• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.246-267
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• 1995

Recently the request of the patients to participate in the medical courses has been expanding due to the elevated sense of right on the people's health, merchandised medical treatment by mass supply, human right declaration of the patients, generalized medical informations by the mass media and the change of human relation between the medical personnels and the patients. Under these phenomena the patients have been in the thought of solving such accidents only by regulation of the laws which they think to be all powerful, Such trends are same in the area of nursing service. Also today the accident by the nurses have been increasing by the area of the nurses having been expanded and their independent roles having been increased. Such nursing accidents are the important subject which the professional occupation of the nurse has been facing but legal protective capability of the nurses has been very weak. Therefore this study has examined the degree of the experience of the nursing accident that happens in the clinical nursing scenes in the general hospital to provide the basic materials for the protection and the counter measures of the nursing accident. The following is the conclusion based by the above examination. 1) The experience degree of the whole nursing accidents has been appeared as 1.90 in average. And the degree according to service area has been 1.77 in the area of supervising management of patients, 1.54 in the area of the same management of patients by head-nurses, 1.84 in the area of doctors' treatment performances, 14 in the enforcement and education areas of the nursing technology, 2.04 in the area of observing patients and judgement and 2.07 in the area of nursing records and maintaining confidentials. Accordingly there has been higher degree of accidental experiences in the independent service areas of the patients than in the dependent ones directed by the doctors. 2) The perception of the nurses showed that the cause of the nursing accident has been due to the heavy work of the nurses with the 60.4% of the response rate, the highest rate. They report the accident to the head nurse first by 2/3 nurses after accident. And the hour of the accident has been frequently happened regardless of service hours with 48.1% in response rate, the highest rate, and the nursing accident happens in the night more than the daytime with the rate of 37.5% at night while 14. 4% daytime. 3) The nurses are in the perception that the patients are responsible for the accident with 48.2% response rate while 43.9% rate in response showed that it has been caused by many people. They are in the perception that 41.7% when the nursing power was lacking, 46.7% lower recognition of actual state about indivitual patient in the section of technical speciality and 35.8% when the patients were not cooperative and 37.8% when the wards were dirty and in disorder. 4) the attitude of the patients after the various nursing accidents has been violent words in 72.7%, violence in 17.4% and 3.9% in attending the court by the sue of the patient's side(18 nurses). 5) The action of the hospital has been : requesting the submission of the story of the accident in 22.8%, the report of the accidents in 14.4%, thus the written statement disposal was most, 4.5% was the transfer to the other departments when the accident was larger or the patients' guardians protested strongly and 0.6% of the dismissals of the nurses. 6) In regard to the responsiblity of the nurse accidents, 78.9% was the highest rate of supplying the nursing manpowers, 48.4% of mutual cooperation of the medical personnels, 37.2% of strengthening the education for the nurses and hospital facilities reformation in 32.7%. 7) The review of relation between the general characters of the object of the study and the degree of experience of nursing accidents showed the significant differences in ages (F=4.04, p=0.000).

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.5
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• pp.119-168
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• 1978

This is a survey of the reserved book system in the pilot universities in Korea. We have surveyed only 22 university libraries among 29 pilot schools as of 1977, because of the differences in the library users, library organization, library facilities, and library materials between universities and colleges. In 1972, the Korean Ministry of Education developed a reformation plan for their higher education based on the teaching method of curriculum-oriented faculty instead of that of the faculty-oriented curriculum. The former puts emphasis on the cultivation of a student's thinking, creativity, and judgement through self-teaching to do a given assignment. The reserved book system in a college or university library is one of the most important methods necessary to accomplish the above educational aim. The survey used a questionnaire with 50 question on 28 items concerning the various aspects of the reserved book system in 22 pilot universities. the survey result discovered many problems needing correction. The following list describes the measures needed to correct the problems found in the pilot universities. 1. The management of a centralized reserved book system is much more effective and economical than the decentralized reserved book system when a university is located on the same campus. 2. In the university library, an independent reserved book department requires to gain the desired educational aims as compared with the reserved book room controlled by any other department in the library. 3. The reserved book system should not be adopted by all the departments at once but enlarged gradually, for it needs the understanding and support of faculty members and the university itself. 4. As competence is essential to the effective operation of the reserved book room, the university library should not place an unqualified person in charge of the reserved book department. 5. The librarian in charge of the reserved book department is required to do more professional works such as analysis of users, collection and analysis of syllabuses, maintenance of faculty member cooperation, establishment of measures to acquire unavailable materials, and drawing up an effective management plan. However, he is spending most of his time in clerical works, that is, non-professional works. 6. Three to five titles of each reserved book are considered reasonable and required materials should be shelved in proportion to the number of students, that is, one copy per eight or ten students if the materials are allowed to lend for two hours at a time. For the supplementary materials, the library needs to place two or three copies per subject. 7. Professors must select reserved books with care so that they can be used year after year. 8. Few universities are asking professors the number of class students and the date when the reserved material will no longer be needed on reserve. 9. The library should gather all the lists of reserved books from every professor at least three to five months before the courses open, because it takes a long time to obtain foreign materials. 10. It is desirable that the reserved book department should collect the lists and prepare the materials with promptness and consistency. 11. Instead of block buying, it is desirable to purchase reserved books at the time the library gets the reserved book list from the professors. The library should also inform faculty members whether it obtained each reserved book or not before the course open. 12. The library should make a copy of materials if a professor requires to reserve an out-of-print book or partial contents of a book, journal, and thesis. 13. An independent budger for reserved books from the budget for general materials is desired. 14. The shelf arrangement of reserved books by courses or professors under the same department is much more preferable than a classified arrangement. 15. While most of the universities adopted the open shelves system for all the reserved books, it is more effective and economical to take a compromise system, that is, closed shelves for requires materials and open shelves for supplementary materials. 18. Circulation of reserved books needs a different system between required materials and supplementary materials: two or three hours and/or overnight loan for the former and two and/or three days loan for the latter. 17. A reserved book room should be open a long time after class so that students can have sufficient time to use the room. 18. The library must take daily and monthly statistic as well as statistics on every aspect of the reserved book system in order that the library ma decide on policy and management of the reserved book room in collaboration with the university. Furthermore, regular reports on the use of the reserved book room should be made to the president and the executive council by the library to acquire their understanding and cooperation for the reserved book system. 19. Cooperation of faculty members is indispensable to the effective management of the reserved book department and it is desirable to make a committee which will fix various decisions about the system. Whenever the director of the library make his decision, he must consult with his staff in order to involve them earnestly in the operation of the system.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.32-48
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• 2003

