• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.742-747
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• 2007

In order to investigate the mechanism of adaptation to long-term heat stress, six female buffalo calves of about 7 to 8 months age, were exposed to the cool-comfort environment (THI 65) for 21 days to obtain normal values of blood acid-base. An adaptive response of acid-base regulation was determined to long term (21 days) exposure of buffalo calves to hot-dry (THI 80) and hot-humid (THI 84) conditions. Higher rectal temperature and respiratory rate was recorded under hot-humid exposure compared to hot-dry. Significant reduction in the rectal temperature and respiratory rate on day 21 of hot-dry exposure indicated early thermal adaptation compared to hot-humid. Decreasing rectal temperature and respiratory rate from day 1 to 21 was associated with concurrent decrease in blood pH and pCO2. Increased plasma chloride concentration with low base excess in blood and in extracellular fluid suggested compensatory response to respiratory alkalosis. Reduced fractional excretion of sodium with increased fractional excretion of potassium and urine flow rate indicated renal adaptive response to heat stress.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.15-24
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• 2010

Many efforts to understand the deterioration processes of the beeswax-treated volume of "The Annals of Joseon Dynasty" have been made. However, most previous studies have focused on individual sample sheet of the beeswax-treated paper but not book volume format. In this study, humid cycling accelerated aging for duplicated beeswax-treated book volume and Hanji book volume were carried out to examine differences in the deterioration of different parts of each volume as well as between the two book volumes during the aging. As results, it is found that the deterioration rate for the beeswax-treated volume is higher than that for the Hanji book volume. Different parts in each volume show different magnitude of deterioration. In particular, outer sides in both beeswax-treated and Hanji book volumes, which are directly exposed to the air, are deteriorated more seriously than inner sides. It is also observed that inner sides are considerably deteriorated during the aging, implying that inner deterioration may have different mechanisms from outer deterioration.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2014년도 제46회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.159.1-159.1
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• 2014

We report a simple method for preparing hydrophobic mesoporous silica and its use as a pre-concentrating agent of gas analytes. Hydrophobic mesoporous silica was prepared by coating PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) thin layer on commercial mesoporous silica with thermal deposition method in a sealed chamber. By using this method, we were able to coat PDMS layer on inner-walls of pores larger than 15 nm. Also, contact angle measured on a surface consisting of PDMS-coated mesoporous silica exceeded $150^{\circ}$, implying that the surface has high water repellency. Pre-concentration ability of PDMS-coated mesoporous silica and baremesoporous silica was tested under dry and humid conditions. Adsorption and molecular desorption of gas analytes was much enhanced by PDMS-coating on mesoporous silica under both dry and humid conditions. Therefore we suggest that PDMS-coated mesoporous silica can be an efficient pre-concentration agent in order to enhance sensitivity of various detectors.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.120-123
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• 2014

The interference of water vapor on the chemical ionization (CI) of hydroxyl radicals (OH) by sulfur hexafluoride ion ($SF_6{^-}$) was investigated using a flow tube system coupled to a high-pressure CI mass spectrometer. Water vapor, which is required to study heterogeneous reactions of OH under real tropospheric conditions, transforms the reagent ion $SF_6{^-}$ into $SF_4O^-$ and $F^-(HF)_n$, resulting in a substantial loss in CI sensitivity. Therefore, under humid conditions, peaks corresponding to OH are drastically diminished, while those corresponding to OH-water complex ions ($[OH(H_2O)_n]^-$) are enhanced. $[OH(H_2O)_3]^-$ was observed as the major OH species. The obsercation of $[OH(H_2O)_n]^-$ by isolating humid conditions to the CI region and preliminary ab initio calculations suggested that $[OH(H_2O)_n]^-$ ions were produced from reactions between OH ions ($OH^-$) and water molecules. An additional helium buffer flow introduced into the CI region reduced loss of the reagent ion and resulted in a partial recovery of OH peak intensities under humid conditions.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제23권11호
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• pp.747-753
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to quantify the impact of the ventilation rate on heating and cooling energy consumption in a detached house. For it, a series of simulations for the application of the diverse ventilation rate (ACH) were computationally conducted for a prototypical detached residential building in the cold climate (Detroit, Michigan) and hot/humid climate (Miami, Florida) of USA. Analysis revealed that ventilation is a significant heat losing source in the cold climate; thus, the higher ventilation rate significantly increases the heating energy consumption and energy cost in the cold climate; while the impact on energy increase for heating and cooling energy consumption is similar in hot/humid climate with less significancy compared to cold climate. The research outcome of this study could be a fundamental data for determining the optimal ventilation rate in terms of indoor air quality, but also building energy performance well.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 1999년도 하계학술대회 논문집 D
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• pp.1636-1638
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• 1999

