• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.717-726
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• 2003

This paper presents the methods that design the Wavelet-based pitch detector for 2,4 kbps Harmonic-CELP Coder, and that achieve the effective waveform interpolation by decision window shape of the transition region, Waveform interpolation coder operates by encoding one pitch-period-sized segment, a prototype segment, of speech for each frame, generate the smooth waveform interpolation between the prototype segments for voiced frame, But, harmonic synthesis of the prototype waveforms between previous frame and current frame occur not only waveform errors but also discontinuity at frame boundary on that case of pitch halving or doubling, In addtion, in transition region since waveform interpolation coder synthesizes the excitation waveform by using overlap-add with triangularity window, therefore, Harmonic-CELP fail to model the instantaneous increasing speech and synthesis waveform linearly increases, First of all, in order to detect the precise pitch period, we use the hybrid 1st pitch detector, and increse the precision by using 2nd ACF-pitch detector, Next, in order to modify excitation window, we detect the onset, offset of frame by GCI, As the result, pitch doubling is removed and pitch error rate is decreased 5.4% in comparison with ACF, and is decreased 2,66% in comparison with wavelet detector, MOS test improve 0.13 at transition region.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.3 s.116
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• pp.120-138
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• 2006

A city evolves over time. It grows, transforms, and sometimes degrades. Chuncheon is at a turning point from a city souggling with regulations regarding clean water supply and a military encampment to a masterpiece city with a sustainable vision. The city is getting ready to restructure itself to become a world-famous culture and tourism complex expanding its physical boundary across the Camp Page site and absorbing Jungdo as a major tourist attraction. The landscape in the future blueprint of Chuncheon will play a great role in restructuring urban form. The regenerated in will have a new networked open space system as well as re-evaluated landscape resources. The hybrid theoretical practice called 'landscape urbanism' burgeoning in the fields between 'landscape architecture' and 'urbanism' can guide us in considering the terms of the relationship between a city and landscape when we design a future city Landscape urbanism is considered to be an effective framework by which we can diagnose the current status of a landscape in our contemporary urban design practice in Korea. This paper tries to provide a different perspective from the viewpoint of landscape urbanism to decipher the hidden implications of the social agreement on the role of landscape in urban structure by re-reading eight design proposals presented for the ChunCheon G5 international design competition based on the main principles of landscape urbanism. The G5 design competition is a great opportunity to test out new ideas on a city, demonstrating the relative values among various urban-design professional realms. First, this paper provides an overview of the main ideas of landscape urbanism based on the literature review and case studies. Second, framework categories are suggested in order to extract the explicit and implicit ideas on the landscape. Third, eight proposals are reviewed according to the suggested categories to situate the current landscape design of Korea within the mainstream of contemporary practice of landscape urbanism. Based on the review of eight proposals, the following diagnostic conclusions are made; first, the ideas of landscape urbanism have not been actively introduced in large-scaled urban landscape projects in Korea like Chuncheon G5. Second, it remains to be a big task for landscape professions to be able to participate in design consortiums on an equal footing. Third, In order to introduce and reify the ideas of landscape urbanism in Korea, it is inevitable and critical to test the ideas in both academic fields and professional practices to find the appropriately adjusted model of landscape urbanism.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.63-76
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• 1999

The main objective of this study was to develop a concept of service marketing promotion in nursing that is derived from the concepts of service marketing theory. This research was a descriptive study, at the factor isolation level. The principle of concept derivation suggested by Walker and Avant (1988) and the Hybrid model suggested by Schwarz-Barcott and Kim (1993) were employed as the research method. The data were collected from December, 1997 to April. 1998 at a large general hospital located in Seoul. The procedures of this study were as follows: First. at the theoretical phase: the meaning, attributes, and definition of service marketing promotion were identified through an extensive review of the literature. Second, at the empirical phase: fieldwork was done to identify the promotional activities and events in nursing. Top nurse managers from 4 units (Director of Nursing, Head nurses of inpatient nursing unit, outpatient nursing unit. and home care nursing unit) were interviewed and the content of the interview was analyzed to identify the meaning and attributes of promotion in nursing. Other methods such as brochures and other audio-visual materials which were relevant to nursing promotion were used to supplement the interviews. Finally, the results of the theoretical and empirical analyses were intergrated to develop a concept of service marketing in nursing practice. A final definition of service marketing promotion in nursing was identified as follows. 1. Promotion as a marketing function in nursing service is concerned with communication to target markets on all information related to nursing service in order to satisfy the objectives of both a nursing service organization and the target markets. 2. The goals of nursing service promotion include: 1) increasing visibility of nursing services and delivering the information on nursing services, 2) affirming the value of nursing services, so it can contribute to formulation of reimbursement policy for nursing services. 3) advancing the general image of the nursing profession and nursing services. 4) achieving and attaining a desirable positioning for nurses among health care professionals. and 5) creating and stimulating the demand for nursing services. 3. In order to obtain these goals it is necessary to provide information on nursing services, to persuade target markets. to remind them about nursing services. and to establish a collaborative relationship with related departments. 4. The tools used to carry out the above functions of promotion in nursing are the providing nursing services, public relations and publicity. QA of nursing, advertising, and sales promotion. 5. The target markets of nursing service include the nursing customer markets. the internal markets, the influence markets. the recruitment markets. the supplier markets. and the nursing referral markets. In conclusion, the concept of promotion in other service marketing areas can be applied to the promotion of nursing service marketing. The promotion of nursing service is more than just effective communication in nursing service. it is the effective use of the concepts of service marketing promotion. Promotion of nursing service will contribute to create and expand nursing services.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.88-96
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• 2011

