• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2023

Purpose: Obesity is associated with alterations in vitamin D metabolism and elevation of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Increased PTH level in obesity is likely one of the factors contributing to the dysregulation of vitamin D metabolism. We investigated the effects of lowering the PTH level in high-fat diet-induced obese mice on vitamin D metabolism. Methods: Five-week-old male C57BL/6N mice were fed either with control (10% energy as fat) or high-fat (60% energy as fat) diets ad libitum for 12 weeks, and vehicle or cinacalcet HCl (30 ㎍/g body weight) was gavaged daily during the final week of the experiment. The following groups were studied: CON (control diet + vehicle), HFD (high-fat diet + vehicle), and HFD-CIN (high-fat diet + cinacalcet HCl). PTH, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25[OH]₂D), 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D), calcium, and phosphate levels in circulation, and the expression of genes related to vitamin D metabolism in the liver and kidneys were determined. Results: Renal 1α-hydroxylase expression in the HFD group was higher than that in the CON group despite the lack of a difference in the PTH levels between the 2 groups. The plasma PTH level in the HFD-CIN group was 60% lower than that in the HFD group (p < 0.05). In parallel, the HFD-CIN group had lower adipose tissue amount (9% lower), renal 1α-hydroxylase expression (48% lower), and plasma 1,25(OH)₂D concentration (38% lower) than the HFD group. Conclusion: Lowering the PTH levels in high-fat diet-induced obese mice recovered the expression of renal 1α-hydroxylase and might be associated with lower amounts of white adipose tissue.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.165-173
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• 1992

The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of dopaminergic drugs and the role of specific dopamine(DA) receptors on the release of TSH, $T_4$ and $T_3$. Serum TSH levels (cold-induced, $4{^{\circ}C}$) were determined using RIA(radioimmunoassay) at 30 min after administration of dopamine agonists and antagonists. Serum $T_4$ and $T_3$ levels were detected after these dopaminergic drugs were administered subcutaneously twice a day for a week. The results of the study are summarized as follows : Apomorphine, a nonspecific DA receptor agonist, produced a dose-depedent decrease in serum TSH, $T_4$ and $T_3$ levels. However, only low doses (0.3, 1.0mg/kg) of SKF38393, a specific $D_1$-receptor agonist, produced a decrease in serum lelvels of TSH. I,Y171555, a specific $D_2$-receptor agonist, produced a dose dependent decrease in serum TSH, $T_4$ and $T_3$ levels. However, SCH23390, a specific $D_1$-receptor antagonist, produced a decrease except in serum T levels which were increased dose dependently. High doses (1.0, 3.0mg/kg) of sulpiride, a specific $D_2$-receptor antagonist, made a increase in the serum levels of TSH and $T_3$. The effects of dopaminergic drugs in serum TSH and $T_4$ levels was potentiated by the pretreatment of apomorphine. The overall results of this study suggest that the regulation of TSH, $T_4$ and $T_3$ secretion were mediated via specific $D_1$ and $D_2$ receptor.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.55-75
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• 2015

Objectives : The object of this study was to evaluate the effect of Insamyangyoung-tang aqueous extracts (ISYYT) on the propylthiouracil (PTU) induced rat hypothyroidism. Methods : The rats were divided into 6 groups : intact control, PTU control, Levothyroxine (LT ₄ ), 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg ISYYT treated groups. In ISYYT treated groups, PTU and ISYYT were administered for 4 weeks after 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg ISYYT were administered for 2 weeks. In LT ₄ group, PTU and LT ₄ were administered for 4 weeks. The changes were observed : the weigh, serum thyroid hormone levels, serum sex hormone levels, serum lipid profiles, serum liver enzyme levels, liver and testis antioxidant defense system, histopathology of thyroid gland, liver, epididymis, prostate and testis. Results were compared with PTU control group in this experiment. Results : In comparison with PTU control group, 500 and 250 mg/kg ISYYT treated groups showed significant increase of body, thyroid, liver, testis, epididymis and prostate weights, decrease of serum TSH levels with increase of serum T3 and T4 level, increase of serum testosterone and DHT levels with decrease of serum FSH levels, decrease of serum HDL with increase of TG and increase of serum AST levels. Histopathological inspections of hepatic and male reproductive organ damage induced by PTU were improved. And the changes of antioxidant defense system of Liver and testis induced by PTU were improve. There was no significant difference between 125 mg/kg ISYYT treated group and PTU control group in this experiment. Conclusions : The results obtained in this study considered that Insamyangyoung-tang may be effective in hypothyroidism and related organ damages.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.120-125
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• 1984

