• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.221-226
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• 2009

We investigated the most effective cutting interval for underwater nutrient removal through cut off the emergent part of hydrophytes at artificial vegetation island (AVR) which was installed for the purpose of water quality improvement in Lake Paldang. We divided the planting area of Phragmites japonica into three parts according to the cutting intervals. The shoot height and relative growth rate of P. japonica, nutrient contents and biomass of cut off P. japonica were measured at each cutting interval. The amount of nutrients which were removed through cut off at each cutting interval was calculated. P. japonica showed full growth, 80% and 60% of full growth before first cut off at three-months, two-months and one-month cutting interval condition respectively. Three-month cutting interval condition showed the largest biomass of cut off P. japonica and one-month cutting interval condition showed the least. However the cut off P. japonica showed the highest content of nutrients at one-month cutting interval condition and the least at three-month cutting interval condition. The amount of phosphorus and nitrogen removal at two-month cutting off condition is the largest among three cutting interval conditions indicating that cut off the emergent part of P. japonica every two months is the most effective to remove the nutrients from water at AVR in eutrophic lakes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.11-25
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• 2001

A wetland is an ecosystem which is the most useful and highly-energetic transition area. This study has been carried out to classify and identify the various types of wetlands in Korea. The main objective of this study are 1) defining and classifying of wetlands, and 2) identifying the wetlands characteristics, and 3) studying cases on the natural wetlands such as Han river, DMZ(Demillitarized Zone), Upo wetland and Yong(Dragon) wetland. The results as follows： 1) Development of the indices for identifying and classifying wetlands in encompassing in such as Ramsar Conference, US NWI(National Wetlands Inventory), Hydrogeomorphic system. 2) Development on the classifying method on the wetlands in the level of supersystem, system, subsystem, class and subclass. The systems include Palustrine and Riverine, and the subsystems are Seasonal, Permanent(Palustrine) and Impersistent, Lower perennial, Impersistent (Riverine). 3) Finally, we find out Young wetland is Palustrine/Permanent/Slope/Persistent, and Upo wetland consists of various types of wetlands, those are, Palustrine/Permanent/Depression/Forest Deciduous, Palustrine/Permanent/Depression/Shrub Deciduous, Palustrine/Permanent/Depression/Persistent, Palustrine /Permanent/Depression/Hydrophytes, and Lacustrine/Permanent/Openwater/Hydrophytes. The taxonomy of this study stems from identifying and classifying wetlands with indices mainly based on hydrologic features and substrates. So, it is needed that consequent studies are to be performed with various viewpoints. And the studying cases were limited because of the restricted entrance into the DMZ, And, we selected only 10 crucial sites in Han river as the subject for wetlands regulation and creation. And, for advanced studies, drawing up inventory and mapping are necessary.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.43-50
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• 2004

This study looked into the water quality improvement effect of reed (Phragmites communis), bur reed (Sparaganium stoloniferum), Alisma canaliculatum, and Hydrocharis dubia in order to develop native hydrophytes suitable to natural-type wetlands for ecological restoration. The result confirms that the concentration of wastewater was lowered in most plants indicating a possibility in wastewater treatment. Among four species, reed (Phragmites communis) and bur reed (Sparaganium stoloniferum) were most effective in removing a majority of contaminants. Considering that reed (Phragmites communis) is a species that has been used most often among hydrophytes, bur reed (Sparaganium stoloniferum), which is a native species in Korea, showed equivalent level of outstanding effect. In the physiological and growing activity and its relations to water quality improvement effect, each species appeared differently. Reed (Phragmites communis) and bur reed (Sparaganium stoloniferum) were best also in physiological and growing activity. In the case of Hydrocharis dubia, growth was strong in polluted water environment but its physiological activity was poor, indicating that it was under stress. The growth and physiological activity of Alisma canaliculatum were also poor, indicating that it too is being stressed. However, measuring organic contents in the plants of each species shows that the organic contents of Alisma canaliculatum was high. Alisma canaliculatum is a species effective in removing pollutants in water, although it is under stress. A unique phenomenon in removing water pollution with plants is that each species removed different pollutants. In the case of Alisma canaliculatum, which was relatively poor in removing pollution, it was remarkable in reducing nitrogen and phosphorus. Hydrocharis dubia was also effective in eliminating floating matter.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.27-53
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• 2013

