• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.15-21
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• 2013

Leaf of Sasa borealis, a species of bamboo, has been reported to exhibit anti-hyperglycemic effect. However, its antidiabetic mechanism is not fully understood. In this study, we examined whether an extract of S. borealis activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and exerts anti-hyperglycemic effects. Treatment with the S. borealis extract increased insulin signaling and phosphorylation of AMPK and stimulated the expression of its downstream targets, including $PPAR{\alpha}$, ACO, and CPT-1 in C2C12 cells and $PPAR{\alpha}$ in HepG2 cells. However, inhibition of AMPK activation attenuated insulin signaling and prevented the stimulation of AMPK target genes. The S. borealis extract increased glucose uptake in C2C12 cells and suppressed expression of the gluconeogenic gene, PEPCK in HepG2 cells. The extract significantly reduced blood glucose and triglyceride levels in STZ-induced diabetic mice. The extract enhanced AMPK phosphorylation and increased Glut-4 expression in the skeletal muscle of the mice. These findings demonstrated that the S. borealis extract exerts its anti-hyperglycemic effect through activation of AMPK and enhancement of insulin signaling.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2005

Ginseng is a popular medicinal plant highly valued throughout the world. Asian ginseng is one of the most common species of ginseng. It has long occupied a significant position in oriental medicine and has been justified its name as the 'king herb'. As a nutritional supplement, ginseng is an extremely common and popular herbal medicine in the United States and Canada in recent decades. The multiple constituents of ginseng possess equally multifaceted pharmacological actions as demonstrated by numerous studies. Ginseng root and its constituents influenced the central nervous system, endocrine, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal system, sexual, renal organ and immune system, etc. One important action is its anti-hyperglycemic effect. Previous studies on ginseng demonstrate that only the root of ginseng has been used in the treatment of diabetes, while the other parts of ginseng plant were always neglected. Recently, we analyzed the constituents of ginseng berry, leaf and discovered that ginseng berry, leaf extracts and its total ginsenosides have the ability to reduce hyperglycemia and body weight and increase the peripheral glucose utilization in obese or diabetic ob/ob or db/db mice. Our data suggest that all parts of ginseng plant, including root, berry, leaf and stem exhibit potent anti-hyperglycemic and anti-obese effects and may provide an opportunity to develop a novel class of anti-diabetic agents.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.41-57
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• 2005

This study has been carried out to understand the effect of Danchisoyosangagambang (DC) on the hyperglycemic mice induced with streptozotocin(STZ). Experimental groups were made diabetic mice by intraperitoneal injection of STZ(60 mg/kg of body weight) tw ice by 24 h interval and then 120 mg/kg STZ was injected again 3 days after the earlier treatment. Control group was administered mice with 0.9 % saline(2 mL/kg), and experim ental groups were administered DC extract(DCA group, 10 mg/kg/day; DCB group, 30 mg/kg/day) after hyperglycemic induction for 6 weeks. The body weight of experimental groups was lower than control. The blood glucose concentration increased continuously, rea ching to 298.9 mg/dL after 6 weeks, however, experimental groups of the DCA and DCB groups significantly(p<0.0l) decreased in the 4, 5, and 6 weeks groups. Blood glucose tolerance test was not significant between control and experimental groups. We examined the blood transaminase activities to know the effect of herbal medicine on liver function. The GOT activities were lower in group DCB than in control. The GPT activities were lower in group DCA and DCB than in control. The content of triglyceride was significantly increased in group DCA compared to control. The SOD and catalase activities were higher in the group DCA compared to control. The results of immunohistochemical study, a few of insulin positive cells observed in the control and experimental group. These results suggest that administration of DC extract to the hyperglycemic mice decreased the blood glucose level.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.253-270
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• 2007