Underwater acoustic communication is applicable in various areas, such as ocean data collection, undersea exploration and development, tactical surveillance, etc. Thus, robot control system construction used for underwater-robot like AUV or ROV is essential in these areas. In this paper, we propose the Message Merging MAC($M^2$-MAC) protocol, which is suitable for real time robot control system, considering energy efficiency in important parts of underwater acoustic sensor network constitution. In this proposed MAC protocol, gateway node receives the data from robot nodes according to the time slots that were allotted previously. And messages delivered from base-station are generated to one MAC frame by buffering process. Finally, generated MAC frames are broadcasted to all robot nodes in the cluster. Our suggested MAC protocol can also be hybrid MAC protocol, which is successful blend of contention based and contention-free based protocol through relevant procedure with Maintenance&Sleep (M&S) period, when new nodes join and leave as an orphan. We propose mathematical analysis model concerned about End-to-End delay and energy consumption, which is important factor in constructing real-time robot control system. We also verify the excellence of performance according to comparison of existing MAC protocols with our scheme.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.183-200
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• 2017

The classification of airflow patterns during high ozone ($O_3$) and $PM_{10}$ episodes on Jeju Island in recent years (2009-2015), as well as their correlation with meteorological conditions according to classified airflow patterns were investigated in this study. The airflow patterns for $O_3$ and $PM_{10}$ were classified into four types (Types A-D) and three types (Types E-G), respectively, using the HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model and synoptic weather charts. Type A was the most dominant airflow pattern for $O_3$ episodes, being characterized by the transport of airflows from urban and industrial areas in China with the highest frequency (about 69%, with a mean of 67 ppb). With regard to the $PM_{10}$ episodes, Type E was the most dominant airflow pattern, and was mostly associated with long distance transport from Asian dust source regions along northwesterly winds, having the highest frequency (about 92%, with a mean of $136{\mu}g/m^3$). The variations in the concentration of $O_3$ and $PM_{10}$ during the study period were clarified in correlation with two pollutant and meteorological variables; for example, the high (low) $O_3$ and $PM_{10}$ concentrations with high (low) air temperature and/or wind speed and vice versa for precipitation. The contribution of long-range transport to the observed $PM_{10}$ levels in urban sites for different airflow patterns (Types E-F), if estimated in comparison to the data from the Gosan background site, was found to account for approximately 87-93% (on average) of its input. The overall results of the present study suggest that the variations in $O_3$ and $PM_{10}$ concentrations on Jeju Island are mainly influenced by the transport effect, as well as the contribution of local emissions.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.18-31
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• 2002

In this study, we introduce a concept of advanced neurofuzzy polynomial networks(ANFPN), a hybrid modeling architecture combining neurofuzzy networks(NFN) and polynomial neural networks(PNN). These networks are highly nonlinear rule-based models. The development of the ANFPN dwells on the technologies of Computational Intelligence(Cl), namely fuzzy sets, neural networks and genetic algorithms. NFN contributes to the formation of the premise part of the rule-based structure of the ANFPN. The consequence part of the ANFPN is designed using PNN. At the premise part of the ANFPN, NFN uses both the simplified fuzzy inference and error back-propagation learning rule. The parameters of the membership functions, learning rates and momentum coefficients are adjusted with the use of genetic optimization. As the consequence structure of ANFPN, PNN is a flexible network architecture whose structure(topology) is developed through learning. In particular, the number of layers and nodes of the PNN are not fixed in advance but is generated in a dynamic way. In this study, we introduce two kinds of ANFPN architectures, namely the basic and the modified one. Here the basic and the modified architecture depend on the number of input variables and the order of polynomial in each layer of PNN structure. Owing to the specific features of two combined architectures, it is possible to consider the nonlinear characteristics of process system and to obtain the better output performance with superb predictive ability. The availability and feasibility of the ANFPN are discussed and illustrated with the aid of two representative numerical examples. The results show that the proposed ANFPN can produce the model with higher accuracy and predictive ability than any other method presented previously.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.317-325
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• 2015

