• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.57-73
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• 2000

The Purpose of this study is to scrutinize the time structure and time use pattern of North Korean and to identify the differences of time use patterns between South and North Korean Societies. To carry out this Purpose in-depth interviews with ten people who escaped from North Korea after 1990 and empirical survey with 158 subjects were conducted. The findings are as follows. The characteristics of time life of North Korean are uniform time use pattern in tightly scheduled daily life and shortage of disposable time and constraint of free time due to job related labor, extra job activities including learning, meeting and evaluation, and labor mobilization. Women are faced with heavy burden of doing job and housework in the continuing patriarchal way of thinking and in the circumstances of poor housing environment. In North, Leisure time is constraint and leisure facilities are poor and the concept of leisure is totally different as that of South. North Korean think leisure as connecting with work and education and as public sphere, not private sphere. I this context leisure is considered as means for the strengthening of the communist society. Differences in the perception of time life through defectors are as follows. In South, there are plenty of leisure time and man can control his own time. Man spend his free time for various activities, especially for cultural activities such as sports, recreation, eating out with families and spend time till late in the outdoors. This study revealed differences in many aspects of time life between South and North Korean societies. These results will provide useful informations for the overcome of differences of cultural life of South and North Korean societies and accomplishment of the real integration of two societies.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.71-88
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to look into how married working men with a child younger than six years old spent their weekend time either alone or with their wives on housework, family care, and leisure activities, and to find out whether different types of time use brought about different levels of satisfaction to their use of time on weekends. Factors associated with each type were also explored. We analyzed 857 weekend time diaries of married men with a preschooler and men who worked more than 40 hours a week. This data came from the 2009 Time Use Survey conducted by Statistics Korea. Descriptive statistics and cluster analysis results showed that weekend time distribution to those three activities was classified into four different types, namely, 'nonparticipation', 'personal leisure centered', 'couple leisure centered', and 'family centered'. Time use satisfaction for 'couple leisure centered' and 'family centered' types which involved wife and child was significantly higher than the other two types. Age and traditional gender role attitude were associated with the personal leisure and couple leisure centered types, while work related factors such as work hours, regular day off, employment status, and occupation functioned as determinants of the nonparticipation type. Findings from this study suggest that weekend time spent together with family could be the source of satisfaction, but almost half of the respondents were deprived of their weekend family time due to work schedules on weekends. This study supports the need for organizational and policy efforts to ensure non-working weekends for fathers and husbands.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.1-14
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to compared the length of working hours and its effects on family life for Korean and Japanese full-time working couples. For this study, the survey used structured questionnaires and time diaries(one weekday and holiday), and the data were collected in the fall of 1995. A subsample of full-time working couples, 82 couples from Seoul and 79 couples from Tokyo, was used for the purpose of this study. The major findings are as follows; 1) On average, the weekday working hours of Korean husbands were longer than Japanese husbands(11 hours 31 minute, 10 hours 52 minutes a day, respectively). Wives in both countries worked almost identical lengths of time (9 hours 2 minutes in Korea and 8 hours 42 minutes in Japan). Working hours of husbands were longer than those of wives in both countries. Husbands' overtime. Almost (90%) of our Korea sample worked 6 days or 5 1/2 days per week, however the majority (69%) of our Japanese sample worked only 5 days per eek. 2) More Korean husbands and wives reported that their family life was constrained by wives working hours than their Japanese counterparts did. 3) All wives in both countries reported that the husbands long working hours has effects on quality family time. Korean wives perceived that their working hours had effects on time spent on child care, however Japanese wives perceived that their working hours affected their personal time and housework time. Korean husbands agreed with their wives working hours negatively affected their personal leisure time. Japanese husbands reported that their working hours negatively affected their sleeping time.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.1-12
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• 2021

This study aims to elucidate the actual state of family care on the basis of the exact amount of time, and to verify its influencing factors and results. To this end, family caregiving was analyzed using the 2019 Korean Time Use Survey. The analysis results were as follows. First, the average time spent on adult family care was 115 minutes per day, a large proportion of family caregivers were women, the average age was relatively high, there were many unemployed, and household income was relatively low. Second, the analysis of influencing factors revealed that those who were women, older, married, and of a low household income had a considerable likelihood of becoming a family caregiver and had a longer caring time. Third, analysis of the relationship between family care and other activities showed that the family caregiving time was in a substitute relationship with paid work or leisure time, but it was in a complementary relationship with housework time, which was more evident in the case of high-intensity family caregiving. On the basis of these results, this study proposes the implementation of regular family care surveys, expansion of family care support policies, and modification of support for caring time according to the nature, goals, and attributes of caregivers.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.549-561
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• 2009

Purpose: Work-related stress and risk factors among Korean employees were identified in this study. Methods: Data were obtained from employees aged 20 to 64 using the Korean Working Conditions Survey 2006 (KWCS). Multiple logistic regression analysis using SAS version 9.1 was performed to examine risk factors of work-related stress by gender. Results: The age-adjusted prevalence of work-related stress among male and female employees was 18.4% and 15.1% respectively. After adjustments for multiple variables among both male and female employees, there was a significant relationship between work-related stress and risk factors including education, company size, work time, ergonomic risks, biological chemical risks, and job demands. The significant variables for male employees were housework load, occupational class, and shift work, and for female employees, type of employment. Conclusion: There is a need to develop and support intensive stress management programs nationally giving consideration to work-related stress associated with working time, physical working environment, and job demands. Based on gender specific approaches, for male employes, stress management programs should be developed with consideration being given to occupational class and shift work. For stress management programs for female employees, consideration needs to be given to permanent employment status, specifically those in small companies.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.33-42
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• 2016

