• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.547-551
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• 2008

Crack-free joining of $Si_3N_4\;and\;Al_2O_3$ using 15 layers has been achieved by a unique approach introducing Sialon polytypoids as a functionally graded materials (FGMs) bonding layer. In the past, hot press sintering of multilayered FGMs with 20 layers of thickness $500{\mu}m$ each has been fabricated successfully. In this study, the number of layers for FGM was reduced to 15 layers from 20 layers for optimization. For fabrication, model was hot pressed at 38 MPa while heating up to $1700^{\circ}$, and it was cooled at $2^{\circ}$/min to minimize residual stress during sintering. Initially, FGM with 15 layers had cracks near 90 wt.% 12H / 10 wt.% $Al_2O_3$ and 90 wt.% 12H/10 wt.% $Si_3N_4$ layers. To solve this problem, FEM (finite element method) program based on the maximum tensile stress theory was applied to design optimized FGM layers of crack free joint. The sample is 3-dimensional cylindrical shape where this has been transformed to 2-dimensional axisymmetric mode. Based on the simulation, crack-free FGM sample was obtained by designing axial, hoop and radial stresses less than tensile strength values across all the layers of FGM. Therefore, we were able to predict and prevent the damage by calculating its thermal stress using its elastic modulus and coefficient of thermal expansion. Such analyses are especially useful for FGM samples where the residual stresses are very difficult to measure experimentally.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 2018

In the water-filling and preloading test, the sensing cables were installed on the surface of steel spiral case and in the surrounding concrete to monitor the strain distribution of several cross-sections by using Brillouin Optical Time Domain Analysis (BOTDA), a kind of distributed optical fiber sensing (DOFS) technology. The average hoop strain of the spiral case was about $330{\mu}{\varepsilon}$ and $590{\mu}{\varepsilon}$ when the water-filling pressure in the spiral case was 2.6 MPa and 4.1 MPa. The difference between the measured and the calculated strain was only about $50{\mu}{\varepsilon}$. It was the first time that the stress adjustment of the spiral case was monitored by the sensing cable when the pressure was increased to 1 MPa and the residual strain of $20{\mu}{\varepsilon}$ was obtained after preloading. Meanwhile, the shrinkage of $70{\sim}100{\mu}{\varepsilon}$ of the surrounding concrete was effectively monitored during the depressurization. It is estimated that the width of the gap between the steel spiral case and the surrounding concrete was 0.51 ~ 0.75 mm. BOTDA based distributed optical fiber sensing technology can obtain continuous strain of the structure and it is more reliable than traditional point sensor. The strain distribution obtained by BOTDA provides strong support for the design and optimization of the spiral case structure.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.13-17
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• 2015

In superconducting coil applications particularly in wet wound coils, coated conductor (CC) tapes are subjected to different type of stresses. These include hoop stress acting along the length of the CC tape and the Lorentz force acting perpendicular to the CC tape's surface. Since the latter is commonly associated with delamination problem of multi-layered CC tapes, more understanding and attention on the delamination phenomena induced in the case of coil applications are needed. Difference on the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of each constituent layer of the CC tape, the bobbin, and the impregnating materials is the main causes of delamination in CC tapes when subjected to thermal cycling. The CC tape might also experience cyclic loading due to the energizing scheme (on - off) during operation. In the design of degradation-free superconducting coils, therefore, characterization of the delamination behaviors including mechanism and strength in REBCO CC tapes becomes critical. In this study, transverse tensile tests were conducted under different loading conditions using different size of upper anvils on the GdBCO CC tapes. The mechanical and electromechanical delamination strength behaviors of the CC tapes under transverse tensile loading were examined and a two-parameter Weibull distribution analysis was conducted in statistical aspects. As a result, the CC tape showed similar range of mechanical delamination strength regardless of cross-head speed adopted. On the other hand, cyclic loading might have affected the CC tape in both upper anvil sizes adopted.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.25-28
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• 2017

