• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.41 no.12
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• pp.1187-1198
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• 2008

Many reservoirs in Korea and their downstream environments are under increased pressure for water utilization and ecosystem management from longer discharge of turbid flood runoff compared to a natural river system. Turbidity($C_T$) is an indirect measurement of water 'cloudiness' and has been widely used as an important indicator of water quality and environmental "health". However, $C_T$ modeling studies have been rare due to lack of experimental data that are necessary for model validation. The objective of this study is to validate a coupled three-dimensional(3D) hydrodynamic and particle dynamics model (ELCOM-CAEDYM) for the simulation of turbid density flows in stratified Daecheong Reservoir using extensive field data. Three different groups of suspended solids (SS) classified by the particle size were used as model state variables, and their site-specific SS-$C_T$ relationships were used for the conversion between field measurements ($C_T$) and state variables (SS). The simulation results were validated by comparing vertical profiles of temperature and turbidity measured at monitoring stations of Haenam(R3) and Dam(R4) in 2004. The model showed good performance in reproducing the reservoir thermal structure and propagation of stream density flow, and the magnitude and distribution of turbidity in the reservoir were consistent with the field data. The 3D model and turbidity modeling framework suggested in this study can be used as a supportive tool for the best management of turbidity flow in other reservoirs that have similar turbidity problems.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.813-821
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• 2005

This paper presents a modeling study of thermal dynamics and turbid current in the Obong Lake, Kangreung. The lake formed by the artificial dam in 1983 for agricultural water supply, is currently under consideration of reconstruction in order to expand the volume of reservoir for water supply and flood control in downstream area. The US Army Corps of Engineers' CE-QUAL-W2, a two-dimensional laterally averaged hydrodynamic and water quality model, was applied to the lake after reconstruction as well as the present lake. The model calibration and verification were conducted against surface water levels and temperature of the lake measured during the years of 2001 and 2003. The model results showed a good agreement with fold measurements both in calibration and verification. Utilizing the validated model, an impact of dam reconstruction on vertical temperature and hydrodynamics were predicted. The model results showed that steep temperature gradient between epilimnion and hypolimnion would be formed during summer, along with extension of cold deep water after reconstruction. During winter and spring seasons, however, the vertical temperature profiles was predicted to be quite similar both before and after reconstruction. This results indicated that thermal stratification would become stronger during summer and stay longer after dam reconstruction. From the examination of predicted water movements, it was noticed that the upstream turbid current would infiltrate into the interface between metalimnion and hypolimnion and then suspended solids would slowly settle down to the bottom before reconstruction. After reconstruction, however, it was shown that the upstream turbid current would stay longer in metalimnion with similar density due to strong stratification. The model also predicted that dam reconstruction would make suspended solids near the dam location significantly decrease.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.38 no.8 s.157
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• pp.655-664
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• 2005

A real-time monitoring and modeling system (RTMMS) for rainfall-induced turbidity flow, which is one of the major obstacles for sustainable use of reservoir water resources, is under development. As a prediction model for the RTMMS, a laterally integrated two-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model, CE-QUAL-W2 was tested by simulating the temperature stratification, density flow regimes, and temporal and spatial distributions of turbidity in a reservoir. The inflow water temperature and turbidity measured every hour during the flood season of 2004 were used as the boundary conditions. The monitoring data showed that inflow water temperature drop by 5 to $10^{\circ}C$ during rainfall events in summer, and consequently resulted in the development of density flow regimes such as plunge flow and interflow in the reservoir. The model showed relatively satisfactory performance in replicating the water temperature profiles and turbidity distributions, although considerable discrepancies were partially detected between observed and simulated results. The model was either very efficient in computation as the CPU run time to simulate the whole flood season took only 4 minutes with a Pentium 4(CPU 2.0GHz) desktop computer, which is essentially requited for real-time modeling of turbidity plume.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.46 no.11
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• pp.1115-1128
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the suspended solids and eutrophication processes relationships in Chungju lake using CE-QUAL-W2, two-dimensional (2D) longitudinal/vertical hydrodynamic and water quality model. For water quality modeling, the lake segmentation was configured as 7 branches system according to their shape and tributary distribution. The model was calibrated (2010) and validated (2008) using 2 years of field data of water temperature, suspended solids (SS), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and algae (Chl-a). The water temperature began to increase in depth from April and the stratification occurred at about 10 m early July heavy rain. The high SS concentration of the interflow density currents entering from the watershed was well simulated especially for July 2008 heavy rainfall event. The simulated concentration range of TN and TP was acceptable, but the errors might occur form the poor reflection for sedimentation velocity of nitrogen component and adsorption-sediment of phosphorus in model. The concentration of Chl-a was simulated well with the algal growth patterns in summer of 2010 and 2008, but the error of under estimation may come from the use of width-averaged velocity and concentration, not considering the actual to one side inclination by wind effect.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.213-213
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• 2011

