• Acta Via Serica
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.151-160
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• 2018

There is a variety of opinions about the first translation activities within the Turkic Empire. It is widely believed that some Buddhist sutras were translated into the Turkic language in the period of Taspar Qagan (572-581). This theory is based on certain arguments: Some Turks practiced Buddhism, Buddhist monks translated sutras in the center of the Turkic Empire, Taspar brought sutras from China and had them translated, and the monarch of Northern Qi had a sutra translated and sent to Taspar. However, in my opinion, these arguments lack credibility. This article, which is based on primary Chinese sources, will question the likelihood of such translation activities having occurred. Some Chinese records for these claims exist: Da Tang Nei Dian Lu (大唐內典錄) and Xu Gao Seng Chuan (續高僧傳) by the Buddhist monk Jinagupta and the records of Hui Lin in Sui Shu (隋書) and Wen Xian Tong Kao (文獻通考). These are known as "primary sources." Secondary sources, namely contemporary history and language studies, such as those in books and articles, must be based on primary sources. It can be seen that claims relating to the first Turkic translation activities at the time of Taspar are mainly derived from secondary sources, and that the arguments in these secondary sources vary. Sometimes researchers make suppositions on the existence of information that is not referred to in primary sources. However, this is not normal practice. If a researcher relies on unknowns for the evidence of information existing, it can cause false information, ideas and anachronisms to be created. It is important that primary sources, such as the Chinese sources mentioned above, be translated correctly in language and history studies. If only a word is mistranslated, very different results may occur. Mistranslating or misinterpreting a primary source allows conclusions to be reached that are not supported by dissemination of information from primary sources. This can mislead experts and result in information that is not correct being considered as being true. As well as helping to prevent such misinterpretations occurring, another aim of this paper is to question the interpretations of the first Turkic translations in contemporary studies on history and language. The origin of such assessments will be explored and the validity of that information will be examined.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.20-31
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• 2004

The 21/sup st/ century is a society based on knowledge, so in economic activities, it has emphasized the importance of information such as intellectual property or intangible asserts. Especially, according to the agreement on trade related as parts of intellectual property rights in WTO, it is used as the method of commercial entente and monopoly for intellectual property in an advanced nation. For this reason, WIPO and UNESCO discussed a complement for intellectual property on the foundation of traditional knowledge such as traditional knowledge (TK), genetic resources (GR) and traditional cultural expressions (TCE, folklore). Korea has a lot of knowledge falling under TK, GR, and TCE because of the long history of the country. In the case of traditional medical care, it has been used in the public health system. It is hard to apply these rights to traditional medical care of Korea because the laws of intellectual property have been established under the ideas of western culture. It is necessary to improve the classification system of traditional knowledge and patents. In the patent classified system of IPC, it needs to be related to the research between the classified system for massive technology and the classified system for traditional clinic technology.

• Journal for History of Mathematics
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 2021

Logic and intuition are considered as the opposite extremes of teaching geometry, and any teaching method of geometry is to be placed between these extremes. The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics of logical and intuitive approaches for teaching geometry and to derive didactical implications by taking Euclid's Elements and Clairaut's Elements respectively representing the extremes. To this end, comparing the composition and contents of each book, we analyze which propositions Clairaut chose from Euclid's Elements, how their approaches differ in definitions, proofs, and geometrical constructions, and what unique approaches Clairaut took. The results reveal that Clairaut mainly chose propositions from Euclid's books 1, 3, 6, 11, and 12 to provide the contexts that show why such ideas were needed, rather than the sudden appearance of abstract and formal propositions, and omitted or modified the process of justification according to learners' levels. These propose a variety of intuitive strategies in line with trends of teaching geometry towards emphasis on conceptual understanding and different levels of justification. Specifically, such as the general principle of similarity and the infinite geometric approach shown in Clairaut's Elements, we could confirm that intuition-based geometry does not necessarily aim for tasks with low cognitive demand, but must be taught in a way that learners can understand.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.383-396
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• 2000

Before the advent of early plastic or maxillofacial reconstructive surgery, facial features could only be replaced and mimicked by prosthetic, artificial means. Facial deformity or dysfunction, whether congenital or acquired by trauma or mutilating disease, has long been an area of constant research, development and innovation in many cultures of the world. One of the greatest contributors to the need for maxillofacial prosthetics has been physical conflict and warfare. The use of maxillofacial prostheses is not merely the replacement of a missing or disfigured aspect of the face, but the rehabilitation of that individual back into the society from which they originate. Rehabilitation includes the restoration of the person's self worth and confidence, not just physically but psychologically. In sixteenth century, Ambroise Pare, French military surgeon, first have tried many maxillofacial prosthetics for injured war soldiers with papier-mache, silver, gold and copper. According to patient's demand who lost their maxillofacial figures, maxillofacial personnel have increased and prosthetic's skill have been advanced all of the world. Over the last decade, there has been a very rapid development in technical possibilities to provide patients with facial prostheses retained by skin penetrating implants. This article will present overall history of maxillofacial prostheses and some background information on the materials used from the old world. And to overcome still many limitation of prosthetic, new minds and new ideas for technique and materials should be developed.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.10 no.2 s.26
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• pp.85-99
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• 2001