Objectives : This study has been carried out to understand the effect of Cimicifugae Rhizoma and Seungmagalgeuntang on the hyperglycemic mice induced with Streptozotocin(STZ). Methods : The 60mg/kg of STZ was fed into mice twice by 24 h interval and then 120mg/kg STZ was fed again 3 days after the earlier feeding, Control group was administered mice with 0.9% saline(2mL/kg/day), and experimental groups were administered Cimicifugae Rhizoma extract(CA group, 10mg/kg/day; CB group, 30mg/kg/day) or Seungmagalgeuntang(SA group, 10mg/kg/day; SB group, 30mg/kg/day) after hyperglycemic induction for 6 weeks. Results : The body weight of experimental groups higher than control. The blood glucose concentration of the control group increased continuously reaching to 298.9 mg/dL after 6 weeks, however, significantly(p<0.01 or p<0.05) decreased in the SA and SB groups compared with control group. Blood insulin level significantly(p<0.01) increased in the experimental groups. The activities of SOD and catalase were more decreased in the experimental group than control group compared with normal group. In the point of pancreatic immunohistochemical change, the experimental group's pancreatic islets have increased and enlarged and the concentration of insulin-positive beta cells has also increased, comparing with the control group. Meanwhile forms of nucleus and mitochondria in the experimental group's hepatic cells were almost similar to the normal group. Conclusion : The result from the six weeks of observation demonstrates that the extracts from Cimicifugae Rhizoma and Seungmagalgeuntang have positive effects on lowering blood sugar level and elevating insulin concentration. The extract had also effects on recovering and regenerating pancreatic tissue of the hyperglycemic mice induced with STZ. At the same time, it had a protective effect against hepatotoxicity as well.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.17-36
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• 1965

Besides it's all important analgesic action, morphine has, among others, hyperglycemic effect, though not important clinically, which is believed to be resulted from augmented glycogenolysis in the liver and muscles due to the increased liberation of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla upon the stimulation of the posterior part of hypothalamus. It is known that adrenergic blocking agents are acting inhibitory to this sort of hyperglycemia. Much, however, should as yet be studied for the drugs which affect central nervous system and release of endogenous catecholamine as far as their effects on hyperglycemia are concerned. Much is still not known about the effect of ginseng, which has been highly regarded in the Herb Medicine, as far as it's influence on the blood sugar is concerned. Author investigated the effects of chlorpromazine, reserpine and ginseng on epinephrine induced, and morphine-induced hyperglycemiae. Animals used in this experiment were healthy albino rabbits weighing approximately 2.0 kg of body weight and were all fasted for 24 hours, before the experiment undertaken. Blood sugar determination was carried out by Nelson-Somogy method. Results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. The groups of rabbits administered intravenously with epinephrine 0.02 mg/kg, and 0.05 mg/kg, showed marked and transient hyperglycemia within 15 minutes after injection. The maximal rate of elevation in blood sugar to the control level, were 28% and 57% respectively. The blood sugar returned to the control level within 3 hours. Thus, the hyperglycemic responses were paralleled with epinephrine doses. 2. The hyperglycemic responses by morphine were different according to the doses. The groups of rabbits in which 4 mg/kg of morphine was administered, did not show any hyperglycemic effect, but, in which 10 mg/kg of morphine administered, showed severe hyperglycemic effect, resulting in the maximal level within 2 hours after injection. The maximal rate of increasing in blood sugar ,level was 88%. Compared .with epinephrine-injected groups, morphjne-injected groups showed more persistent hyperglycemic effect, but returned to control blood sugar .level in 6 hours after injection. 3. The intravenous injection of chlorpromazine 2 mg/kg and 8 mg/kg evoked a slight, and persistent hyperglycemia. The maximal rate of increasing in blood sugar level were 15% and 23% respectively. These hyperglycemia gradually returned to the normal level in 5 or 6 hours after injection. Thus, the intensity of response was paralleled with the dose of chlorpromazine. 4. The intravenous injection of reserpine 0.2 mg/kg and 0.5mg/kg, showed the most persistent but steady elevation of blood sugar level in this experiments, resulting in the maximal level in 5 hours after injection. The maximal rate of increasing of blood sugar level were 18% and 39% respectively. 5. The blood sugar level from 24 hours to 30 hours after intraperitoneal administration of reserpine 1.0mg/kg, did not show statistically significant difference, compared with control groups. 6. The oral administration of ginseng extract 15 ml/kg did not. show any :change in blood sugar level. 7. The intravenous administration of epinephrine 0.05 mg/kg or morphine 4 mg/kg to the group pretreated with ginseng extract 15 ml/kg $20{\sim}30$ minutes before the experiment, evoked more marked hyperglycemic effect than the non-pretreated group. 8. The intravenous administration of epinephrine 0.02 mg/kg, morphine 4 mg/kg, or morphine 10 mg/kg to the groups pretreated with reserpine 0.2 mg/kg or 0.5 mg/kg $20{\sim}30$ minutes before experiment, produced more marked and persistent hyperglycemic effects than the groups injected with single epinephrine or morphine injection. 9. When epinephrine 0.05 mg/kg or morphine 10 mg/kg administered intravenously to the groups pretreated with the intraperitoneal administration of reserpine 1 mg/kg 24 hours before experiment morphine-induced hyperglycemia was inbibited, but epinephrine-induced hyperglycemia was augmented. 10. When epinephrine 0.05mg/kg or morphine 10 mg/kg administered intravenously to the groups pretreated with chlorpromazine, 2 mg/kg, 4 mg/kg, and 8 mg/kg $20{\sim}30$ minutes before the experiment, morphine-induced hyperglycemia was inbibited, but epinephrine-induced hyperglycemia was more persistent.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.8-11
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• 2009

