplemented with glutamine and 10% coconut milk. Especially addition of glutamine to the medium substituted effect of NH$_4$N0$_3$ in constast to coconut milk. The highest frequency of conversion somatic embryos into plantlet was 89.1% on MS basal medium Embryogenic calli were grown vigorously when maintained on medium with 0.01 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.01 mg/L BA.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.107-112
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• 1997

This study was carried out to establish a mass production of normal somatic embryos of Oenanthe iavanica (BL.) DC. including examination of nitrogen and sucrose sources, and ABA concentration. Embryogenic cell clumps and embryos were formed on the MS medium devoid of growth regulators. Proliferation of embryogenic cells and clumps was enhanced by 2, 4-D. Meanwhile embryo growth and development occurred on the media containing NAA and IBA. Growth of embryos was generally good in the media containing both 20 mM $KNO_3$ and 20 mM $NH_4NO_3$. The rate of shoot forming embryos was higher on the media containing on1y 20mM $NH_4NO_3$ than on the former. Addition of sucrose at 3-6% enhanced the embryo development, and normal embryos with short hypocotyl was observed on the medium containing $10\mu\textrm{M}$ ABA. Embryogenic cell clumps or globular embryos, when transferred to MS solid media devoid of growth regulators, developed into mature embryos and then into plantlets which had entire primary leaves like zygotic seedlings.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.37-41
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• 1982

This study was conducted to investigate the growth of soybean sprouts and the effective hormonal refutation of vitamin C content by the concentration and combination of kinetin and auxins such as IAA, 2.4-D and NAA. The results were as follows; 1. The growth of soybean sprouts were fine under the respective conditions of kinetin $10^{-8}M+IAA\;10^{-6}M$, kinetin $10^{-7}M+IAA\;10^{-5}M$, kinetin $10^{-6}M+IAA\;10^{-6}M$, kinetin $10^{-5}M+IAA\;10^{-7}M$, kinetin $10^{-8}M+2,4-D\;10^{-8}M$ and kinetin $10^{-7}M+NAA\;10^{-5}M$. 2. The root development of soybean sprouts were almost in accord with the growth of soybean sprouts by the concentration of kinetin and auxin. 3. The content of vitamin C were more increased under in kinetin $10^{-8}M+IAA\;10^{-8}M$, kinetin $10^{-6}M+2,4-D\;10^{-5}M$ and kinetin $10^{-8}M+NAA\;10^{-8}M$ and both growth and vitamin C content were more activated under kinetin $10^{-8}M+IAA\;10^{-6}M$ and $10^{-8}M+NAA\;10^{-8}M$. 4. The growth, root development and vitamin C content were increased in the low kinetin and high IAA, NAA concentration. Root development and vitamin C content of soybean hypocotyl were decreased in the low kinetin and high 2,4-D concentration.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.241-250
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• 1982

Time course of alkaline inorganic PPase activity with different parts of mung-bean sprout and some properties of partially purified enzyme from mung-bean leaves were investigated. The enzyme activity in leaf, root and cotyledon showed a tendency to increase at an early stage and then decrease gradually as germination continued. However, the crude homogenate of epicotyl showed the continuous decline of the enzyme activity but that of hypocotyl showed the continuous increase. In particular, the enzyme activity of leaf fraction was about 2-4 times as high as those of other fractions. The specific activity of the leaf enzyme was increased 86-fold, with a 23.9% yield, upon purification procedures. The purified enzyme from leaves had the Rm value of 0.35 and was not homogenous when judged by disc gel electrophoresis. Using tetrasodium pyrophosphate as a substrate, the apparent Km value for the partially purified enzyme was 0.89 mM. The enzyme was highly specific for $Mg^{2+}$ $CU^{2+}$ and $Fe^{2+}$ was also showed the activating effect of 56% and 55% with $Mg^{2+}$, respectively. However, $Ca^{2+}$), $Zn^{2+}$, $Mn^{2+}$, $Co^{2+}$ and $Ni^{2+}$ acted as inhibitors for the enzyme. The pH optimum for the enzyme shifted from 9.0 to 8.0 as the concentration of $Mg^{2+}$ was increased. The enzyme from mun-bean leaf was the most active at $50^{\circ}C$ and considerably stable on heat.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.482-488
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• 1996

