• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.471-476
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• 2003

Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a systemic disease of ruminants caused by ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2). OvHV-2 is a gamma herpesvirus, which induces frequent latent infection and often difficult to detect its antigens and even specific nucleic acids because of its low viral copies in the infected tissues. Histopathology, serology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were compared for the diagnosis of MCF using 10 bison infected with OvHV-2. Histopathological diagnosis was performed using the criteria which was based upon the pathognomic lesions. Serological diagnosis was conducted using its serum with competitive ELISA for the detection of antibodies of OvHV-2. Also, the nest PCR was performed with peripheral blood leukocytes for the detection of OvHV-2-specific DNAs. Primers 556 and 775 were used for the primary amplification, and primers 556 and 555 were used for the secondary amplification. As the results, positive cases were 6 by histopahology, 9 by serology and 10 by PCR. As comparing with other diagnostic methods, PCR was found to be more sensitive than histopathology and serology. The recent development of molecular diagnostic assays has provided powerful tools for investigating how viruses survive in nature. Development of PCR specific for viruses has dramatically improved the accuracy of diagnosis of viruses in clinically infected animals. Furthermore, amplification of viral genomic material by nest PCR represents the most sensitive method for the detection of viruses and might be detected successfully even though very low viral DNA copies. So, it could be used as the first choice for the detection of viral DNAs with low copies such as the status of latent infection. However, it has also some limitation of application like as false negative results by PCR inhibitors and false positive results by contamination. The results of this study suggest that the use of molecular biological methods like PCR may increase the accuracy for the diagnosis of infectious diseases. However, in diagnostic laboratory, it is recommended that PCR assay must be conducted with other diagnostic methods for more reliable diagnosis.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.279-284
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• 2009

This research aimed to investigate the time-course effect of epichlorohydrin (ECH) on epididymal histopathology in Sprague-Dawley rats. Twenty-four male rats were randomly assigned to four groups with 6 rats in each group and were administered a single oral dose of ECH (70 mg/kg) or its vehicle. Six animals each were sacrificed on days 0 (control), 1, 2, and 7 after treatment. During the study period, clinical signs, body weights, reproductive organ weights, testicular spermatid count, epididymal sperm count, motility and morphology, and histopathology were examined. No treatmentrelated effects on body weights and reproductive organ weights were noted at any time point. On the contrary, sperm motility decreased slightly on days 1 and 2 after treatment and then decreased significantly on day 7 after treatment. The first signs of histological changes were the appearance of cell debris in the ducts and vacuolization of the epithelial cells observed in the proximal caput epididymis on day 1 after treatment. The incidences and grades of the histological changes including cell debris in the ducts, epithelial vacuolization, oligospermia, and epithelial disruption increased on day 2 and then decreased slightly on day 7 after treatment. These results show that a single oral dose of 70 mg/kg ECH to male rats results in cell debris in the ducts and vacuolization of the epithelial cells in the proximal caput epididymis, followed by reversible oligospermia, epithelial disruption, and decreased sperm motility.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.20
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• pp.8759-8763
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• 2014

Background: Non-hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a diverse group of disease encompassing divergent tumor types with contrasting clinical behaviors. We aimed to evaluate the usefulness of Ki67 index in segregating indolent from aggressive NHL and its association with clinical parameters. Materials and Methods: During a study period of 4.5 years, a total of 215 cases of lymphomas were diagnosed among of which 172 cases were NHL. Ki67 immunohistochemical staining was performed by the DAKO envision method. Average proportion of tumor cells stained was calculated to determine the proliferative index. Results: The mean age at diagnosis was 46.2 years +19.8 (3-81) with a male to female ratio of 1.5:1. Mean Ki67 index for indolent NHL included 23% for small cell, 25% for mantle cell, 28.5% for marginal zone and 34.6% for follicular lymphoma. On the other hand, mean Ki67 index for aggressive lymphomas were 66.4%, 66.9%, 80.3%, 83.3% and 94.4% for diffuse large B cell, T cell (NOS), anaplastic large cell, lymphoblastic and burkitts lymphoma respectively. No significant correlation was found between Ki67 index and other clinical parameters like age and extra nodal involvement. Conclusions: Ki67 index is a valuable IHC marker to distinguish indolent from aggressive lymphomas especially in small needle biopsies where exact typing may not be possible.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.79-86
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• 2008

This study was conducted to obtain information of the oral dose toxicity of low molecular fucoidan (LMF) in male and female mice. In order to calculate 50% lethal dose ($LD_{50}$) and approximate lethal dose (LD), test material was once orally administered to male and female ICR mice at dose levels of 2000, 1000, 500, 250, 125 and 0 (vehicle control) mg/kg (body wt.). The mortality and the changes on body weight, clinical signs, gross observation and organ weight and histopathology of principle organs were monitored 14 days after LMF treatment. We could not find any mortalities, clinical signs, body weight changes and gross findings. In addition, significant changes in the organ weight and histopathology of principal organs were not observed except for some sporadic findings. The results obtained in this study suggest that LMF may not be toxic in mice and may be therefore safe for clinical use. The $LD_{50}$ and approximate LD in mice after single oral dose of LMF were considered over 2000 mg/kg in both female and male mice.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.299-305
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• 2013