The study was carried out to find out the changes of hormone levels in blood serum and milk of Holstein cows during the estrous cycle. The progesterone, estradiol-$17{\beta}$ from the blood serum and milk samples were assayed by radioimmunoassay methods. The results of this study were summarized as follows; 1. The progesterone levels in blood serum during the estrous cycles began to decline rapidly at 2 days before estrus, decreased to $0.27{\pm}0.18ng/ml$ at on the day of estrus, and reached a peak mean level of $3.33{\pm}0.47ng/ml$ at 15 days after estrus. 2. The progesterone levels in milk during the estrous cycles began to decline rapidly at 2 days before estrus, decreased to $0.80{\pm}0.18ng/ml$ on the day of estrus, and increased a peak mean level of $3.80{\pm}0.36ng/ml$ at 15 days after estrus. 3. The estradiol-$17{\beta}$ levels in blood serum during the estrous cycles showed a peak mean level of $9.79{\pm}1.72pg/ml$ on the day of estrus, and decreased from $4.79{\pm}1.82pg/ml$ to $5.73{\pm}0.96pg/ml$ at luteal phase. 4. The estradiol-$17{\beta}$ levels in milk during the estrous cycles showed a peak mean level of $36.80{\pm}2.04pg/ml$ on the day of estrus, and decreased from $18.93{\pm}0.84pg/ml$ to $19.50{\pm}1.12pg/ml$ at luteal phase. 5. During 20 to 25 days after artificial insemination, the accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis from the blood serum progesterone levels were 87.5% for non pregnant cows (<2.0ng/ml), and 83.3% for pregnant cows ($${\geq_-}$$3.0 ng/ml). The accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis from the milk progesterone levels were 75.0% for non-pregnant cows (<2.4 ng/ml), and 94.4% for pregnant cows ($${\geq_-}$$3.2 ng/ml).

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.226-234
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• 2004

Objective : The thyrotoxic periodic paralysis mainly appears in case of hyperthyroidism and the amyotonia is the characteristic main symptom. Through the deteriorated case and treatment by oriental medicine, the purpose of this research is to study the change of symptoms and the treatment effect for one case of a thyrotoxic periodic paralysis patient, Methods and Results : The treatment was carried out with oriental medicine as a main treatment and by the oriental medicinally deteriorated case, acupuncture treatment, moxibustion treatment and herbal medicine treatment were used as the main treatment methods. Also based on the symptoms which could appear with hyperthyroidism, the changes of symptoms were evaluated once a day with 4 levels of subjective scales that the patient was feeling, by dividing with 4 aspects of totalis symptoms, cardiovascular symptoms, musculoskeletal symptoms and other symptoms. In addition, it was shown that through the continuous hematologic test, the subjective and objective symptoms were mostly decreased during the treatment periods by comparing with the objective thyroid hormone (T3, T4, TSH) levels and the electrolyte levels. Conclusion : With this result, it was considered that oriental medicinal treatment was very effective for the thyrotoxic periodic paralysis through the oriental medicinally deteriorated case.

• BMB Reports
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.206-211
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• 2009

Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) plays an essential role in the stress response of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and is the precursor of biologically active peptides such as adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), $\alpha$-melanocyte-stimulating hormone ($\alpha$-MSH), $\beta$-melanocyte-stimulation hormone ($\beta$-MSH) and $\beta$-endorphin. We have synthesized two different forms of POMC cDNA clones, POMC-I and POMC-II, from a pituitary cDNA library for Paralichthys olivaceus, or Japanese flounder. jfPOMC-I cDNA consists of 954bp and encodes a polypeptide of 216 amino acid residues, whereas jfPOMC-II consists of 971bp which encode a polypeptide of 194 amino acid residues. The high levels of jfPOMC-I and -II mRNAs detected in the pituitary tissue and moderate levels detected in the brain tissue plus our quantitative RT-PCR analysis, which showed there to be no significant difference between the levels of jfPOMC-I and -II mRNAs, indicate that there may be no functional separation between these two mRNAs in the flounder.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.87-91
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• 2020