This study is carried out to offer raw data and establish strategy for conservation and restoration of river ecosystem by objective surveying and analysing the flora and vegetation distributed in Hwang river, Gyeongsangnam-do. The flora identified in this site were 406 taxa including 95 families, 252 genera, 360 species, 3 subspecies, 40 varieties and 3 forms. The rare plants were 3 taxa including Sagittaria sagittifolia subsp. leucopetala, Hydrocharis dubia and Acorus calamus. The endemic plants were 4 taxa including Populus tomentiglandulosa, Salix koriyanagi, Paulownia coreana and Weigela subsessilis. The specific plants by floristic region were 17 taxa including Salix siuzevii, Poncirus trifoliata, Potamogeton maackianus and so forth. The naturalized plants were 39 taxa including Phytolacca americana, Chenopodium glaucum, Lepidium virginicum, Oenothera erythrosepala, Xanthium canadense, Lolium multiflorum and so forth. The invasive alien plants were Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Ambrosia trifida. The whole NI and UI were each 9.6% and 13.9%. The hydrophytes were 27 taxa including Marsilea quadrifolia, Nymphaea tetragona, Ceratophyllum demersum, Trapa japonica and so forth. In the results of growth forms of the hydrophytes, emergent species were 14 taxa, 3 taxa of floating-leaved species, 4 taxa of free-floating species and 6 taxa of submerged species. The dominant vegetations were Salix spp. community, Miscanthus sacchariflorus community, Phragmites japonica community and Phragmites communis community.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.411-422
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• 2009

This study was investigated on biodiversity and life forms of plants distributed in 28 wetlands on Jeju city, in order to apply wetlands to nature exploration sites for environmental education. The 131 kinds of the plants were found on 28 wetlands. The plant biodiversity was relatively high in Ban pond, Jeongmool, Mosanimool, Dolgaegi pond, Woot pond, and etc. The $5{\sim}6$ life forms of plants, relatively high in variousness to other wet lands, were distributed in Mosanimool, Dolgaegi pond, Woot pond, and Yeonhoa pond as well as Jeongmool and Yongsoo reservoir. The 71 kinds, which correspond to 54.2% of plants observed in this study, were identified as hydrophytes. The $4{\sim}5$ forms of hydrophytes were distributed on 23 wetlands, including Jeongmool, Mosanimool, Yongsoo reservoir, Ban pond, Dolgaegi pond, and etc. In conclusion, 5 wetlands such as Jeongmool, Yongsoo reservoir, Dolgaegi pond, Mosanimool and Woot pond were high in variousness of plant life forms as well as biodiversity of plants. These results suggest that 5 wetlands above could be applied as nature exploration sites. In addition, Korean rare and endangered plants such as Isoetes japonica, Nymphoides coreana, Utricularia japonica and Sparganium stoloniferum in this study need to be conserved.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.63-73
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• 1991

Nakdong estuary provides the largest wintering grounds for migrating waterfowls in Korea, and was designated Natural Monument No. 179 in 1966. Nakdong barrage and related construction-projects finished in 1987 to increase freshwater-supply to nearby Pusan metropolitan area and to reclaim the vast intertidal areas for land development. Changes on distribution, primary productivity, and standing crop of Schoenopluctus triqueter, the dominant species in this intertidal flats, were investigated after the construciton, during the 1988-1990, and were compared to those before the construction. Total standing crop. tuber biomass and net primary productivity of S. triqueter increased in 1988 and 1989, but decreased slightly in 1990. Increase of tuber biomass means an increase in available food, thus the carrying capacity, for swans wintering in this area. Habitat environment of this estuary should be protected and managed as a wintering ground for migrating waterfowls, inspite of the construction of the barrage.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.92-98
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• 2015