남강은 낙동강에 유입되는 지류 중 가장 큰 하천으로서 낙동강 하류의 수질에 매우 큰 영향을 미치고 있다. 남강댐은 저수 용량에 비해 유역면적이 주요 저수지들에 비하여 월등하게 크므로 홍수시 순간적으로 다량의 유량 및 오염물질이 방류되어 낙동강에 유입되는 특성을 가지고 있다. 남강댐은 서북측에서 유입되는 경호강과 남쪽에서 댐축과 가까이 유입되는 덕천강이 공간적으로 멀리 떨어져 있음으로 인해, 주요 유입물질이 유입되는 시기에 횡방향 및 종방향으로 농도차이를 나타내고 있으며, 과거에 설치되었던 댐이 수중에 존재함으로 인해 국지적인 정체현상이 발생하고 있다. 남강은 현재 경남권은 물론, 거제 및 부산권의 용수원을 공급하거나 예정으로 있으므로 수질관리에 가장 큰 우선순위를 두어야 한다. 남강댐의 합리적인 수질관리를 위해서는 호 내의 공간적 시간적 수질변화에 대한 이해와 수질변화 여건에 있으며 이용되는 만큼 호 내의 정밀한 유체거동 해석이 필수적이다. 본 연구에서는 남강댐의 수리-수질 특성을 진단하고 예측하기 위하여 3차원 수리동역학 모델인 EFDC와 수질모델인 WASP을 연계하여 사용하였다. 유량 경계조건은 한국수자원공사 및 국가수자원관리 종합 정보시스템(WAMIS)의 남강댐 운영 자료를 바탕으로 남강댐의 유입량과 유출량 자료를 작성하였다. 남강으로 유입되는 지천 및 호 내의 수온, SS 및 수질농도 등은 환경부의 물환경정보시스템의 월 측정자료를 사용하였으며, 기상조건은 진주 기상대의 자료를 사용하였다. 본 연구에서 가용한 입력자료를 이용하여 남강댐의 수리 및 수질 및 부유물질 특성을 모의하였으며 EFDC-WASP 모델을 이용하여 성공적인 보정이 가능한 것을 확인하였다. 그러나 자세한 분석과 대책을 수립하기 위해서는 남강댐의 유입 수질 및 유량 자료에 대한 실질적인 모니터링이 수행되는 것이 필요하다고 판단된다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.971-971
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• 2012

4대강 살리기 사업으로 인하여 4대강에 대한 전면적인 투자와 공사가 이루어지고 있다. 4대강 사업이 마치게 되면 전국에 많은 수의 대규모 보가 설치되고 설치되어진 보는 각각의 강의 관리에 많은 영향을 미치게 될 것이다. 그러므로 이 4대강 사업으로 조성되는 13억 톤 수자원을 융 복합기술을 이용하여 감시 및 관리를 해야 할 것이다. 이를 위해서 실시간 수질 감시 및 모니터링 시스템의 개발과 그에 따른 센서들의 개발을 통하여 4대강 보 운영관리를 위한 통합관리 시스템개발(Ubiquitous River Management)이 이루어 져야 할 것이다. 그동안 계산 시간의 제약을 받아 오던 3 차원 수리동역학의 모의가 컴퓨터관련 기술의 발달에 따라 계산에 소요되는 시간이 계속 단축되고 있으며 이를 수질예측에 사용하는 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 그에 따라 실시간으로 얻은 데이터를 이용하여 모델링 기법을 통해 예측을 해봄으로써 보 내부에 존재하는 여러 취수원 관리에 적용을 할 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구에는 3차원 수리동역학 모델과 수질모델을 결합한 시스템이 저수지 내의 수리특성, 유사이동 및 탁수 현상을 모의하는데 사용이 가능한지를 알아보는 것을 주목적으로 하고 있다. 본 팔당댐 모의에서는 취수구에 따른 수질변화를 모의하기 위해 3차원모델의 사용이 필요하다. 따라서 본 모의에서는 미국 환경부에서 WASP에 이용하기 위해 수정한 EFDC1(2009, USEPA에서 입수)을 사용하였다. 본 연구에서는 팔당호의 2009년의 수위, 수온, 유량 및 농도의 실측자료를 이용하여 3차원 수리 모델링을 실시하고, 수위, 유사이동 및 탁도 예측 모델링을 실시하였다. 3차원 수리동역학 모델과 취수원의 적용에 적절한 모델을 구축하기 위하여 적당한 평면격자의 개수를 선택하여 선택되어진 평면격자에서 수직격자의 층수를 조절하여 매 층마다 DYE TEST를 하였다. 이는 각각의 유입 하천에서 오염물질이라 가정하고 농도가 유입되었을 때 수리특성에 의해서 연구지역에서의 농도 변화를 파악하여 미리 예측을 하여서 그에 따라 취수원에서의 취수 관리를 가능하게 할 수 있다. 이를 위해서 평면격자에 따라서 수직 층의 개수를 5층부터 40층까지 모의를 하여서 시간 및 이동변화에 따라 알맞은 모델을 구축하였다. 또한 층수마다 Sediment 모의를 통하여 호 내의 SS의 이동을 모의하였다. 이 역시 취수원의 관리를 가능하게 할 수 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.38-46
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• 2012

