• Wind and Structures
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.493-514
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• 2002

Seven hip roof building models for $10^{\circ}$, $15^{\circ}$, $20^{\circ}$, $25^{\circ}$, $30^{\circ}$, $35^{\circ}$ and $40^{\circ}$ roof pitch with large overhangs of 1.1 m were tested in a wind tunnel at the university of Roorkee, India to investigate wind pressure distributions over hip roofs for various roof pitch and wind direction. The results show that the roof pitch and wind direction do significantly affect the magnitude and distribution of the roof pressures. The $40^{\circ}$ roof pitch has been found to experience the highest peak suctions at the roof corners amongst the seven hip roofs tested. Pressures on $15^{\circ}$, $20^{\circ}$ and $30^{\circ}$ hip roofs are comparable with those reported by Xu and Reardon (1998). Meecham et al. (1991) for $18.4^{\circ}$ hip roof is compatible with $15^{\circ}$ hip roof of the present study. Holmes's works (1994) on gable roof have also been compared with the present work. Zoning for codification has also been attempted since IS875 (Part-3) does not include this information. A comparison for design value has also been made with BRE Report No. 346.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.7-16
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• 2019

In this study, I would like to inquire about the composition of oegi(外機) on the hip and gable roof. Oegi purlin compose the basic member of framework of a hip and gable roof in both sides roof, supporting the inside end of the side rafter. However, the oegi purlin is not simply used to form hip and gable roof. The effects of using oegi purlin have the advantages of spatial. The spatial advantages are the width of the toekan(退間) increases as the oegi purlin escapes from column row and to increase the ceiling height by becoming a point of staying the ceiling. That reflect the desire to expand indoor space due to changes in worship behavior. Oegi purlin was used not only for structural needs, but also for altering in indoor space due to the changing times.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.369-382
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• 2016

The studies on the rural housing have focused on folk housing, but this study focuses on the contemporary rural housing with special reference to the roof types/materials and the outer wall materials. The research area of this study is the fourteen rural settlements in Jeju Island. The hip roof type, the hip/flat roof type, the simple-flat roof type, the gable roof type, and the eyebrow-and-flat roof type are the most frequent roof types. Among the roof materials, the precoated steel plate, the artificial slate, the cement, the cement/roof tile, and the cement/artificial slate are the most frequent materials. The cement holds more than a half of the outer wall materials, and the cement/basalt rock, the tile/cement, the tile, and the diverse siding are the next frequent outer wall materials. The comparison of the rural housing reveals that there are some clear differences between Jeju Island and Gyeongnam Province in terms of the roof types and the outer wall materials.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.441-454
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• 2016

This study deals with the contemporary rural housing with special reference to the roof types/materials and the outer wall materials in Ulleungdo Mountains. The most frequent roof type of rural housing is the hip-and-gable roof type(42.1%); and the next, the gable roof type(25.8%). For the roof materials, the precoated steel plate(69.1%), the asphalt shingle(11.8%), and the cement(10.7%) are the most frequent but the roofing tile and the artificial slate are not used. And for the outer wall materials, the cement(27.5%), the siding(21.3%), the corrugated galvanized iron(16.8%), and the lumber sheet(6.7%) are the most frequent. It is the hip-and-gable roof housing type with the precoated steel plate(roof materials)(41%), or the hip-and-gable roof housing type with the precoated steel plate(roof materials) and the cement(outer wall material) (18.0%) that is the most frequent type of rural housing in Ulleungdo Mountains. For the roof/wall materials, the ratio of the corrugated galvanized iron is high probably due to the relatively low cost of transport, and the ratio of the roofing tile, the artificial slate, the red brick, and the building stone is very low probably due to the relatively high cost of transport.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.119-123
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• 2005

The main purpose of this study is to define an optimum slope of the roof that demands minimum cooling load of the building, when the roof is affected by the solar and wind energy. Two different roof shapes were chosen: hip, gabled. The cooling load of building having those roof shapes was calculated through the computer simulation, using DOE program. For the simulation, the angle of the roof and angle of the orientation was changed. In the conclusion of this paper, an optimum slope of the roof which causes minimize cooling load is presented according to the roof shape and orientation. The result of this study could provide a practical design guideline for determining the roof angle for various climatic conditions.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.393-404
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• 2014

This research proposes a method to draw a number of components for roof frame in 3D datum. It is based on the analysis of the roof curvature and their geometric relationship in the traditional wooden buildings. Correlations between the components that generate a roof surface is defined with functional formula. The design system which automatically generates 3D datum for the components is implemented by reflecting the structural mechanics for them. The suggested system provides a control function to easily draw a traditional house. In this system, the components engaged in forming a roof surface are not only automatically generated but also simply modified according to the user's request. It would improves design efficiency and ensure a various roof surface design. Furthermore it makes possible systematic drawing and standardized industrial processing. Consequently, the proposed method is expected to contribute to the popularization of traditional house constructing.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 2012