Background: Levothyroxine is an essential drug for the treatment of hypothyroidism or related diseases. Several studies have reported an association between the effects of levothyroxine treatment and time of administration, which can be inconsistent. Objective: This study was conducted to compare the levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone or free thyroxine between morning and nighttime dosing of levothyroxine. Methods: We reviewed previously reported relevant articles and conducted a meta-analysis. Results: In total, five studies were included in this meta-analysis. Results showed that thyroid-stimulating hormone (standard difference in means [SE]=0.321; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.016 to 0.657) and free thyroxine (SE= -1.367; 95% CI, -2.943 to 0.210) levels did not differ significantly between morning (before breakfast) and nighttime (before bedtime) administration. Conclusion: This is the first meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of time of administration on levothyroxine levels in patients with hypothyroidism. Based on our results, we suggest considering patients' lifestyles or daily routines when counselling them on the optimal time of administration for levothyroxine.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.183-189
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• 2018

Purpose : As age increases, a low-level systemic inflammatory state develops and the levels of anti-aging hormones decrease. The vagus nerve activates parasympathetic nerves and promotes sulfation and secretion of neurotransmitter in the brain. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of electrical vagus nerve stimulation on systemic inflammation (CRP) and anti-aging hormone (DHEA-S) levels in elder people. Methods : A total of 30 healthy elder people participated in this study, randomly divided into two groups of 15 subjects. Electrical vagus nerve stimulation was applied to the experimental group for 4 weeks. CRP and DHEA-S levels were compared with those of the control group. Results : The CRP level was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group. In the experimental group, there was a significant decrease in CRP before and after the intervention. However, the DHEA-S level was not significantly different between groups. Conclusion : Electrical vagus nerve stimulation may alleviate the low-level systemic inflammatory state found in elderly people. These results suggest that it may have the effect of reducing the degenerative inflammatory diseases of the elderly and delaying aging.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.89-98
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• 2010

성호르몬은 lacrimal system, corneal anatomy and disease, aqueous humor dynamics and glaucoma, crystalline lens and cataract, retinal disease를 포함한 안과영역의 다양한 부위에 영향을 끼칠 수 있다. Androgen은 전신에 걸친 sebaceous glands의 발달, 분화, 지질생성 등에 관여하므로 androgen deficiency는 meibomian gland의 기능장애와 건성안에서 증발을 더욱더 심화시킬 수 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 반면에 estrogens은 sebaceous glands의 크기, activity, 지질생성을 감소시켜 meibomian gland에서는 androgen과 반대되는 작용을 할 가능성이 있다. 성호르몬은 또한 각막의 구조와 질병경과에도 영향을 줄 수 있는데, 각막이 월경주기 제2일째 및 배란주위기에 두꺼워지며, 폐경 여성에서 여성호르몬 치료 시 각막두께가 증가한다는 사실은 estrogen levels과 각막 두께와의 연관을 시사하는 소견이라고 하겠다. Fuch's dystrophy 역시 폐경 후 여성에서 더 흔히 관찰되어, 나이에 따른 호르몬 변화가 그 원인 중 하나로 지목되고 있으며, vernal keratoconjunctivitis 환자의 각막조직에서는 estrogen과 progesterone 수용체의 overexpresson이 발견되어 역시 이들 질환에서의 성호르몬의 역할을 시사한다고 할 수 있겠다. 성호르몬은 안압에도 영향을 미칠 수 있는데, intraocular pressure와 혈중 luteinizing hormone, follicular stimulating hormone (FSH), estrone, estradiol, progesterone, testosterone과는 연관이 없는 것으로 보고한 결과도 있으나, 혈중 progesterone의 경우 특히 임신중인 여성에서 안압과의 연관관계가 보고되었으며, 또한 폐경 여성에서 혈중 남성호르몬 농도가 높을수록 안압이 상승하는 경향이 있음이 보고되었다. 한편 'Female sex'는 모든 종류의 백내장의 위험요소인 것으로 알려져 있다. 백내장으로 진단받은 여성의 경우 호르몬 측정 시 연령등을 보정하고도 폐경기에 가까운 호르몬 수치를 보였으며, 이들 백내장 환자군내에서는 estradiol과 FSH 농도 사이에 유의한 음의 상관관계가 보고되었다. 또한 DHEAS의 경우 백내장 위험도를 감소시키는 것으로 보고되었고, 그 기전으로 전구호르몬인 DHEA의 역할을 제시되고 있는데. 즉 백내장의 주요 기전 중 하나인 oxidative stress를 감소시키는 antioxidant activity를 DHEA가 보이기 때문일 것으로 추정되고 있다. 성호르몬은 망막 내 혈관의 흐름에도 영향을 줄 수 있는 것으로 알려져 있는데, 안구 내 혈류에서 여성호르몬의 긍정적인 효과와 남성호르몬의 부정적인 효과가 보고되었고, age-related macular degeneration (AMD)의 경우, estradiol이 ER-$\beta$ 수용체를 통해 보호효과가 있음이 보고되어, ER-$\beta$ 수용체가 향후 AMD 치료에서 치료적 target이 될 수도 있을 것으로 알려지고 있다. 또한 DHEAS의 경우 AMD 위험도를 증가시킬 가능성이 있으며, 당뇨로 진단받은 환자에서는 혈중 testosterone 농도는 당뇨병성 망막병증의 진행과 연관이 있는 것으로 보고되었다. 성호르몬은 안과영역의 다양한 질환과의 연관관계는 아직 추가연구가 필요한 실정이나 다양한 성호르몬이 안질환의 발생 및 경과에 영향을 줄 가능성이 있으며, 이와 같은 연관관계가 규명된다면 추후 호르몬을 통해 질환의 경과 및 예방의 가능성이 제시될 수도 있을 것으로 사료된다. 특히 폐경이후 다양한 안질환이 증가한다는 기존의 연구결과들을 고려 시, 안과영역에 있어 폐경기 여성호르몬 치료의 긍정적인 역할에 관해서는 지속적인 관심이 요구된다고 하겠다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.143-147
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• 2005

