• 멤브레인
• /
• 제28권3호
• /
• pp.180-186
• /
• 2018

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)의 중공사막 표면에 2번 딥코팅하여 layer-by-layer 방식으로 나노복합막을 제조하였다. 1차 코팅에서 poly(vinylsulfonic acid)(PVSA)와 Poly(styrene sulfonic acid)(PSSA)의 농도, 이온세기(Ionic strength, IS) 등을 변화시키며 막을 제조하였으며, 2차 코팅 용액으로는 Poly(ethyleneimine) 10,000 ppm I.S = 0.3으로 고정하였다. 막의 특성평가를 위해 각각의 100 ppm NaCl, $CaSO_4$, $MgCl_2$, 그리고 25 ppm Methyl Orange (MO) 공급액에 대한 막의 투과도와 염배제율을 측정하였다. 코팅용액의 코팅 물질의 농도가 올라갈수록 염배제율이 상승하였으며, 본 실험 조건에서 PVSA보다는 PSSA를 이용하여 제조한 중공사막이 염배제율이 높은 것을 확인하였다. 대표적으로 PSSA 30,000 ppm I.S = 1.0에서 중 공사막을 제조하였을 때 25 ppm MO용액의 투과도 1.848 LMH, 염배제율 76.3%로 가장 높은 값을 나타내었다.

• 한국공간구조학회논문집
• /
• 제8권1호
• /
• pp.89-97
• /
• 2008

본 논문은 유닛 모듈러를 구성하는 주구조체인 각형강관 기둥과 냉간성형 LEB C-형강 보로 볼트 접합된 접합부의 거동을 실험적으로 평가하는 것이 연구의 목적이다. 접합부에서 기둥과 LEB C-형강 보를 접합하기 위한 브라켓의 두께변화, LEB C-형강 보와 브라켓 접합부 볼트 개수 등의 주요변수에 대한 실험을 통하여 기둥-보 접합부의 내력증대와 변형성상 및 파괴모드 변화 등을 고찰하였다. 실험결과, 접합부의 보강형상과 관계없이 또한 접합부의 파괴 없이 LEB C-형강 보의 국부좌굴강도가 지배하는 것으로 파악되었으며, 브라켓 두께 크기에 따라 내력과 강성이 조금 높게 나타남을 알 수 있었다. 또한 접합부에 사용된 볼트 수량에 관계없이 강성면에서 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았으며 LEB C-형강과 브라켓을 볼트접합으로 반강접합의 역학적 거동 가능성을 확인하였다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제1권1호
• /
• pp.51-74
• /
• 2001

A series of tests on concrete-filled SHS (Square Hollow Section) stub columns (twenty), columns (eight) and beam-columns (twenty one) were carried out. The main parameters varied in the tests are (1) Confinement factor (${\xi}$) from 1.08 to 5.64, (2) concrete compression strength from 10.7MPa to 36.6MPa, (3) tube width to thickness ratio from 20.5 to 36.5. (4) load eccentricity (e) from 15 mm to 80 mm and (5) column slenderness (${\lambda}$) from 45 to 75. A mechanics model is developed in this paper for concrete-filled SHS stub columns, columns and beam-columns. A unified theory is described where a confinement factor (${\xi}$) is introduced to describe the composite action between the steel tube and filled concrete. The predicted load versus axial strain relationship is in good agreement with stub column test results. Simplified models are derived for section capacities and modulus in different stages of the composite sections. The predicted beam-column strength is compared with that of 331 beam-column tests with a wide range of parameters. A good agreement is obtained. The predicted load versus midspan deflection relationship for beam-columns is in good agreement with test results. A simplified model is developed for calculating the member capacity of concrete-filled SHS columns. Comparisons are made with predicted columns strengths using the existing codes such as LRFD (AISC 1994), AIJ (1997), and EC4 (1996). Simplified interaction curves are derived for concrete-filled beam-columns.

