• 자원환경지질
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.289-301
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• 1997

보국 코발트 광산은 백악기 경상분지내에 위치하며, 셰일로 구성된 건천리층을 천부 관입한 암주상의 미문상 화강암내에 국한하여 배태된다. 광상은 열극 충진형 석영${\pm}$액티놀라이트${\pm}$탄산염 광물맥으로 이루어지며, 광석광물로는 함코발트광물 (비독사석, 휘코발트석, 글로코도트), 함코발트 유비철석과 소량의 황화광물 (자류철석, 황동석, 황철석, 섬아연석) 및 미량의 산화광물 (자철석, 적철석)이 산출된다. Rb-Sr 절대연령 측정 결과, 화강암의 관입 및 이와 관련된 광화작용은 후기 백악기 (85.98 Ma)에 이루어진 것으로 판단된다. 산출광물종은 다소 복잡한 양상을 보이며, 시간에 따라 다음과 같이 변화한다: 액티놀라이트, 탄산염광물 및 석영에 수반되는 함코발트 광물의 정출 (광화시기 I, II)${\rightarrow}$석영에 수반되는 황화광물, 금 및 산화광물의 정출 (광화시기 III)${\rightarrow}$탄산염광물의 정출(광화시기 IV, V). 고온성 광물 (함코발트 광물, 휘수연석, 액티놀라이트)과 더불어 저온성 광물 (황화광물, 금, 탄산염광물)이 산출되는 점으로 보아 열수광화작용은 xenothermal 환경에서 형성되었다. 화강암은 특징적으로 높은 코발트 함유량 (평균 50.90 ppm)을 나타내며, 이는 코발트가 냉각하는 화강암 암주에서 기원하였음을 지시한다. 반면, 건천리층 셰일의 높은 동 및 아연 함유량은 이들 원소가 주로 셰일로부터 유래되었음을 지시한다. 열수용액의 온도 감소와 더불어 산소분압이 감소 (광화 I, II기의 코발트광물 형성, $T=560^{\circ}C-390^{\circ}C$, log $fO_2=$ > -32.7 to -30.7 atm at $350^{\circ}C$; 광화 III기의 황화광물 형성, $T=380^{\circ}-345^{\circ}C$, log $fO_2={\geq}-30.7$ atm at $350^{\circ}C$함은 열수계가 시간이 지남에 따라 초기 마그마성 계로부터 천수로 지배되는 열수계로 전이되었음을 나타낸다. 광화 II기의 유황 동위원소 값은 초기 함코발트 열수 용액이 화성기원 ($${\delta}^{34}S_{{\Sigma}S}{\sim_=}3-5$$‰)으로부터 기원하였음을 증거한다. 열수용액의 ${\delta}^{34}S_{H_2S}$ 값은 광화 II기의 코발트 형성기 (3-5‰)로부터 황화광물 형성 시기인 광화 IV기 (최대 약 20‰)까지 크게 증가하였다. 이는 후기로 갈수록 천수가 우세한 열수계로 진화하면서 주위의 퇴적암을 순환하는 과정에 동위원소적으로 무거운 유황 (퇴적기원의 황산염)과 천금속 (Cu, Zn 등) 및 금을 용해, 농집시켰음을 시사한다. 후기에 천수의 유입이 없었더라면, 보국 광상은 단순히 액티놀라이트 + 석영 + 함코발트 광물로 구성된 광맥으로만 형성되었을 것이다. 또한, 마그마 기원의 열수계가 형성된 이후에 천수 순환계가 형성됨으로 인하여 고온 광물과 저온 광물이 함께 산출되는 xenothermal 한 광상의 특성을 나타내게 되었다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.25-34
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• 1970