Blood glucose lowering effects of water extracts from four species of Commelinaceae(Commelina communis, Streptolirion volubile, Tradescantia reflexa, Aneliema keisak) were determined on alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats. In all the experimental groups, the blood glucose level decreased after loading carbohydrates. The blood glucose level in a group treated with C. communis extract decreased significantly as compared with the normal group. After loading maltose and sucrose separately in different groups, the blood glucose level decreased in the groups treated with the extracts of C. communis and S. volubile, and remained approximately unchanged with the extracts of T. reflexa and A. keisak as compared with the control groups.

• 고신대학교 의과대학 학술지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.402-408
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• 2018

Inhibitors of sodium-glucose cotransporters type 2 (SGLT2) are proposed as a novel approach for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. SGLT2 cotransporters are responsible for reabsorption of 90 % of the glucose filtered by the kidney. The glucuretic effect resulting from SGLT2 inhibition contributes to reduce hyperglycaemia and also assists weight loss and blood pressure reduction. In this study, we presented the case of a 59-year-old male who developed hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS), possibly caused by a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, a novel class of antihyperglycemic agents. This case highlights that HHS can develop in patients with diabetes treated with SGLT2 inhibitors.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.430-434
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Chronic hyperglycemia induces oxidative stress via accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and contributes to diabetic complications. Hyperglycemia induces mitochondrial superoxide anion production through the increased activity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. This study aimed to determine whether fisetin and luteolin treatments suppress the oxidative stress by modulating the expression of sirtuins (SIRTs) and forkhead box O3a (FOXO3a) under hyperglycemic conditions in human monocytes. MATERIALS/METHODS: Human monocytic cells (THP-1) were cultured under osmotic control (14.5 mmol/L mannitol), normoglycemic (NG, 5.5 mmol/L glucose), or hyperglycemic (HG, 20 mmol/L glucose) conditions, in the absence or presence of fisetin and luteolin for 48 h. To determine the effect of fisetin and luteolin treatments on high glucose-induced oxidative stress, western blotting and intracellular staining were performed. RESULTS: Hyperglycemic conditions increased the ROS production, as compared to normoglycemic condition. However, fisetin and luteolin treatments inhibited ROS production under hyperglycemia. To obtain further insight into ROS production in hyperglycemic conditions, evaluation of p47phox expression revealed that fisetin and luteolin treatments inhibited p47phox expression under hyperglycemic conditions. Conversely, the expression levels of SIRT1, SIRT3, SIRT6, and FOXO3a were decreased under high glucose conditions compared to normal glucose conditions, but exposure to fisetin and luteolin induced the expression of SIRT1, SIRT3, SIRT6, and FOXO3a. The above findings suggest that fisetin and luteolin inhibited high glucose-induced ROS production in monocytes through the activation of SIRTs and FOXO3a. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study supports current researches that state fisetin and luteolin as potential agents for the development of novel strategies for diabetes.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.516-523
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• 2008