This study was to evaluate the single dose toxicity of Arecae Semen (AS) in male and female ICR mice. Aqueous extracts of AS (Yield = 13.15%) were administered as an oral dose of 2,000, 1,000 and 500 mg/kg (body weight) according to the recommendation of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) guidelines. Animals were monitored for the mortality and changes in body weight, clinical signs and gross observation during 14 days after dosing, upon necropsy; organ weight and histopathology of 12 principle organs were examined. We could not find any mortality, clinical signs, and changes in the body and organ weight except for diarrhea. Diarrhea were observed in all three different dosage groups of male mice, and in 2000 mg/kg groups of female mice within 48hrs after administration. In addition, no AS extract related abnormal gross findings and changes in histopathology of principle organs were detected except for some sporadic accidental findings. Although the 50% lethal dose and approximate lethal dose of AS aqueous extracts in female and male mice were detected as over 2,000 mg/kg - the limited highest dosage recommended by KFDA guidelines. It should be carefully used in clinics because AS may be induced severe digestive tract disorders.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.127-132
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• 2007

The object of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of lyophilized water extract of Radix Araliae Cordatae (RA) in male and female mice. The extract was administered to female and male ICR mice as an oral dose of 2000 mg/kg (body wt.) according to the recommendation of KFDA Guidelines. Animals were monitored for the mortality and changes in body weight, clinical signs and gross observation during 14 days after dosing, upon necropsy, organ weight and histopathology of 12 principle organs were examined. As results, we could not find any mortality, clinical signs, changes in the body weight and gross findings except for increases of hypertrophy of lymph nodes in male RA extracts-dosing group. In addition, no RA extracts-treatment related abnormal changes in the organ weight and histopathology of principle organs except for some sporadic accidental findings. The results obtained in this study suggest that the RA extracts does not cause any toxicological signs. The LD$_{50}$ and approximate LD of RA extracts in both female and male mice were considered as over 2000 mg/kg.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.553-555
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• 2016

Background: Liver cytology is indicated and requested for evaluating hepatic masses in symptomatic or serendipitous cryptic discovered lesions. Objective: To determine the cytomorphological patterns of hepatic lesions identified among a group of Sudanese patients. Materials and Methods: This is an analytical descriptive hospital-based study included 165 patients undergoing ultrasound-guided fine needle is an aspiration cytology (FNAC)for hepatic lesions, at Al-Amal Military Hospital & Khartoum Teaching Hospital in Khartoum, Sudan. Clinical data were reviewed. Air dried Diff Quick stained smears were grouped into unsatisfactory samples, benign lesions, and malignant neoplasms. Results: Our population were consisted of 35 (21.2%) females and 130 (78.8%) males, with a male to female ratio 3.7:1 and an age ranged between 47 to 80, and a mean age $57{\pm}7$. Of 165 cases, 57 (34.5%) were benign, no atypia were noticed, 101 (61.2%) were malignant. Most investigated patients were found to have metastatic lesions. Conclusion: FNAC is a useful tool for investigating hepatic lesions.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.21-38
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• 2011

Objective : This study was to evaluate the single dose toxicity of Bojungikki-tang(Buzhongyiqi-tang, BJIKT) in male and female mice. Method : Aqueous extracts of BJIKT were administered to female and male ICR mice as an oral dose of 2,000, 1,000 and 500 mg/kg (body weight) according to the recommendation of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) Guidelines. Animals were monitored for the mortality and changes in body weight, clinical signs and gross observation during 14 days after dosing, upon necropsy ; organ weight and histopathology of 12 principle organs were examined. Results : we could not find any mortality, clinical signs, and changes in the body and organ weight. In addition, no BJIKT-treatment related abnormal gross findings and changes in histopathology of principle organs were detected except for some sporadic accidental findings. Conclusion : The results obtained in this study suggest that the 50% lethal dose and approximate lethal dose of BJIKT aqueous extracts in both female and male mice were considered as over 2,000 mg/kg, the limited highest dosage recommended by KFDA Guidelines, and can be safety used in clinics.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.122-131
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• 2011

The object of this study was to evaluate the single dose toxicity of Yukmijihwangtanggamibang (YMJHTGMB), a polyherbal formula have been traditionally used as prevention or treatment agent for various lung diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), in male and female mice. Aqueous extracts of YMJHTGMB (Yield = 16.33%) wasadministered to female and male ICR mice as an oral dose of 2,000, 1,000 and 500 mg/kg (body weight) according to the recommendation of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) Guidelines. Animals were monitored for the mortality and changes in body weight, clinical signs and gross observation during 14 days after dosing, upon necropsy; organ weight and histopathology of 12 principle organs were examined. As results, we could not find any mortality, clinical signs, and changesin the body and organ weight except for soft feces restricted to YMJHTGMB 2,000 mg/kg treated two male mice (2/5; 40%) at 1 day after administration. In addition, no YMJHTGMB-treatment related abnormal gross findings and changes in histopathology of principle organs were detected except for some sporadic accidental findings. The results obtained in this study suggest that the 50% lethal dose and approximate lethal dose of YMJHTGMB aqueous extracts in both female and male mice were considered as over 2,000 mg/kg, the limited highest dosage recommended by KFDA Guidelines.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.245-251
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• 2007

The object of this study was to evaluate the single dose toxicity of Kong-Jin-Dan (KJD), a polyherbal formula in male and female mice. KJD was administered to female and male ICR mice as an oral dose of 2000, 1000 and 500 mg/kg (body wt.) according to the recommendation of KFDA Guidelines. Animals were monitored for the mortality and changes in body weight, clinical signs and gross observation during 14 days after dosing, upon necropsy, organ weight and histopathology of 12 principle organs were examined. As results, we could not find any mortality, clinical signs, and changes in the body and organ weight except for increases of lymphoid organ weights in KJD-dosing groups. These increases of lymphoid organ weights considered that related to the immune modulate effect of KJD not toxicological signs. In addition, no KJD-treatment related abnormal gross findings and changes in histopathology of principle organs were detected except for some sporadic accidental findings. The results obtained in this study suggest that the KJD does not cause any toxicological signs. The $LD_{50}$ and approximate LD of KJD extracts in both female and male mice were considered as over 2000 mg/kg.