• 멤브레인
• /
• 제25권2호
• /
• pp.99-106
• /
• 2015

Flaring gas에서 $CO_2$ 제거를 위해 폴리술폰 고분자를 이용한 중공사막을 제조하였다. 제조된 중공사막은 1단과 2단 공정의 전산모사와 실제 공정을 통해서 $CH_4$ 농도 99% 이상 $CO_2$ 농도 1% 미만의 운전조건과 성능을 확인하였다. 또한 $25Nm^3/h$ 급 bench scale $CO_2$ 분리막 연속공정에서 100시간의 운전시간 동안 $CO_2$의 농도를 1% 미만으로 안정적으로 운전하였고 이때의 $CH_4$ 회수율은 약 98%였다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제67권2호
• /
• pp.207-217
• /
• 2018

In past years, numerous problems have vexed engineers with regard to buckling, corrosion, bending, and overloading in damaged steel structures. This article sets out to investigate the possible effects of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and steel plates for retrofitting deficient steel square hollow section (SHS) columns. The effects of axial loading, stiffness, axial displacement, the position and shape of deficient region on the length of steel SHS columns, and slenderness ratio are examined through a detailed parametric study. A total of 14 specimens was tested for failure under axial compression in a laboratory and simulated using finite element (FE) analysis based on a numerical approach. The results indicate that the application of CFRP sheets and steel plates also caused a reduction in stress in the damaged region and prevented or retarded local deformation around the deficiency. The findings showed that a deficiency leads to reduced load-carrying capacity of steel SHS columns and the retrofitting method is responsible for the increase in the load-bearing capacity of the steel columns. Finally, this research showed that the CFRP performed better than steel plates in compensating the axial force caused by the cross-section reduction due to the problems associated with the use of steel plates, such as in welding, increased weight, thermal stress around the welding location, and the possibility of creating another deficiency by welding.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제33권1호
• /
• pp.111-122
• /
• 2019

This paper presents an experimental work on the post-fire behavior of two kinds of innovative composite stub columns under eccentric compression. The partially precast steel reinforced concrete (PPSRC) column is composed of a precast outer-part cast using steel fiber reinforced reactive powder concrete (RPC) and a cast-in-place inner-part cast using conventional concrete. Based on the PPSRC column, the hollow precast steel reinforced concrete (HPSRC) column has a hollow column core. With the aim to investigate the post-fire performance of these composite columns, six stub column specimens, including three HPSRC stub columns and three PPSRC stub columns, were exposed to the ISO834 standard fire. Then, the cooling specimens and a control specimen unexposed to fire were eccentrically loaded to explore the residual capacity. The test parameters include the section shape, concrete strength of inner-part, eccentricity ratio and heating time. The test results indicated that the precast RPC shell could effectively confine the steel shape and longitudinal reinforcements after fire, and the PPSRC stub columns experienced lower core temperature in fire and exhibited higher post-fire residual strength as compared with the HPSRC stub columns due to the insulating effect of core concrete. The residual capacity increased with the increasing of inner concrete strength and with the decreasing of heating time and load eccentricity. Based on the test results, a FEA model was established to simulate the temperature field of test specimens, and the predicted results agreed well with the test results.

• 한국물환경학회지
• /
• 제27권2호
• /
• pp.235-241
• /
• 2011

This study was performed to investigate the characteristics of nutrient removal of municipal wastewater in the submerged membrane bioreactor by addition of alum directly into aerobic tank. Membrane bioreactor consists of three reactors such as two intermittent anaerobic tanks and the aerobic tank with hollow fiber membrane. The removal efficiencies of $COD_{cr}$, BOD, SS, TN and TP on the membrane bioreactor were 94.0%, 99.1%, 99.9%, 66.9%, and 58.9%, respectively. In addition, The removal efficiencies of $COD_{cr}$, BOD, SS, TN and TP on the membrane bioreactor with alum addition were 93.4%, 99.0%, 99.9%, 63.2%, and 96.8%, respectively. There was little difference between them on the nutrient removal efficiencies except phophorus removal. The estimated sludge production, specific denitrification rate, specific nitrification rate and phosphorus removal content on the membrane bioreactor were 1.76 kgTSS/d, $0.055mgNO_3-N/mgVSS{\cdot}d$, $0.031mgNH_4-N/mgVSS{\cdot}d$, and 0.095 kgP/d, respectively. And The estimated sludge production, specific denitrification rate, specific nitrification rate and phosphorus removal content on the membrane bioreactor with alum addition were 2.90 kgTSS/d, $0.049mgNO_3-N/mgVSS{\cdot}d$, $0.030mgNH_4-N/mgVSS{\cdot}d$, and 0.160 kgP/d, respectively. The alum content added was 1.7 molAl/molP on an average. The increasing ratio of tran-membrane pressure on the membrane bioreactor was $0.0056kgf/cm^2{\cdot}compared$ to $0.0033kgf/cm^2{\cdot}d$ on the membrane bioreactor with alum addition. There was a slightly reduction effect on membrane fouling by alum addition.