In superconducting coil applications particularly in wet wound coils, coated conductor (CC) tapes are subjected to different type of stresses that could affect its electromechanical transport property. These include hoop stress acting along the length of the CC tape and the Lorentz force acting perpendicular to the CC tape's surface. Since the latter is commonly associated with the delamination problem of multi-layered REBCO CC tapes, more understanding and attention on the delamination phenomena induced in the case of coil applications are needed. Difference on the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of each constituent layer of the CC tape, the bobbin, and the impregnating materials is the main causes of delamination in CC tapes when subjected to thermal and mechanical cycling. In the design of degradation-free superconducting coils, therefore, characterization of the delamination behaviors including mechanism and strength in the multi-layered REBCO CC tapes becomes a critical issue. Various trials to increase the delamination strength by improving interface characteristics at interlayers have been performed. In this study, in order to investigate the influences of laser cleaning and Ag annealing treated at the substrate side surface, transverse tensile tests were conducted under different sample configurations using $4.5mm{\times}8mm$ upper anvil. The mechanical delamination strength of differently processed CC samples was examined at room temperature (RT). As a result, the Sample 1 with the additional laser cleaning and Ag annealing processes and the Sample 2 with additional Ag annealing process only showed higher mechanical delamination strength as compared to the Sample 3 without such additional treatments. Sample 3 showed quite different behavior when the loading direction is to the substrate side where the delamination strength much lower as compared to other cases.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.17 no.4 s.88
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• pp.521-526
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• 2005

Prestressing tendons in a nuclear containment building dome are non-axisymmetrically arranged in most cases. However, simple axisymmetric modeling of the containment has been often employed in practice to estimate structural behavior for the axisymmetric loadings such as an internal pressure. In this case, the axisymmetric approximation is required for the actual tendon arrangements in the dome. Some procedures are proposed that can implement the actual 3-dimensional tendon stiffness and prestressing effect into the axisymmetric model. Prestressing tendons, which are arranged in 3 or 2-ways depending on a containment type, are converted into an equivalent layer to consider the stiffness contribution in meridional and hoop directions. In order to reflect the prestressing effect, equivalent load method and initial stress method are devised and the corresponding loads or stresses are derived in terms of the axisymmetric model. In a companion paper, the proposed schemes are applied into CANDU and KSNP(Korean Standard Nuclear Power Plant) type containments and are verified through some numerical examples comparing the analysis results with those of the actual 3-dimensional model.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.1236-1249
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• 2021

Although there are still controversial opinions and uncertainty on application of SiC_f/SiC composite cladding as next-generation cladding material for its great oxidation resistance in high temperature steam environment and other outstanding advantages, it cannot deny that SiC_f/SiC cladding is a potential accident tolerant fuel (ATF) cladding with high research priority and still in the engineering design stage for now. However, considering its disadvantages, such as low irradiated thermal conductivity, ductility that barely not exist, further evaluations of its in-pile behaviors are still necessary. Based on the self-developed code we recently updated, relevant thermohydraulic and mechanical models in FROBA-ATF were applied to simulate the cladding behaviors under normal and accident conditions in this paper. Even through steady-state performance analysis revealed that this kind of cladding material could greatly reduce the oxidation thickness, the thermal performance of UO₂-SiC was poor due to its low inpile thermal conductivity and creep rate. Besides, the risk of failure exists when reactor power decreased. With geometry optimization and dopant addition in pellets, the steady-state performance of UO₂-SiC was enhanced and the failure risk was reduced. The thermal and mechanical performance of the improved UO₂-SiC was further evaluated under Loss of coolant accident (LOCA) and Reactivity Initiated Accident (RIA) conditions. Transient results showed that the optimized ATF had better thermal performance, lower cladding hoop stress, and could provide more coping time under accident conditions.

• Composites Research
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.257-263
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• 2021

Composite materials have been widely applied for fabricating pressure vessels used for storing gaseous and liquid fuel because of their high specific stiffness and specific strength. Accordingly, the accurate measurement of their mechanical property, particularly the burst pressure or fracture strain, is essential prior to the commercial release. However, verification of the safety of composite pressure vessels using conventional test methods poses some limitations because it may lead to the deformation of the load transferring media or provoke an additional energy loss that cannot be ignored. Therefore, in this study, the segment-type ring burst test device was designed considering the theoretical load transferring ratio and applicable displacement of the vertical column. Moreover, to verifying the uniform distribution of pressure of the segment type ring burst test device, the hoop stress and strain distribution of ring specimens were compared with that of the hydraulic pressure test method via FEM. To conduct a simulation of the fracture behavior of the composite pressure vessel, a Hashin failure criterion was applied to the ring specimen. Furthermore, the fracture strain was also measured from the experiment and compared with that of the result from the FEM.