목 적 : 갑상선 기능은 여러 질환이나 스트레스에 의해서 영향을 받는 것으로 알려져 있다. 저자들은 분만 전과 분만 동안의 여러 인자와 제대혈 갑상선자극호르몬 및 갑상선호르몬 농도와의 상관관계를 알아보고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법 : 총 130명의 신생아를 대상으로 분만 즉시 제대혈을 10 mL 채취하여 갑상선자극호르몬, $T_3$와 유리 $T_4$ 농도를 방사면역학적 방법(CIS bio international kit, Germany)으로 측정하였다. 재태연령, 출생체중, 가사, 분만방식, 산모의 당뇨병 유무, 산모의 전자간증 유무 등에 따라 갑상선자극호르몬과 갑상선 호르몬 농도를 비교하였다. 결 과 : 1) 제대혈 갑상선자극호르몬 농도는 재태연령 34주 이하 $1.73{\pm}0.48{\mu}IU/mL$, 34주-37주 $2.60{\pm}0.51{\mu}IU/mL$, 38주 이상 $4.26{\pm}0.40{\mu}IU/mL$으로 재태연령의 증가에 따라 증가하였다(P<0.05). 2) 분만형태를 비교하면 질식 분만 군 $4.42{\pm}0.66{\mu}IU/mL$, 제왕절개 분만 군 $3.31{\pm}0.33{\mu}IU/mL$로 질식 분만 군에서 높았다(P<0.05). 3) 가사에 따른 갑상선자극호르몬 농도는 가사가 있는 군 $5.18{\pm}0.93{\mu}IU/mL$로 가사가 없는 군 $2.97{\pm}0.84{\mu}IU/mL$에 비해 유의하게 높았다(P<0.05). 4) 산모의 당뇨병에 따른 갑상선자극호르몬 농도는 당뇨병 군 $8.91{\pm}1.25{\mu}IU/mL$, 없는 군 $4.32{\pm}0.42{\mu}IU/mL$으로 산모 당뇨병 동반시 유의하게 높았다(P<0.05). 5) 산모에게 전자간증이 있는 군의 갑상선자극호르몬 농도는 $5.28{\pm}0.42{\mu}IU/mL$, 없는 군 $3.65{\pm}0.46{\mu}IU/mL$에 비해 유의하게 높았다(P<0.05). 6) $T_3$와 유리 $T_4$ 농도는 가사 군에서 없는 군보다 유의하게 낮았다(P<0.05). 7) 각 변수 간의 영향을 배제하였을때 임신주수, 1분 Apgar 점수, 산모의 당뇨병만이 독립적으로 제대혈의 갑상선자극호르몬 농도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 결 론 : 제대혈 갑상선자극호르몬 및 갑상선호르몬 농도는 산모의 당뇨병이나 산모 전자간증과 같은 분만 전 요인과 태아에게 저산소증을 초래할 수 있는 분만시 스트레스와 밀접한 연관이 있다.