The experiment was carried out to the find variation of the sugar contents in the tip and basal part of the cotyledon and remaining portion of embryos in Phaseolus vulgahs seeds during germination with HPLC analysis method. Water content in cotyledon of kidney bean seed was about 6.4~6.5 of fresh weight and incresed to 45.8~71.2% during germination showing that tip part of cotyledon has more water content by 1.1~3.8% compared to the lower part of it. Higher water onten was observed in the rest parts of the seed except cotyledon such as plumule, radicle and hypocotyl showing that it increased to 72.2~93.3% depending on the different tissue organs. Main important sugars in kidney seeds during germination stages are; raffinose, sucrose, glucose and fructose, and the amount are differed with the kinds of embryo in kidney bean seed organs and stages of germination. Raffinose amount in kidney bean is increasing repeatly when seeds become wet but disappear it soon after seed have germinated especially in growing embryo parts. Raffinose in basal parts of cotyledons were still presented some an amount after germination. Sucrose is synthesized highly in plumule embryo at the beginning stage of germination but disappeared it from 5 days after seeding stages. Amount of sucrose in cotyledon of kidney seeds and seedlings increased continuously after germination. The amount of glucose and fructose in the cotyledons of kidney seeds during germination varied 5~10% or 5~15% but in the germinating and growing organs, plumule, they increased continuously after germination.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.111-115
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• 1995

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of some plant growth regulators on the germination and seedling growth of Wasabia japonica Matsum seeds. The seeds were soaked in different concentration of indolacetic acid(LAA), indolbutyric acid(IBA), $GA_3\;GA_4$, Benzyladenine(BA) and kinetin, and the germination percent, the average germination day and the growth of seedlings were measured. The seeds were released from dormancy and the germination percent was considerably increased when the seedcoat was removed. $GA_3,\;GA_4,$ BA and kinetin were effective in breaking the dormancy, but LAA and IBA were not effective. $GA_4$, BA and kinetin were more effective in accelerating germination of dormancy seed than $GA_3$. The applications of BA combined with $GA_3$ l00ppm showed higher germination percent than that of BA alone within the range 50ppm and 100ppm. Root, hypocotyl and petiol of seedling overgrew by the application of $GA_3\;and\;GA_4$. But effects of BA and kinetin were good on seedling growth compared with those of $GA_3\;and\;GA_4$. Therefore, BA and kinetin could be use for dormancy breaking of seed instead of $GA_3$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.153-159
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• 1989

The experiment was carried out to examine on effect of ultrasonication on the growith of a mungbean while a mungbean is germinated and to measure amino acid content of a mungbean during its germination. Mungbean seeds soaked are divided into three groups; the first group was control group, untreated and naturally germinated. the second was ultrasonic treated group(UTG I), irradiated by ultrasonication for 8, 16 and 24min respectively immediately after soaking. the third was ultrasonic treated group(UTG II), irradiated by ultrasonication after 48hr germinating. The results were as foolows; Fresh weight, moisture, length of mungbean increased as its germination proceeds. while dry weight decreased. Ultrasonication tends to inhibit its germination of mungbean and results in the decrease in weight, length and moisture. Specially ultrasonication had a marked effect on UTG II. The longer the time of ultrasonication was, the more was the growth inhibited. In the control groups, the content of amino acid increased until 72 hours, but after that, it decreased. of the amino acid determined, glutamic acid decreased marekedly in the cotyledons, While the opposite was the case with aspartic acid in the hypocotyls. Comparing with the control groups, UTG I, the content of amino acid decreased. As the ultrasonic treaed time was increased, the concentration of amino acid in hypocotyl cotyledon tended to decreased. UTG II, the content of amino acid was lower than control groups, but higher than UTG I, and the effects of ultrasonication were similar to UTG I.