Over the course of time, changes occur in family composition and members, and such changes impact housing life as well. In contrast to shared housing structures such as apartments, detached houses show a greater variety of changes to interior spaces such as family composition, rural area, natural environment, and modernization. The purpose of this study is to examine the change and factors in interior spaces in detached houses of rural area. Out of 40 houses studied in a 1995 survey, 23 showed changes when studied again in 2015, and 13 were selected for final analysis. This study indicated that at the time of the survey in 1995, two aspects of change occurred which showed in interior space only and internalization through interior-specific additions and improvements. An analysis of interior changes demonstrated there was significant change in kitchens, multipurpose rooms, and other spaces focused on housework and homemaking. Internalization through interior-specific is showed in balcony. As family member is increasing, it is intended to be increasing size of interior space; however, it is showed to increase size of interior space in the step that family member is reducing. It is reason that more spaces are needed when their children whose the old are living in detached houses of rural area are visited.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.22-34
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• 1993

The purposes of this study are as follows: 1) To estimate the amounts of differences in service expenditures resulting from the effects of mother's marital and employment status. 2) To find out the relationship of socio-economic variables to expenditures for time-saving durables and services Data were taken from the 1988-1989 Consumer Expenditure Survey. The sample consisted of 2,216 families with 334 single-mother families and 1,792 married-mother families. Tobit regres-sion analyses were used to test of variables related to expenditures for (a) food away from home. (b) clothing care (c) child care (d) domestic services and (e) total services. The results of this study were as follows; 1) The percentage difference from non-employed married-mother families was higher for employed single-mother families than for other types of families indicating the positive effect on expenditures on market substitutes of mother's marital and employment status. 2) The father's wage rate was associated only with expenditures for domestic services. A positive relationship was found between family nonlabor income and domestic services Total family income was positively associated with expenditues for all dependent variables. There was a negative relationship between expenditures for child care and age of mother squared. Mother's education was associated with expenditures in all categories. Families of nonwhite spent less on time-saving durables. food away from home, and total services and spent more on apparel services than families of white mothers. The presence of young child was positively related to total services and child care services and negatively related to food away from home.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.237-256
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• 2002

In view of the results that we studied about living and eating habit of korean old people who live in longevity village, we can make conclusion as follows. 1. They have regular rising time, bedtime and living routine. Their bedtime is between 9 to 11 and rising time is before 6. It goes to show that they are keeping regular hours. 2. Generally speaking, most of long life peoples are physical labor: agriculture, fishery, housework, etc. 3. They are in balance with their eating habit. The most favorite food of longevity village's old people is made from toenjang which is fermented soybean paste. 4. The geographical features of longevity village are mountain region, coast and island. 5. Most of people who live long are illiteracy and only a few people of them has finished elementary school course. Moreover, in case of illiteracy, there are more unschooled woman compare with both sexes.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.145-158
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between work-family conflict and job-life satisfaction of married female workers. Two data sets were used in this study. Both data sets were gathered from structured questionnaires and time dairies. The first data set was collected from 370 married female production workers in 1995 and the second set was collected from 143 married female clerical workers in 1996. Job and life satisfaction were measured on 5-point Likert scale where 5= very unsatisfied and 5= very satisfied. The overact means for both groups were 2.97, 3.09 for job and life satisfaction respectively The findings of this study are; 1) Clerical workers have significantely higher job and life satisfaction than production workers. 2) Multivariate analysis reveal that work-family conflict is negatively related to job satisfaction while income is positively related to job satisfaction. 3) In the path analysis model, work-family conflict has a negative direct effect and indirect negative effect mediated through job satisfaction on life satisfaction. Job satisfaction and husband's division of housework have a positive direct effect on life satisfaction. However, total labor time has a negative indirect effect mediated through work-family conflict on life satisfaction and income huts a positive indirect effect mediated through job satisfaction on life satisfaction.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.53-71
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• 2014

The center of networking is moving toward mobile from PC based computing environment. The number of smartphone users are increasing rapidly today. One of the most popular smart phone applications is mobile SNS such as Kakao Story, Facebook, Twitter, Mobile Cyworld, etc. Mobile SNS means social network services based on mobile communication technology. This research focused on mobile SNS usage of married women who have not enough time for face-to-face communication with their friends to enhance their friendship. Married women in their 30s and 40s have lots of things to do like housework and caring their children. Mobile SNS would help their communication in aspect such of free of space and time. Through Mobile SNS married women can reinforce their personal relationship and self-esteem. Social Information Processing Theory (SIP) is an interpersonal communication theory developed by Walther(1992). Once established, online personal relationships may demonstrate the same relational dimensions and qualities as face-to-face relationships. The theory explains how people get to know one another online, without nonverbal cues, and how they develop and manage relationships in the computer-mediated environment. The result of empirical analysis indicates that marred women's Mobile SNS activities reinforce their personal relationship and self-esteem.