Very few articles are available on geologic structure and genesis of Sangdong scheelite-deposits in spite of the fact that the mine is one of the leading tungsten producer in the world. Sangdong scheelite deposits, embedded in Myobong slate of Cambrian age at the southem limb of the Hambaek syncline which strikes $N70{\sim}80^{\circ}W$ and dips $15{\sim}30^{\circ}$ northeast, comprise six parallel veins in coincide with the bedding plane of Myobong formation, namely four footwall veins, a main vein, and a hangingwall vein. Four footwall veins are discontinuous and diminish both directions in short distance and were worked at near surface in old time. Hangingwall vein is emplaced in brecciated zone in contact plane of Myobong slate and overlying Pungchon limestone bed of Cambrian age and has not been worked until recent. The main vein, presently working, continues more than 1,500 m in both strike and dip sides and has a thickness varying 3.5 to 5 m. Characteristic is the distinct zonal arrangement of the main vein along strike side which gives a clue to the genesis of the deposits. The zones symmetrically arranged in both sides from center are, in order of center to both margins, muscovite-biotite-quartz zone, biotite-hornblende-quartz zone and garnet-diopside zone. The zones grade into each other with no boundary, and minable part of the vein streches in the former two zones extending roughly 1,000 m in strike side and over 1,100 m in dip side to which mining is underway at present. The quartz in both muscovite-biotite-quartz and biotite-hornblende-quartz zones is not network type of later intrusion, but the primary constituent of the special type of rock that forms the main vein. The minable zone has been enriched several times by numerous quartz veins along post-mineral fractures in the vein which carry scheelite, molybdenite, bismuthinite, fluorite and other sulfide minerals. These quartz veins varying from few centimeter to few tens of centimeter in width are roughly parallel to the main vein although few of them are diagonal, and distributed in rich zones not beyond the vein into both walls and garnet-diopside zone. Ore grade ranges from 1.5~2.5% $WO_3$ in center zone to less than 0.5% in garnet-diopside zone at margin, biotite-hornblende-quartz zone being inbetween in garde. The grade is, in general, proportional to the content of primary quartz. Judging from regional structure in mid-central parts of South Korea, Hambaek syncline was formed by the disturbance at the end of Triassic period with which bedding thrust and accompanied feather cracks in footwall side were created in Myobong slate and brecciated zone in contact plane between Myobong slate and Pungchon limestone. These fractures acted as a pathway of hot solution from interior which was in turn differentiated in situ to form deposit of the main vein with zonal arrangement. The footwall veins were developed along feather cracks accompanied with the main thrust by intrusion of biotite-hornblende-quartz vein and the hangingwall vein in shear zone along contact plane by replacement. The main vein thus formed was enriched at later stage by hydrothermal solutions now represented by quartz veins. The main mineralization and subsequent hydrothermal enrichments had probably taken place in post-Triassic to pre-Cretaceous periods. The veins were slightly displaced by post-mineral faults which cross diagonally the vein. This hypothesis differs from those done by previous workers who postulated that the deposits were formed by pyrometasomatic to contact replacement of the intercalated thin limestone bed in Myobong slate at the end of Cretaceous period.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.81-87
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• 1997

전남 및 경상점토열수변질지역은 백악기 유천층군의 화산암지대내 분포한다. 전남 변질지역의 모암은 산성화산암류이며 경상 변질지역의 모암은 산성 및 중성화산암류이나 중성화산암류가 우세하다. 두 변질지역의 열수변질작용을 비교 하였을 때 중요한 차이는 열수용액의 기원으로 생각된다. 경상 열수변질지대는 마그마수가 열수의 주 기원으로서 고온성 변질광물인 엽납석이나 홍주석이 우세하게 산출되며 마그마수에서 특징적인 붕소 함유 광물인 듀모티어라이트와 전기석의 산출이 특징적이다. 이에 반해서 전남 열수변질지역은 천수와 열수의 혼합용액이 열수의 주 기원으로 천수가 중요한 역할을 하였으며, 저온성 광물인 카오린, 명반석 등이 우세하게 산출된다. 또 다른 중요한 차이는 pH 와 같은 열수용액의 화학성 차이이다. 전남 열수변질지역의 명반석-카오런-석영 변질광물군은 저온의 강산성 열수용액으로서 "산-황산염형" 으로 특징되며 이에 반해 경상 열수변질지역의 견운모-석영 변질광물군은 "석영-견운모형" 에 해당되며 고온의 중성 내지 약산성 열수용액에 의한 변질특성을 나타낸다. 또한 두 지역은 열수변질대 모암인 화산암류의 지질구조 환경에서 차이를 찾아 볼 수 있다. 전남 열수변질지역은 산성암질 돔과 성인적으로 관련되나 경상 열수 변질지역은 칼데라와 관련된 특성을 보인다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.11-20
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• 1993

