• 지구물리
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.37-48
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• 2000

다성분 복소 트레이스 분석법을 이용하여 지진에 의한 지면운동을 밝히고자 컴퓨터 합성 탄성파 자료와 자연 지진 자료를 대상으로 파선방향의 입자운동을 분석하였다. 합성 탄성파 자료에 적용시킨 결과, 실체파 합성 부분에서는 도달시각, 지속시간, 접근각 등을 정확히 찾을 수 있으며, 레일리파도 쉽게 인지된다. 규모 7.3의 심발 지진 자료로부터 입자운동의 분극특성을 계산한 결과, 종파의 수직성분과 수평성분의 순간위상차, 순간역타원율, 접근각은 각각 약 ${\pm}180^{\circ},\;0{\sim}0.25,\;-30^{\circ}{\sim}-45^{\circ}$의 값을 가지며, 이러한 분극특성으로부터 진원시간함수는 $6{\sim}7\;s$ 정도 지속되는 것으로 분석된다. 횡파의 경우는 순간위상차가 일정하지 않으며, $0{\sim}0.3$의 순간역타원율과 거의 수직의 접근각을 나타낸다. 횡파 도달 직전에 기록된 비교적 저주파의 신호는 분극특성으로부터 횡파와는 구별되는 종파의 일종으로 해석된다. 종파와 횡파의 도달시각을 이용하여 구한 속도와 파선변수는 각각 8.633 km/s, 4.762 km/s와 0.074 s/km, 0.197 s/km이며 동포와송비는 0.281로 계산된다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제91권5호
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• pp.469-486
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• 2024

Electric transformers are major components of electrical systems, and damage to them caused by earthquakes can result in significant financial loss. The current study modeled a three-dimensional (3D) isolated electrical transformer under horizontal and vertical records from different earthquakes. Instead of using fixed coefficients, an improved wavelet method has been used to create the greatest compatibility between the response spectra and the target spectrum. This method has primarily been used for dynamic analysis of isolated structures with spring-damper devices because it has shown greater accuracy in predicting the response of such structures. The effect of the nonlinear soil-structure interaction on the probability of transformer failure also has been investigated. Soil and structure interaction modeling was carried out using a beam on a nonlinear Winkler foundation. The effect of the nonlinear soil-structure interaction during dynamic analysis of transformers revealed that the greatest increase in the probability of transformer failure was in the fixed-base condition when the structure was located on soft soil. This intensified the response of the structure and increased the probability of transformer failure by up to 27% for far-field and up to 95% for near-field ground motions. A comparison of the results indicates that the use of 3D isolation systems in transformers in areas with soft clay that are subject to near-field ground motions can strongly reduce the probability of failure and improve the seismic performance of the transformer.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.621-635
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• 2023

The combination of replaceable and repairable properties in structures has introduced new approach called "Low Damage Design Structures". These structural systems are designed in such a way that through self-centering, primary members and specific connections neither suffer damage nor experience permanent deformations after being exposed to severe earthquakes. The purpose of this study is the seismic assessment of steel moment resisting frames with the aid of rigid rocking cores. To this end, three steel moment resisting frames of 4-, 8-, and 12-story buildings with and without rocking cores were developed. The nonlinear static analysis and incremental dynamic analysis were performed by considering the effects of the vertical and horizontal components of 16 strong ground motions, including far-fault and near-fault arrays. The results reveal that rocking systems benefit from better seismic performance and energy dissipation compared to moment resisting frames and thus structures experience a lower level of damage under higher intensity measures. The analyses show that the interstory drift in structures equipped with stiff rocking cores is more uniform in static and dynamic analyses. A uniform interstory drift distribution leads to a uniform distribution of the bending moment and a reduction in the structure's total weight and future maintenance costs.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제3권5호
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• pp.749-766
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• 2012

Structural control through integration of passive damping devices within the building structure has been increasingly implemented internationally in the last years and has proven to be a most promising strategy for earthquake safety. In the present paper an alternative configuration of an innovative energy dissipation mechanism that consists of slender tension only bracing members with closed loop and a hysteretic damper is investigated in its dynamic behavior. The implementation of the adaptable dual control system, ADCS, in frame structures enables a dual function of the component members, leading to two practically uncoupled systems, i.e., the primary frame, responsible for the normal vertical and horizontal forces and the closed bracing-damper mechanism, for the earthquake forces and the necessary energy dissipation. Three representative international earthquake motions of differing frequency contents, duration and peak ground acceleration have been considered for the numerical verification of the effectiveness and properties of the SDOF systems with the proposed ADCS-configuration. The control mechanism may result in significant energy dissipation, when the geometrical and mechanical properties, i.e., stiffness and yield force of the integrated damper, are predefined. An optimum damper ratio, DR, defined as the ratio of the stiffness to the yield force of the hysteretic damper, is proposed to be used along with the stiffness factor of the damper's- to the primary frame's stiffness, in order for the control mechanism to achieve high energy dissipation and at the same time to prevent any increase of the system's maximum base shear and relative displacements. The results are summarized in a preliminary design methodology for ADCS.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.691-708
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• 2016