• 한국복합재료학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국복합재료학회 2000년도 춘계학술발표대회 논문집
• /
• pp.93-96
• /
• 2000

The theory of non-prismatic folded plate structures was reported by the senior author in 1965 and 1966. Fiber reinforced composite materials are strong in tension. The structural element for such tension force is very thin and weak against bending because of small bending stiffnesses. Naturally, the box type section is considered as the optimum structural configuration because of its high bending stiffnesses. Such structures can be effectively analyzed by the folded plate theory with relative ease. The "hollow" bending member with uniform cross-section can be treated as prismatic folded plates which is a special case of the non-prismatic folded plates. Tn this paper, the result of analysis of a folded plates with one box type uniform cross-section is presented. Each plate is made of composite laminates with fiber orientation of [ABBCAAB]$_r$, with A=-B=$45^{\circ}$, and C=$90^{\circ}$. The influence of the span to depth ratio is also studied. When this ratio is 5, the difference between the results of folded plate theory and beam theory is 1.66%. is 1.66%.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제7권1호
• /
• pp.19-34
• /
• 2007

This paper presents results of a non-linear finite element analysis of axially loaded slender hollow structural section (HSS) columns, strengthened using high modulus carbon-fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) longitudinal sheets. The model was developed and verified against both experimental and other analytical models. Both geometric and material nonlinearities, which are attributed to the column's initial imperfection and plasticity of steel, respectively, are accounted for. Residual stresses have also been modeled. The axial strength in the experimental study was found to be highly dependent on the column's imperfection. Consequently, no specific correlation was established experimentally between strength gain and amount of CFRP. The model predicted the ultimate loads and failure modes quite reasonably and was used to isolate the effects of CFRP strengthening from the columns' imperfections. It was then used in a parametric study to examine columns of different slenderness ratios, imperfections, number of CFRP layers, and level of residual stresses. The study demonstrated the effectiveness of high modulus CFRP in increasing stiffness and strength of slender columns. While the columns' imperfections affect their actual strengths before and after strengthening,the percentage gain in strength is highly dependent on slenderness ratio and CFRP reinforcement ratio, rather than the value of imperfection.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
• /
• 제8권4호통권29호
• /
• pp.59-76
• /
• 1996

Concrete filled steel tube column has a large load carrying capacity through its steel and concrete interaction which makes it useful in construction. However, it has not been used often in a practical construction field. This is partly due to the non-destructive inspection method for concrete filling which has yet to be established. Furthermore, there are the lack of test data and a practical method in evaluating the ultimate load carrying capacity of concrete filled steel tube column. This paper will attempt to predict the ultimate strength of short concrete filled square tubular steel columns through conducting several tests. To accumulate the new test data on concrete filled steel tube columns, a total of 42 specimens of steel tubular columns were monotonically tested under concentric axial force, having the slenderness ratio(${\lambda}=10,\;15,\;20$), width-thickness ratio(d/t=25.0, 33.3) and concrete strengths($F_{c}=210,\;240,\;270kg/cm^{2}$). The hollow sections and concrete filled steel columns were compared to check the lateral confinded effects by steel tube. Through these test results, we propose a coefficient k=3.64 for the strength evaluation formula(10) of concrte filled tubular steel short columns.