This study examines how fence demolition may change the thermal environments of external spaces of houses and suggests what factors need to be considered when a fence is demolished. The results of the research are summarized as follows. In terms of the surface temperature, there was no significant difference in all time plots after the removal of all materials. However, applying greening methods (changing the surface materials, planting trees, and building a green roof following fence demolition) could lower the surface temperatures, calling for proper plans for various greening methods. The MRT results indicates that walls block solar radiation and provide shade, reducing radiant heat from roads and surrounding structures during the daytime when solar radiation directly effects surface temperatures. Also, the application of greening methods such as planting vegetation and trees could have shading and evapotranspiration effects, leading to a lower temperature distribution. The HIP results were similar to the MRT results. They indicated that walls block solar radiation within the residential sections and provide shade, resulting in a lower temperature distribution during the daytime. However, areas where greening methods such as a green roof or tree planting were applied showed $1{\sim}2^{\circ}C$ difference in temperature distribution.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.8 no.3 s.20
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• pp.23-38
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to analogize the appearance of Korean Ancient Architecture in view of the Stone Remains from 3 Kingdom Period to Unificated Shilla Period. But in these period, there is no building remains but some stupas and fine arts. Especially, there are many architectural appearance and revealing signature in these Historical Stone remains. Architectural elements which are analogized by stone remains what has value as historical materials by preservation of original form from 3 Kingdom Preiod to Unificated Shilla Period are as follows : 1) Platform, the representative characteristic of Korean traditional architecture, was frame structure and accumulate structure. And circular or square footing stood a same shape column on it is put on the platform. 2) In the case of column, there used entasis column and inclined column and circular chamfer technique was applied on the top side of it. Upper side of column, capital and head pentrating tie that small bearing block was put on the center of it was joined. And longitu야nal rest(長舌) supported a cross beam. Capital and small bearing block had no bottom heel, and heel side was curved and straight. Centered bracket structure was often used, and multi bracket structure is not used yet. Inward incline technique was used. 3) Inward opening pair door which had lintel, threshold, doorjamb was usually used, Fixing stone was used for structural safety, and circular handle and lock was used for decoration. Handrail was used on the edge of wooden floor for decorative effect and safety. 4) Square rafter and circular rafter were used in the same period and so did flying rafter. Double eaves and single eave were used in the same period but, single eave was usually used. In this period, square rafter was usually used. This would be studied more by comparing with Japanese wooden architecture. 5) Hipped roof was used and half-hipped roof was not used yet. In front of th hip, there are small sculpture called Jap-Sang(雜像), and windbell was hang on the end of the hip rafter. Concave roof tile, convex roof tile, round eaver tile, decorative tile at end of roof ridge were used. Lotus style was well used on the face of roof tile for decoration. From the results of this study, wooden architecture of Unificated Shilla period was simple compare to Koryo dynasty and Chosun dynasty but, it had some brilliant character. It was hard work that analogized the form of non-existent wood architecture of Ancient Korean period by restricted stone remains. But, in addition to the results of this study and research of old documentations, more study should be go on.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.15-33
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• 2014

This paper describes partial turbulence simulation and validation of the aerodynamic pressures on building models for an open-jet small-scale 12-Fan Wall of Wind (WOW) facility against their counterparts in a boundary-layer wind tunnel. The wind characteristics pertained to the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) mean wind speed profile and turbulent fluctuations simulated in the facility. Both in the wind tunnel and the small-scale 12-Fan WOW these wind characteristics were produced by using spires and roughness elements. It is emphasized in the paper that proper spectral density parameterization is required to simulate turbulent fluctuations correctly. Partial turbulence considering only high frequency part of the turbulent fluctuations spectrum was simulated in the small-scale 12-Fan WOW. For the validation of aerodynamic pressures a series of tests were conducted in both wind tunnel and the small-scale 12-fan WOW facilities on low-rise buildings including two gable roof and two hip roof buildings with two different slopes. Testing was performed to investigate the mean and peak pressure coefficients at various locations on the roofs including near the corners, edges, ridge and hip lines. The pressure coefficients comparisons showed that open-jet testing facility flows with partial simulations of ABL spectrum are capable of inducing pressures on low-rise buildings that reasonably agree with their boundary-layer wind tunnel counterparts.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.20 no.9
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• pp.1105-1114
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• 2011

In this study, thermal environment improvements throughout public design improvement project on the urban street space were compared and evaluated. Thermo-Render 3.0, 3D-CAD based thermal environment simulation program, had been used for thermal environment improvement evaluations. Followings are the results. First, clayey blocks which have low heat transfer rate and cool island effect by trees and roof gardens brought cooling effects for buildings and surface of streets. Seconds, MRT values showed low levels because of low radiant mulching materials. Thirds, roof gardens contributed to reduce heat island effect since HIP levels were affected by decreasing heat storage effect of buildings from roof gardens. As a result, reducing heat storage effect throughout selecting and arranging proper materials which would not increase heat island potentials should be performed to improve heat island effects.