Hydrocharis dubia Backer and Salvinia natans All. were sampled from the Junam and Dongpan reservoirs, representative freshwater wetlands of Korea. A total of 19 endophytic fungal strains were isolated from hydrophytes native to the Junam wetlands and 5 strains were isolated from the Dongpan wetlands. Depending on phylogenetic analysis based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, strains from Junam belonged to 11 genera and from Dongpan belonged to 5 genera. Fusarium, Phoma and Talaromyces were commonly distributed genera from two wetlands. The fungal diversity index showed clear differences between each wetlands or each host hydrophyte. Above all, the highest diversity value was observed from Salvinia natans All., which have been reported as promising biological resources as eutrophication controller in environmental ecology.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.65-73
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• 2009

We investigated characteristics of channel morphology, flora and vegetation distribution at the main and the abandoned channels of the Hwangguji Stream and the Cheongmi Stream. The analysis of aerial photographs and old topographical maps showed that the abandoned channels were made by cut-off from the main channel due to the construction of artificial levee. The total number of species and percentage of exotic plants at the main channels were higher than those at the abandoned channels. At the abandoned channel, the percentage of species number of hydrophytes and hygrophytes was higher than those at the main channels in the both stream. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the floral structure between at the main and the abandoned channel was more similar in the Hwangguji Stream than that in the Cheongmi Stream. The relative distribution areas of hydrophytes and hygrophytes at two abandoned channels were much higher than those at the main channels in the both stream. The dominant plant was an emergent macrophyte, Zizania latifolia at two abandoned channels. Therefore, flora and vegetation at the abandoned channel showed more hydric and lentic characteristics and provided diversity on the landscape level.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.17-28
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• 2009

The investigated Varcular plants in Youngsan River Streams of Downtown in Gwangju Metropolitan City consist of total 437 taxa: 2 forms, 49 varieties, 386 species, 265 genera, 91 families. Among 53 taxa of hydrophytes, emerged plants were 16taxa, floating-leaved plants were 10taxa, suvmerged plants were 10taxa, and free-floating plants were 3taxa and swamp plants were 14taxa. Based on the list of Rare and Endangered plants, 5taxa were recorded such as Hydrocharis dubia, Euryale Ferox, Penthorum chinense, Prunus yedoensis, Nymphoides coreana. And Korean endemic Plants were appeared as 5taxa: Poa annua, Forsythia koreana, Paulownia coreana, Galium koreanum, Aster koraiensis. From the specific plant species sorted by classes, class I has 10taxa, class II has 2taxa, class III has 2taxa, class IV has 3taxa, class V has 5taxa. Naturalized plant were listed as 62taxa: 15families, 44genera, 59species, 3varieties, and naturalization index was 14.19%. The ecosystem disturbance plants assigned by the Ministry of Environment, 3taxa were recorded: Paspalum distichum, Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior, Solanum carilinense.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.29-44
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• 1999

Vegetation structure and distribution of the vascular hydrophytes and hygrophytes, and the growth pattern, standing crop and amounts of nutrient uptake by Salix species were investigated in the upper stream wetlands of the Namgang-Dam, Chinju-city, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea from April to November in 1997. The flora was composed of 43 hydrophytes and 241 hygrophytes, or total 284 vascular plants. The life forms of the hydrophytes were classified as 27 kinds of emergent plants, 4 floating-leaved plants, 3 free-floating plants, and 9 submersed plants. In the herb layer, the dominant species was Persicaria hyciropiper, and the ranges of the species diversity indices (H'), equitabilities, (J') and community similarity indices (CCs) were 1.59~1.89, 0.87~0.96, and 0.35~0.83, respectively. In the shrub and subtree layers, 17 kinds of Salix species were supposed to the pioneer plants at the early stage of the succession. The number of branches per main stem of Salix species was 5.0. The DBH class-frequency histograms of Salix species were the reverse J type, and the natural regeneration of the Salix community was expected. Basal area of Salix species per square meter was $24.87cm^2$. Volume of Salix species per square meter was $12,008cm^3$ and total phytomass of the Salix species was estimated as 12,894 ton. Biomass distribution of Salix species in the stem, the branch and twig, and the leaf was 64.1%, 28.1%, and 7.8%, respectively. The amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus absorbed by Salix species were 68,022 and 19,823 kg. It was recommended that application and conservation of the wetland and other counterplans are indispensable to reduce the adverse effects of water pollution and to preserve the wetland ecosystem.