본 연구에서는 세개의 대표적인 열수점토광상인 성산, 옥매, 해남광상으로 부터 채취한 석영, 견운모, 명반석과 카올린광물 및 광상들의 주변암에 대해 산소 및 수소동위원소 연구를 실시하였다. 생산광상의 석영, 견운모, 명반석과 카올린광물에 대한 산소동위원소값은 각기 +8.4에서 +11.1‰, +4.8에서 +5.8‰, + 3.0에서 +6.6‰, +3.6에서 +5.4‰의 값을 나타낸다 옥매산광상의 석영, 견운모1 명반석과 카올린광물에 대한 산소동위원소값은 각기 +8.0에서 + 13.6‰, + 4.8에서 +8.4‰, +0.9에서 +2.4‰, +2.8에서 +6.7‰의 값을 나타낸다. 해남광상의 석영과 견운모에 대한 산소동위원소값은 각기 +7.9에서 + 10.1‰ 과 +4.5에서 +6.5‰ 의 값을 나타낸다. 화강암류와 화산암류에 대한 산소동위원소값은 각기 +3.0에서 +7.8‰ 과 +3.2에서 +10.7‰의 값을 나타낸다. 성산광상의 견운모, 영반석과 카올린팡울에 대한 수소동위원소값은 각기 -71에서 -90‰, -43에서 -77‰, -78에서 86‰ 의 값을 나타낸다 옥매산광상의 견운모, 영반석과 카올린광물에 대한 수소동위원소값은 각기 -74에서 -88‰, -57에서 98‰, -73에서 80‰ 의 값을 나타낸다. 해남광상의 견운모에 대한 수소동위원소값은 -76에서 -85‰의 값을 나타낸다. 화강암류와 화산암류에 대한 수소동위원소값은 각기 77에서 105‰과 -76에서 100‰의 값을 나타낸다. 산소 및 수소동위원소비 분석결과로부터 점토광상에서 열수의 기원에 대해 다음과 같은 해석을 할 수 있다. 산소동위원소 분석결과로부터 공존하는 광물 즉, 석영-카올린광물과 석영-견운모광물로부터 정토광상의 형성온도를 구하였다. 성산광상은 $165{\sim}280^{\circ}C$, 옥매산광상은 $175{\sim}250^{\circ}C$, 해남광상은 $250{\sim}350^{\circ}C$로 나타났다. 이틀 세개의 광상은 magmatic water와 meteoric water의 혼합으로 형성되었다. 이러한 동위원소비 분석결과로부터 카올린과 명반석광물은 hypogene 기원으로 나타났고, steam-heated 환경에서 황화수소의 산화로서 형성되었다. 황화수소의 산화작용은 지하수면 아래에서 deep-seated water의 boiling에 기인된 수증기상에서 기인된 것으로 해석된다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.315-326
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• 1989

The pottery stone diposits of the Cheongsong area consist of abundant quartz with clay minerals such as mica/smectite interstratified mineral, tosudite, kaolinite and sericite. The occurrence and mineralogical properties of the clay minerals were investigated by X-ray diffraction method, chemical analysis, DTA and IR. The mineral transformation by hydrothermal alteration was also discussed. Tosudite occurs in the Beopsoo pottery stone deposit, it seem to be Li-beraing tosudite. Mica/smectite interstratified minerals with less than about 20% expandable layers are commonly observed in the pottery stone deposits of the area. The mica/smectite interstratified minerals tend to increase the expandable layers as the progress of alteration. The pottery stones from this area seem to be altered from rhyolite or welded tuff by hydrothermal solution.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.11-23
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• 1990

Pyrophyllite, kaolinite, and alunite deposits distributing in Southwestern parts of Cheonnam are classified into three types of minerals assemblages by the results of X-ray diffraction analysis etc. The first mineral assemblages contains pyrophyllite, kaolinite, dickite, quartz, diaspore and/or corundum, the second one contains alunite inseads of corundum, and the third one contains alunite without pyrophyllite and diaspore. It is can be considered that the depoSits which consist mainly of pyrophyllite are formed higher temperature than the other deposits. Judging form the chemical analyses the chemical compositions of hydrothermal solutions acting to the deposits seem to be relatively simple. But the hydrothermal solutions which generated Dogcheon, Jugjcon, Ogmaesan, and Seongsan mine contain rather somewhat higher $K_2O$. The values of the Trace Elements and REE analysis of the host rocks of deposits suggest that the host rocks are these deposits are the last products of magmatic differentiation.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.190-200
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• 1965