This study carried out current status, characteristics, and problems of coastal environment management on semi-enclosed Masan Bay in Korea and suggests cost-effective and eco-friendly water quality management policy. The pollutants from terrestrial sources into the Bay have apparently environmental pollution problems, such as eutrophication, red tide, and hypoxia. The carrying capacity of the Bay is estimated by hydrodynamic model and ecosystem model, material circulation including bivalve in ecosystem is analyzed by the growth model of bivalve. The resulting reduction in the input load was found to be 50~90%, which is unrealistic. When the efficiency of water quality improvement through bivalve farming was assessed based on the autochthonous COD, 30.7% of the total COD was allochthonous COD and 69.3% was autochthonous COD. The overall autochthonous COD reduction rate by bivalve aquaculture farm was found to be about 6.7%. This study indicate that bivalve farming is about 31% less expensive than advanced treatment facilities that remove both nitrogen and phosphorous.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.472-484
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• 2008

The calibrated Andong Reservoir hydro-dynamic module (PART I) of the 2-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model, CE-QUAL-W2 [v3.2], was applied to examine the dynamics of total phosphorus, and chlorophyll $\alpha$ concentration within Andong Reservoir. The modeling effort was supported with the data collected in the field for a five year period. In general, the model achieved a good accuracy throughout the calibration period for both chlorophyll ${\alpha}$ and total phosphorus concentration. The greatest deviation in algal concentration occurred on $10^{th}$ October, starting at the layer just beneath the surface layer and extending up to the depth of 35 m. This deviation is principally attributed to the effect of temperature on the algal growth rate. Also, on the same date, the model over-predicts hypolimnion and epilimnion total phosphorus concentration but under-predicts the high concentrated plume in the metalimnion. The large amount of upwelling of finer suspended solid particles, and re-suspension of the sediments laden with phosphorus, are thought to have caused high concentration in the epilimnion and hypolimnion, respectively. Nevertheless, the model well reproduced the seasonal dynamics of both chlorophyll a and total phosphorus concentration. Also, the model tracked the interflow of high phosphorus concentration plume brought by the turbid discharge during the Asian summer monsoon season. Two different hypothetical discharge scenarios (discharge from epilimnetic, and hypolimnetic layers) were analyzed to understand the response of total phosphorus interflow plume on the basis of differential discharge gate location. The simulated results showed that the hypolimnetic discharge gate operation ($103{\sim}113\;m$) was the most effective reservoir structural control method in quickly discharging the total phosphorus plume (decrease of in-reservoir concentration by 219% than present level).

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.36 no.12
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• pp.821-827
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• 2014

The 4major river project has caused changes in flow and water quality patterns in major rivers in Korea including the Nakdong River where several toxicant release accidents have had occurred. Three dimensional hydrodynamic model, the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC), was applied to evaluate the effect of geomorphological change of the river on the advection and dispersion patterns of a conservative toxic pollutant. A hypothetical scenario was developed using historical data by assuming a toxic release from an upstream location. If there is a toxic release at the Gumi Industrial Complex, the toxic material would be detected after 2.22 and 9.83 days at Chilgok and Gangjung weir, respectively, in the new river system. It was estimated that they took at least 12 times longer than those with the river conditions before the project. Effect of relocation of intake towers for Daegu Metro City to upstream of Gumi City was also evaluated using the developed modeling system. It was observed that hydraulic residence time would be increased due to decreased flow rate and thus due to lowered water level. However, peak concentration differences were found to be about 2% lower in both places due to increased dispersion effect after the relocation.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.643-651
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• 2001

Paddlewheel-driven circulation in a culture pond has been simulated based on the depth integrated 2 dimensional hydrodynamic model. Acceleration by paddlewheel is expressed as shaft force divided by water mass discharged by paddlewheel blades. The model has been calibrated and applied to culture ponds as following steps:- i) The model predicted velocities at every 10 m along longitudinal direction from the paddlewheel. The model was calibrated comparing the results with the measured values at mass correction factor $\alpha$ and dimensionless eddy viscosity constant $\gamma$, respectively, in a range $15\~20$ and 6. ii) Wind shear stress was simulated under conditions of direction $0^{\circ}C,\;90^{\circ}C\;and\;180^{\circ}C$ and speed 0.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 m/s. Change rate of current speed was <$1\%$ at wind in parallel or opposite direction to the paddlewheel-driven jet flow, while $4\%$ at orthogonal angle. iii) The model was then applied to 2 culture ponds located at the Western coast of Korea. The measured and predicted currents for the ponds were compared using the regression analysis. Analysis of flow direction and speed showed correlation coefficients 0.8928 and 0.6782 in pond A, 0.8539 and 0.7071 in pond B, respectively. Hence, the model is concluded to accurately predict circulation driven by paddlewheel such that it can be a useful tool to provide pond management strategy relating to paddlewheel operation and water quality.