In this paper, humidity and temperature were carried out on XLPE sheet and XLPE/semi sheet. We measured voltage, temperature dependency and dielectric properties of humid dielectric materials. Dielectric losses of XLPE(A,B)/semi with and without humidity were $4.2{\times}10^{-4}$ and $3.6{\times}10^{-4},\;2.8{\times}10^{-4}$ and $3.2{\times}10^{-4}$, respectively, at room temperature. On the condition that humidity and semiconductors exist, we confirmed that dielectric properties had been influenced on semiconductor and humidity.

• Water Engineering Research
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.185-193
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• 2004

Estimates of annual actual evapotranspiration are needed in water balance studies, water resources management projects, and many different types of hydrologic studies. This study validated a set of 5 empirical equations of estimating annual actual evapotranspiration with climate data on 11 watersheds, and evaluated the further applicability of these forms in estimating annual runoff on watershed level. Five empirical equations generally overestimated annual evapotranspiration, with relative errors ranging $3.3\%$ to $47.2\%$. The results show that Schreiber formula can be applicable in determining annual evapotranspiration in sub-humid region that is classified by aridity index, while Zhang equation gave better results than the remaining methods in humid region. The mean differences for annual evapotranspiration bias over 11 watersheds are Zhang, Schreiber, Budyko, Pike, and Ol'dekop formula from lowest to highest. The empirical equations provide a practical tool to help water resources managers in estimating regional water resources on ungauged large watershed.

• 한국윤활학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국윤활학회 2002년도 proceedings of the second asia international conference on tribology
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• pp.57-58
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• 2002

Asperity arrays and Independent asperities were fabricated on a silicon plate. Then pull-off and friction forces were measured on each asperity pattern by using AFM (atomic force microscope) in humid air and high vacuum of $2{\times}10^{-5}$ Pa. The probe of AFM cantilever has a flat square of about $1\;{\mu}m^2$ on its tip. The results showed that the pull-off force was proportional to the curvature radius of asperity peak in each ambient condition. The friction force was proportional to the pull-off force and was slightly higher in the humid air than in the high vacuum.

• 한국윤활학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국윤활학회 2002년도 proceedings of the second asia international conference on tribology
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• pp.145-146
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• 2002

Tribological properties of co-sputtered Molybdenum disulfide $(MoS_2)/Carbon\;(C)$ films were studied and compared with those of sputtered $MoS_2$ films. Friction tests were carried out using pin-on-disk friction testers to evluated their friction and wear behaviors in a vacuum ($10^{-5}Pa$), air and humid air of 30, 50, 80% RH. $MoS_2/C$ (14%) composite films exhibited about 9 times longer wear life in a vacuum and about 6 times longer wear life in dry air than $MoS_2$ films did. They also showed stable low friction coefficient of about 0.02 in a vacuum. In humid air, however, $MoS_2/C$ composite films hardly showed good tribological properties.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.395-410
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• 2006

This paper reports the result of an investigation into wave propagation in orthotropic laminated piezoelectric cylindrical shells in hydrothermal environment. A dynamic model of laminated piezoelectric cylindrical shell is derived based on Cooper-Naghdi shell theory considering the effects of transverse shear and rotary inertia. The wave characteristics curves are obtained by solving an eigenvalue problem. The effects of layer numbers, thickness of piezoelectric layers, thermal loads and humid loads on the wave characteristics curves are discussed through numerical results. The solving method presented in the paper is validated by the solution of a classical elastic shell non-containing the effects of transverse shear and rotary inertia. The new features of the wave propagation in laminated piezoelectric cylindrical shells with various laminated material, layer numbers and thickness in hydrothermal environment and some meaningful and interesting results in this paper are helpful for the application and the design of the ultrasonic inspection techniques and structural health monitoring.