It is a fundamental study for the hardened bodies of $CaO-SiO_2-H_2O$ system to clear up various physical properties and structures of the products, using the Seosan quartz and $Ca(OH)_2$(C. P. grade) as raw materials. Various samples were obtained by varying $CaO/SiO_2$ mole ratio (0.3∼2.1) and hydrothermal conditions ($100∼220^{\circ}C$ and 2∼14hr.) within the given limit. It was found that tobermorite phase as hydrate is contained in the hardened bodies and that the development of crystal has a great influence on the strengths and other physical properties of hardened bodies.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제55권6호
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• pp.597-616
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• 2022

The Chungnam basin is a crucial area for studying the Mesozoic crustal evolutionary history of the Korean Peninsula. This study reports the revised geology and new isotopic ages from the northeastern Chungnam Basin based on detailed geological mapping and LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb analysis. Our renewed geologic map defines intra-basin, basin-bounding, and basement fault systems closely related to hydrothermal gold-bearing quartz vein injections. Here, we propose the directions of (micro)structural and geochronological future work to address issues on the relationship between the tectonic process, basin evolution, and hydrothermal fluid migration in the southwestern Korean Peninsula.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 1990

A couple of Au-Ag-bearing epithermal quartz veins of Cretaceous(87.9Ma) in age are developed in the Cretaceous(112Ma) granodiorite batholith which was emplaced in Mesozoic Baegyari sedimentary formation. Au minerals consist mostly of electrum with a 54.2-61.9 wt% Au and are closely associated with sulfide minerals including pyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, galena and sphalerite. Homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions in quartz, fluorite and calcite are $196-368^{\circ}C$ (avg. $240^{\circ}C$), $74-176^{\circ}C$ (avg. $115^{\circ}C$) and $75-200^{\circ}C$ (avg. $119^{\circ}C$) respectively. Sulfur isotopic compositions( +5- +8‰) of ore sulfides indicate a deep-seated sulfur origin. Oxygen isotope compositions of different stages of quartz vary from +5.6 to +9.3‰ and calculated ${\delta}^{18}O$ values of ore fluid at $250^{\circ}C$ range from -3.2 to +0.4‰, reflecting an isotopically evolved ore fluid mixed with a $^{18}O$ depleted meteoric water under the variable mixing ratios between hydrothermal and meteoric waters. Isotopic data of calcite minerals support the above conclusions.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.379-393
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• 1997

Geology of the Zbezkazgan copper deposit in Kazhkstan is mainly composed of Permian and Carboniferous sedimenary rocks in which copper minerals are mainly contained in grey sandstone of Carboniferous age. There are 28 layers of copper ore bodies in Zbezkazgan suite. Thickness of the ore bodies ranges from one to 35 meters, grade of the crude ore ranges from 2 to 5 wt % Cu and the extension of the orebodies is 5 to 7 km. Microscopic study on specimens from the Zbezkazgan ore deposit has exposed clues to understand the origin of this deposit. Alternatively deposited grey sandstone and red sandstone are mainly composed of quartz and feldspar grains. A big difference between the grey sandstone and the red sandstone is in grain size, the former is larger than the latter. Chalcocites as main copper minerals have cemented through grain boundary. It is assumed that quartz, feldspar and copper were derived from granitoid in which copper mineralization had taken place before exposing to weathering. The chalcocites were precipitated by a sudden change of geochemical condition (Eh, pH, temperature, etc.) of fluid which had carried quartz, feldspars, copper ions and sulphate during formation of grey sandstones. The copper ions and sulphate were stable in fluid during sedimentation of oxidation environment, however, the copper ions were no more stable at the reduced environment and changed to stable forms to precipitate copper minerals by reaction of copper ions and hydrogen sulfides. This chemical precipitation of copper minerals in the sandstone attributes to the assumption of hydrothermal origin on this sedimentary origined deposit.