Recently, number of smart material are investigated and widely used in civil construction and other industries. Present study investigates the application of smart semi-active piezoelectric friction damper (PFD) made with piezoelectric material for the seismic control of the horizontally curved bridge isolated with lead rubber bearing (LRB). The main aim of the study is to investigate the effectiveness of hybrid system and to find out the optimum parameters of PFD for seismic control of the curved bridge. The selected curved bridge is a continuous three-span concrete box girder supported on pier and rigid abutment. The PFD is located between the deck and abutments or piers in chord and radial directions. The bridge is excited with four different earthquake ground motions with all three components (i.e. two horizontal and a vertical) having different characteristics. It is observed that the use of semi-active PFD with LRB is quite effective in controlling the response of the curved bridge as compared with passive system. The incorporation of the smart damper requiring small amount of energy in addition with an isolation system can be used for effective control the curved bridge against the dynamic loading.

• Coupled systems mechanics
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.365-389
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• 2023

Dynamic analysis of a typical concrete gravity dam-reservoir system is formulated by FE-(FE-TE) approach (i.e., Finite Element-(Finite Element-Truncation Element)). In this technique, dam and reservoir are discretized by plane solid and fluid finite elements. Moreover, the H-W (i.e., Hagstrom-Warburton) high-order condition imposed at the reservoir truncation boundary. This task is formulated by employing a truncation element at that boundary. It is emphasized that reservoir far-field is excluded from the discretized model. The formulation is initially reviewed which was originally proposed in a previous study. Thereafter, the response of Pine Flat dam-reservoir system is studied due to horizontal and vertical ground motions for two types of reservoir bottom conditions of full reflective and absorptive. It should be emphasized that study is carried out under high order of H-W condition applied on the truncation boundary. The initial part of study is focused on the time harmonic analysis. In this part, it is possible to compare the transfer functions against corresponding responses obtained by FE-(FE-HE) approach (referred to as exact method). Subsequently, the transient analysis is carried out. In that part, it is only possible to compare the results for low and high normalized reservoir length cases. Therefore, the sensitivity of results is controlled due to normalized reservoir length values.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.189-204
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• 2015

After the large destruction of Lisbon due to the 1755 earthquake, the city had to be almost completely rebuilt. In this context, an innovative structural solution was implemented in new buildings, comprising internal timber framed walls which, together with the floors timber elements, constituted a 3-D framing system, known as "cage", providing resistance and deformation capacity for seismic loading. The internal timber framed masonry walls, in elevated floors, are constituted by a timber frame with vertical and horizontal elements, braced with diagonal elements, known as Saint Andrew's crosses, with masonry infill. This paper describes an experimental campaign to assess the in-plane cyclic behaviour of those so called "frontal" walls. A total series of 4 tests were conducted in 4 real size walls. Two models consist of the simple timber frames without masonry infill, and the other two specimens have identical timber frames but present masonry infill. Experimental characterization of the in-plane behaviour was carried out by static cyclic shear testing with controlled displacements. The loading protocol used was the CUREE for ordinary ground motions. The hysteretic behaviour main parameters of such walls subjected to cyclic loading were computed namely the initial stiffness, ductility and energy dissipation capacity.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.251-258
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• 2024

이 논문은 포트 받침이 설치된 3경간 연속 콘크리트 거더교를 대상으로 받침의 노후화가 교량의 지진응답에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 포트 받침은 고정단 및 가동단의 강성을 반영해 교축방향, 교축직각방향, 수직방향의 탄성 스프링으로 모델링하였다. 포트 받침의 노후화를 고정단 받침의 수평강성 저하와 가동단 받침의 수평강성 증가로 나누어 받침의 노후화가 교량의 지진 거동에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 수치해석으로부터 구한 고유진동수 값과 이 교량의 설계 고유진동수를 비교하여 해석 대상 3경간 연속 거더교의 유한요소모델이 타당함을 보였으며, 국내 도로교설계기준(한계상태설계법)의 설계응답스펙트럼에 부합하는 인공지진파를 이용해 받침 강성의 변화에 따른 교량 상부 및 받침의 지진응답을 계산하였다. 지진해석 결과, 받침의 노후화로 인해 고정단 받침의 수평강성이 감소할 경우 지진으로 인한 고정단 받침의 절대최대 상대변위가 증가하였다. 이는 받침을 지지하는 모르타르의 균열과 앵커 볼트의 탈락 가능성이 커짐을 의미한다. 받침의 노후화로 인해 가동단 받침의 수평강성이 증가하는 경우에는 지진으로 인한 고정단 받침의 절대최대 전단력이 감소하였다. 그러나 이 경우 가동단 바로 위 거더 단면에 추가의 휨인장응력이 발생할 수 있으며, 이러한 받침 성능의 변화로 인하여 지진 시 연속 콘크리트교에 예기치 못한 구조적 손상이 발생할 수 있다.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.161-171
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• 2017