• Composites Research
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.9-17
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• 2008

In this paper, the low velocity impact characteristics of filament winding CFRP pressure vessel was investigated using numerical and experimental methods. The cylinder part of CFRP vessel was impacted using triangular shape impactor which simulated the sharp edge of dropping tools and impact response behavior of CFRP was reviewed. The mechanical behavior, such as deformation and stress distribution, were also predicted by explicit finite element method and the validity of the model was investigated. For the quantitative evaluation of the residual strength of the pressure vessel after impact, a series of the ring specimens was cut from the impacted vessel and its burst pressure was measured by hydraulic pressure hoop tension test. As the results, the relationship between the residual strength degradation and the impact energy was successively obtained and a useful methodology to evaluate quantitatively the impact damage tolerance of CFRP pressure vessel was established.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.91-99
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• 1998

The widespread use of thin shell structures has created a need for a systematic method of analysis which can adequately account for arbitrary geometric form and boundary conditions as well as arbitrary general type of loading. Therefore, the stress and analysis of thin shell has been one of the more challenging areas of structural mechanics. A wide variety of numerical methods have been applied to the governing differential equations for spherical and cylindrical structures with a few results applicable to practice. The analysis of axisymmetric spherical shell is almost an every day occurrence in many industrial applications. A reliable and accurate finite element analysis procedure for such structures was needed. Dynamic loading of structures often causes excursions of stresses well into the inelastic range and the influence of geometry changes on the response is also significant in many cases. Therefore both material and geometric nonlinear effects should be considered. In general, the shell structures designed according to quasi-static analysis may fail under conditions of dynamic loading. For a more realistic prediction on the load carrying capacity of these shell, in addition to the dynamic effect, consideration should also include other factors such as nonlinearities in both material and geometry since these factors, in different manner, may also affect the magnitude of this capacity. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the dynamic characteristics of spherical shell. For these purposes, the spherical shell subjected to uniformly distributed step load was analyzed for its large displacements elasto-viscoplastic static and dynamic response. Geometrically nonlinear behaviour is taken into account using a Total Lagrangian formulation and the material behaviour is assumed to elasto-viscoplastic model highly corresponding to the real behaviour of the material. The results for the dynamic characteristics of spherical shell in the cases under various conditions of base-radius/central height(a/H) and thickness/shell radius(t/R) were summarized as follows : The dynamic characteristics with a/H. 1) AS the a/H increases, the amplitude of displacement in creased. 2) The values of displacement dynamic magnification factor (DMF) were ranges from 2.9 to 6.3 in the crown of shell and the values of factor in the mid-point of shell were ranged from 1.8 to 2.6. 3) As the a/H increases, the values of DMF in the crown of shell is decreased rapidly but the values of DMF in mid-point shell is increased gradually. 4) The values of DMF of hoop-stresses were range from 3.6 to 6.8 in the crown of shell and the values of factor in the mid-point of shell were ranged from 2.3 to 2.6, and the values of DMF of stress were larger than that of displacement. The dynamic characteristics with t/R. 5) With the thickness of shell decreases, the amplitude of the displacement and the period increased. 6) The values of DMF of the displacement were ranged from 2.8 to 3.6 in the crown of shell and the values of factor in the mid-point of shell were ranged from 2.1 to 2.2.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.113-121
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• 1998

The widespread use of thin shell structures has created a need for a systematic method of analysis which can adequately account for arbitrary geometric form. Therefore, the stress analysis of thin shell has been one of the more challenging areas of structural mechanics. The analysis of axisymmetric spherical shell is almost an every day occurrence in many industrial applications. A reliable and accurate finite element analysis procedure for such structures was needed. In general, the shell structures designed according to quasi-static analysis may fail under conditions of dynamic loading. For a more realistic prediction on the load carrying capacity of these shell, in addition to the dynamic effect, consideration should also include other factors such as nonlinearities in both material and geometry since these factors, in different manner, may also affect the magnitude of this capacity. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the dynamic characteristics of spherical Shell. For these purpose, the spherical shell subjected to uniformly distributed step load was analyzed for its large displacements elasto-viscoplastic dynamic response. The results for the dynamic characteristics of spherical shell in the cases under various conditions of base-radius/central height(a/H) and thickness/shell radius(t/R) were summarized as follows: 1. The dynamic characteristics with a/H, 1) As the a/H increases, the amplitude of displacement increased. 2) The values of displacement Dynamic Magnification Factor (DMF) range from 2.9 to 6.3 in the crown of shell and the values of factor in the mid-point of shell range from 1.8 to 2.6. 3) As the a/H increases, the values of DMF in the crown of shell is decreased rapidly but the values of DMF in mid-point of shell is increased gradually. 4) The values of DMF of hoop-stresses range from 3.6 to 6.8 in the crown of shell and the values of factor in the mid-point of shell range from 2.3 to 2.6, the values of DMF of stress were larger than that of displacement. 2. The dynamic characteristics with t/R, 1) With the decrease of thickness of shell decreses, the amplitude of the displacement and the period increased. 2) The values of DMF of the displacement were range from 2.8 to 3.6 in the crown of shell and the values of factor in the mid-point of shell were range from 2.1 to 2.2.