꾸지뽕잎으로 제조한 덖음차(PM)와 발효차(FM)의 $\alpha$-glucosidase 저해활성과 경구 내당성 및 stereptozotocin(STZ)으로 유발한 고혈당 쥐의 혈당, fructosamine 및 혈청 지질 함량에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 70% ethanol 추출물(20 mg/mL)의 $\alpha$-glucosidase 저해 활성은 FM 92.5%, RM 54.6%, 건조꾸지뽕잎(RM) 69.1%였다. 경구 내당성을 조사한 결과, 고혈당 대조군은 360분까지 혈당의 감소가 없었으나 PM 및 FM을 투여한 군에서는 투여 후 60분부터 감소하여 120분 후에는 정상군 수준으로 회복되었다. 당뇨 유발 후 동결 건조한 차분말을 3% 혼합한 식이로 5주간 사육한 결과, PM 및 FM 투여군은 고혈당 대조군에 비하여 다음과 같은 효과가 있었다. 체중 증가량, 식이효율은 유의적으로 높았으며, 식이 및 음용수 섭취 량은 각각 $12.9{\sim}16.9%$ 및 $6.8{\sim}10.1%$가 감소하였다. 혈당과 fructosamine 함량은 각각 $27.3{\sim}39.8%$ 및 $6.7{\sim}20.0%$가 감소하였다. 혈청중성지질, total cholesterol 및 LDL-cholesterol 함량은 각각 $24.9{\sim}27.1%$, $15.9{\sim}17.4%$ 및 $33.8{\sim}38.4%$ 감소하였다. HDL-cholesterol함량은 $20.5{\sim}24.8%$가 증가하였다. 이러한 효과는 PM보다 FM이 다소 양호하였다. 이상의 결과, 꾸지뽕잎차의 항당뇨 효과는 $\alpha$-glucosidase 저해 활성과 더불어 고혈당에 기인된 혈청 지질의 변화를 저해함으로써 나타난 것으로 생각되나 보다 구체적인 mechanism에 대하여 앞으로의 연구가 요망된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제33권7호
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• pp.1133-1138
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• 2004

본 연구는 streptozotocin(STZ)을 투여하여 고혈당이 유발된 생쥐(UM군)에 생지황(Rhemanniae Radix) 전탕액의 투여(5.0 mL/kg/day, RR군)효과를 밝히기 위하여 수행하였다. STZ로 유발된 생쥐에 생지황 전탕액을 6주 동안 구강 투여한 후 혈당과 당내성 검사 및 췌장섬의 면역조직화학 검사를 하였다. 혈당수준은 RH군이 HM군에 비하여 2, 3, 5, 6주에서 유의성 있게 낮았으며, 당내성 검사 또한 RR군이 HM군에 비하여 우수한 결과를 보여 주었다. 6주 후 insulin-양성 5-세포들과 insulin-like growth factor-II 양성 물질들은 HM군에 비하여 RR군에서는 보다 높게 나타났다. HM군에서는 apoptosis 면역반응성 과립들이 췌장섬 전반에 걸쳐 관찰되었으나, RR군에서는 일부 세포들의 핵에서 면역반응성을 보여주었다. HM군에서는 대부분 췌장섬들이 파괴되어 소수 관찰되었으나 RR군은 다수 관찰되었다. 이와 같은 결과로 보아 생지황 전탕액은 STZ로 유발된 손상으로부터 췌장섬을 회복시키는 효과가 있는 것으로 사료된다.