Jong Soung Kim is a rare architect in Korea who has consistently done research on the idea of the architectural technology for a long time. Therefore in order to understand Kimm's architecture, it is essential to examine his idea on the technology, which reveals the complicated relationship between divers architectural discourses. It is concerned with tectonics which was the most important theoretical movements in German architecture from the nineteenth century, the Mies van der Rohe's idea of the technology which provided the most powerful basis of modern architecture, Miesians' technological discourses which was at the height of prosperity in seventies in America, and High-tech architecture in eighties. Kimm's idea on the technology is defined as follow; 1) Kimm believe that although architecture begins in construction and materiality, it must culminate in artistic form. It's legacy of German tectonics. 2) He accepts Mies' three ideas on the technology. 'Architecture is the spatially apprehended will of the epoch.' 'Technology reveals the true nature of the will of the epoch.' 'We can attain a new beauty with the help of a new technology' 3) He takes a double attitude toward the idea on the technology of Mies followers. He accepts their architectural achievement according to technological progress, but criticize their technology-oriented attitude, deprived of spiritual enrichment. 4) Kimm's idea on the technology is distinguished from that of High-tech architect. The principal criteria exist in their different attitude toward the anonymity and the ethics of technology.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.13-24
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• 2003

The modern landscape architectural profession and education of Korea was established in the early 1970s. The former president Park Chung-Hee was a main axis in this process of establishment. This paper critically examines Park Chung-Hee's thoughts on landscape architecture. It can show us the functional relationship between his thoughts and the beginning of the history of modem landscape architecture in Korea. The close relationship between Park Chung-Hee and Korean landscape architecture can be interpreted as double sides. First, landscape architecture was a matter of great interest for Park Chung-Hee. His involvement of landscape architecture went well beyond that of an amateur. Second, landscape architecture was a strategic instrument for practicing his political policy of economic development and nationalism. There are three remarkable tendencies in his thoughts on landscape architecture. First, he regarded that the main role of landscape architecture was to cover and to decorate damaged sites. Second, he had a contradictory notion of tradition and history. Last, the European pastoral ideal was his criterion for the beauty of landscape. His thoughts on landscape architecture were an amalgamation of these three contradictory ideas, and it has left some controversial inheritances for contemporary landscape architecture.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.9-28
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• 1995

How have they preserved the regional historic buildings in Korea? Do they preserve the original value as a historic building. Are there any artificial deformations deteriorating the quality of the buildings? Is the regional system for preservation effective agalnst the artificial deformations of the buildings? These questions are involved in the purposes of this paper. I investigated the historic buildings designated by Kyong-Nam provincial government. As the resuit, variouse patterns of artificial deformation were found. I found that the deformations may deteriorate the original quality of historic building, and it is related somehow to the limitations of regional system for preservation. So I suggest some alternative ideas for preserving the quality of historic buildings against artificial deformation : a. Present system for preservation is not effective for preserving various architectural value such as urban context and landscape, site planning techniques, function of a space, etc. Regional system should be revised for preserving their architectural value or meaning. b. Historic buildings should be classified and should have proper protecting area according to each architectural values or meanings, respectibly: Historic buildings with Urban context and landscape Historic buildings as a part of a complex Historic buildings as a behavorial setting. c. Historic buildings should be graded based on their quality. And standard and criteria for acceptable deformations should be established. d. Periodical inspections by experts should be carried out to check out the deformation.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.8 no.4 s.21
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• pp.25-38
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• 1999

After Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592 was over and the situation was coped with, Chang-Kyoung Palace and Chang-Duk Palace were rebult, and In-Kyung Palace and Kyung-Duk Palace were built during the reign of Kwang Hae Kun. Many utilitarians were engaged with the construction as a manager, and they devoted themselves to improve technology. As a result, craftsmen were treated so valuable, compared to the past, that they were consulted about the technical problems under construction, the process of making an estimate, and the management of construction materials. Moreover, famous craftsmen obtained the government service. And there were various attempts on organizing and compensating workmen in order to manage them efficiently. In addition, the know-how of manufacturing a blue tile, which had been failed to succeed due to the war, was revived, and manufacturing a yellow tile, which had not been used, was studied by utilitarians. Finally, There were many kind of technical attempts and development under the construction of palaces, which gave utilitarians a chance to express their ideas, expected practical science, and assembled craftsmen who had scattered due to the war, during the reign of Kwang Hae Kun

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.149-166
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• 2006

Following former study(A Study of the Perception of SoGal in the early through mid Chosun Dynasty-Focusing on "UiBangYuChi(醫方類聚)" and "DongUiBoGam(東醫寶鑑)", there were medical attainments in this study on SoGal(消渴) of "UiRimChualYo(醫林撮要) SamSoMun(三消門)". 1. SoGal(消渴) theory of "UiRimChualYo(醫林撮要) SamSoMun(三消門)" presented the lack of Bodily Liquids and Blood theory(津液 血不足論) overcoming the limits of the fire/heat theory(火熱論). 2. In the "UiRimChualYo(醫林撮要) SamSoMun(三消門)", the concept of SoGal was started to change simple symptoms into the diseases including ethology, pathology and prognosis etc. 3. In the "UiRimChualYo(醫林撮要) SamSoMun(三消門)", the prescriptions of JaEum(滋陰) were thought significantly. On the other hand the prescriptions of HuaYul(火熱) were excluded at all. 4. The use of warm herb like BuJa(附子) was showed through GaGamSinGiHwan(加 減腎氣丸) and succeeded in "DongUiBoGam" the kidney's fire(坎火衰少論) lack theory. The futuristic percetion of "UiRimChualYo(醫林撮要) SamSoMun(三消門)" influenced "DongUiBoGam(東醫寶鑑)" was able to have progress ideas about SoGal.

• Journal for History of Mathematics
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.1-15
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• 2010

We study the thought of numerical theory of $Sh\grave{a}o$ $K\bar{a}ngji\acute{e}$. He explained the change of universe and everything in his theoretical system in tradition of . It is contained in his . We conjecture that this book influenced . Choi Suk Jung tried to embody the ideas of $Sh\grave{a}o$ $K\bar{a}ngji\acute{e}$ in .