관측된 지반진동은 지진원, 지각감쇠 및 지반의 증폭특성 등 3가지 주요 인자로 구성되어 있고 특히 지반증폭 특성은 지진원 및 감쇠특성을 평가할 때 필요하다. 또한 지진재해도를 분석하기 위해 지반의 증폭 특성에 정보가 내진공학 뿐만 아니라 암반공학적 특성 분석에서 필수적이다. 지반의 증폭특성 분석을 위해 분석대상 관측소와 기준 관측소 지반진동의 수평/수직 비를 이용하는 방법을 적용하였다. 기존의 기준관측소의 수직성분 방법에 더하여 새로이 기준관측소의 수평성분 방법을 새로이 시도하였다. 본 연구는 예당저수지 인근에 설치한 4개의 관측소에서 관측된 6개의 가속도 지반진동을 이용하여 각 지반진동의 S파, Coda파 및 배경잡음 각각을 분석한 지반증폭 특성을 상호 비교하였다. 4개 관측소 공통적으로 S파와 Coda파를 이용한 결과는 상호 유사한 지반증폭 특성을 보였다. 다만 배경잡음은 다른 2개 지진 에너지와 비교할 때 전혀 다른 지반증폭 특성을 보였고 이는 배경잡음의 발생 원인이 관측소 마다 서로 다르기 때문으로 입증되었다. 4개 각각의 지진 관측소마다 저주파수 및 고주파수 증폭특성과 관측소 고유의 우월주파수가 서로 상이하여 관측소 고유의 증폭특성을 보여주었다. 또한 본 연구의 결과와 다른 방법의 결과와 비교하면 지반의 동적특성 및 지반분류 연구에 많은 정보를 제시할 수 있다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.221-234
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• 2019

Today, many important concrete face rockfill dams (CFRDs) have been built on the world, and some of these important structures are located on the strong seismic regions. In this reason, examination and monitoring of these water construction's seismic behaviour is very important for the safety and future of these dams. In this study, the nonlinear seismic behaviour of Ilısu CFR dam which was built in Turkey in 2017, is investigated for various reservoir water heights taking into account 1995 Kobe near-fault and far-fault ground motions. Three dimensional (3D) finite difference model of the dam is created using the FLAC3D software that is based on the finite difference method. The most suitable mesh range for the 3D model is chosen to achieve the realistic numerical results. Mohr-Coulomb nonlinear material model is used for the rockfill materials and foundation in the seismic analyses. Moreover, Drucker-Prager nonlinear material model is considered for the concrete slab to represent the nonlinearity of the concrete. The dam body, foundation and concrete slab constantly interact during the lifetime of the CFRDs. Therefore, the special interface elements are defined between the dam body-concrete slab and dam body-foundation due to represent the interaction condition in the 3D model. Free field boundary condition that was used rarely for the nonlinear seismic analyses, is considered for the lateral boundaries of the model. In addition, quiet artificial boundary condition that is special boundary condition for the rigid foundation in the earthquake analyses, is used for the bottom of the foundation. The hysteric damping coefficients are separately calculated for all of the materials. These special damping values is defined to the FLAC3D software using the special fish functions to capture the effects of the variation of the modulus and damping ratio with the dynamic shear-strain magnitude. Total 4 different reservoir water heights are taken into account in the seismic analyses. These water heights are empty reservoir, 50 m, 100 m and 130 m (full reservoir), respectively. In the nonlinear seismic analyses, near-fault and far-fault ground motions of 1995 Kobe earthquake are used. According to the numerical analyses, horizontal displacements, vertical displacements and principal stresses for 4 various reservoir water heights are evaluated in detail. Moreover, these results are compared for the near-fault and far-faults earthquakes. The nonlinear seismic analysis results indicate that as the reservoir height increases, the nonlinear seismic behaviour of the dam clearly changes. Each water height has different seismic effects on the earthquake behaviour of Ilısu CFR dam. In addition, it is obviously seen that near-fault earthquakes and far field earthquakes create different nonlinear seismic damages on the nonlinear earthquake behaviour of the dam.