This paper attempts to present a review about simulation of different greenhouse parameters and energy supplying techniques by using building energy simulation, to find out the optimal solution for keeping greenhouse microclimate favorable for the crop production. The objectives of conducting this study were, to describe the various energy systems and techniques used for the greenhouse energy management and efficiency analysis of these technologies by using building energy simulation. We describe different models to understand the behavior of the energy saving technologies with respect to the resources available and different outside climatic conditions. We identified main features of the building energy simulation software, that enable users, to simulate hybrid agricultural building projects by using user defined parameters. At the end of the paper we draw some important concluding remarks on the basis of reviewing all the investigators contributions for the developments of simulation model of agricultural greenhouse energy management, using a building energy simulation software specifically TRNSYS. In conclusion, this paper provides information that TRNSYS have great potential for agricultural buildings energy simulation along with the renewable energy resources and energy saving techniques. This review paper provides aid to greenhouse researcher and energy planner for the future studies of greenhouses energy planning.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.23-29
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• 2002

A wall-frame type structural system has been widely used to make full use of a limited land in large cities to satisfy the several functional requirement in one building. However, this type of hybrid structure brought some problems due to the vertical discontinuity of a structural system. The response of a wall-frame type structural system having a deep transfer girder was observed. An arch system was introduced to replace the deep transfer girder. The adequacy of an arch system was observed for the various boundary conditions of a system. The proposed system was compared to a general transfer girder system by applying both gravity load and lateral load. It was observed that an arch system fairly distributes the stress without concentrating stress at a certain location of a system differently from the current transfer girder system. The moment decrement effect of a column can also be obtained by eliminating the large mass of a transfer girder. Also it was investigated that an arch system is more economical and effective than the current transfer girder system.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2012

Herein, life time prediction based on the deterioration of physical properties of chloroprene rubber (CR)aged by heat and seawater was performed. CR samples were experienced an accelerated test at $80^{\circ}C$, $100^{\circ}C$, $120^{\circ}C$ for heat aging, and $40^{\circ}C$, $60^{\circ}C$, $80^{\circ}C$ for seawater aging for 20,000 hrs. The change in tensile strength, maximum elongation,hardness was measured. As a result, the decrease in elongation was a major factor causing failure. The life time estimated using an Arrhenius model was 125 years at $23^{\circ}C$ for thermal aging and 9 years at $23^{\circ}C$ for seawater aging. SEM and elemental analysis reveal that cracks were generated and the content of oxygen was increased for CR agined by seawater. FT-IR spectrum shows the new C-O and C = O bonds were generated by the chemical reaction with seawater. Also, the glass transtion temperature was increased and the thermal decomposition was decreased by seawater aging.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.28-31
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• 1982

Flacherie virus (FV) is an important pathogen in the silkworm, which often gives serious damage to farmers for cocoon production. The inbred parents and F$_1$'s from an eight-parent diallel were examined to determine the inheritance of resistance to flacherie virus in the silkworm. Three resistant (R), two intermediate (M) and three susceptible (S) inbreds were used in the diallel with no reciprocals. Mean resistance was measured by survival rates of larvae which were fed on mulberry leaves sprayed with diluted mid-gut homogenate of FV infected larvae. Broad-sense heritability was obtained according to inbreds and F$_1$ family performance. Estimation of general (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) was made according to Griffing's Model 1, Method 2. Mean FV resistance of F$_1$ family displayed additive effect of the major gene, while heterotic effect was not significant. Considerable variation in FV resistance within F$_1$ groups of R$\times$S and S$\times$S indicated that action of minor genes for FV resistance may have been involved. FV resistance of inbreds perse and predominant effect of the major gene over minor gene(s) satisfactorily predicted the FV resistance of the hybrids. Broadsense heritability value of FV resistance on the basis of F$_1$ family performance averaged 93%, which suggested that environmental effects might have not been important in this experiment. GCA was highly significant for FV resistant among inbreds. GCA effect of 13.1 in Jam 108 was highest and -17.7 in Gyeongchu lowest. Effective selection for high FV resistance would be possible, using inbreds with high GCA effect and low GCA variance. SCA was significant among hybrids. High SCA effect in the hybrid of Geumho$\times$Mudeung (13.7) and Hansaeng #4$\times$Jam 115 (11.6) indicated that the interaction effect of minor genes for resistance to FV in the silkworm could be exploited by standard silkworm breeding procedures.