Korea is to open its medical markets to foreign hospitals starting in the year 2006 regardless of our will(DDA, Doha Development Agenda). To accurately understand the characteristics of Korean medical users, their detailed and various needs, their attitudes toward the opening of Korean medical markets, and factors affecting these users in choosing foreign medical service providers would be first step needs to be taken by the Korean medical facilities that need to survive and develope through the fiercely competitive era coming with the opening of Korean medical markets to foreign medical service providers and would be very important in hospital management. The subjects of this study were 500 patients randomly selected from the outpatients who visited one of university hospitals in Seoul on the 14th-16th days of April 2003, and conducted a self-completion questionnaire. The answers of 463 respondents among the selected patients(93% of a responding rate)were analyzed through the Excel and statistics programs. The attitudes on the opening of the medical markets were shown in agreement 56.5%(247 persons), disagreement 6.9%(30 persons), and no idea 36.6%(160 persons). In consideration of only the answers as agreement and disagreement exclusive of the answer as no idea, 89.2% of the respondents agreed to the opening of the medical markets while 10.8% objected to the opening. The approval rate was higher with the higher education and income levels. Moreover, The approval rate for the opening of the medical markets was relatively high regardless of the satisfaction in the medical service, and the most important reason of the agreement was the guarantee of the patients(national)option. The main reason of the disagreement was high medical fee(50.5%), and the other reasons showing low rates were outflow of the domestic fund to the foreign countries(13.6%), damage of medical influences on the public(11.4%), lack of competition of the domestic medical industry(9.1%)and so on. As for the factors of selecting the foreign hospitals in the opening of the medical markets, the patients considered the authority(competency)of doctors firstly, and the other principal factors were worldwide fame and reliance, specific explanation of doctors, modernized medical instruments, convenient consultation procedure, etc. The patients agreed to the opening of the medical markets at a high rate regardless of the satisfaction in the medical service, and the most principal reason of the agreement was the guarantee of the patients(national)option for the medical care. Connected with the factors to select the hospitals, the approval reasons for the opening of the medical markets were the authority(competency)of the doctors as the first one, and then fame and tradition, reliance, overall diagnosis and modernized medical instruments, doctors specific explanation, and so on. However, these factors are actually associated with the Quality of the medical care, and consequently the approval reasons for the opening of the medical markets are connected with the security of the medical care. Accordingly, the guarantee of the patients(national)option answered as the main reason of the agreement can be also understood as the awareness of the right to have a variety of options for the security of the medical quality.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.227-236
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• 1998

Objectives：Conduct disorder is one of the most frequent diagnosis in outpatient and inpatient mental health facilities for children and adolescents. This study investigated the clinical characteristics of children and adolescents with conduct disorder. Methods：The study employed a retrospective review of 45 inpatients diagnosed with conduct disorder by DSM-IV criteria at SNUH Child Psychiatric Unit from 1993, March to 1998, September. Results：The results were as follows：1) The sex ratio was 2：1, male dominant. Mean age on admission was $12.8{\pm}2.4$ years old(male：$12.2{\pm}2.3$, female：$14.1{\pm}2.1$). The mean age of male subjects was significantly lower than that of female subjects(p<.05). 2) We classified all subjects according to child- or adolescent-onset type by DSM-Ⅳ. Childhoodonset type was 42.2%, and adolescent-onset, 57.8%. The onset of male subjects were significantly earlier than that of female subjects(p<.05). 3) The most common complaint was 'serious violation of rules'(77.8%) by DSM-Ⅳ dimensions, while the most common single symtom was 'run away from home overnight at least twice while living in parental or parental surrogate home'(48.9%). 4) The comorbid psychopathology of the subjects were frequently described as follows, in order of frequency：substance use(42.2%), ADHD(35.6%), depression(20.0%), tic disorder(11.1%), bipolar disorder(4.4%). 5) On MMPI, both Pd and Ma subscales got the highest scores. The mean of total IQ by KEDIWISC was $100.0{\pm}15.1$. Female subjects' IQ was higher than that of male subjects. 6) Regarding the number of visits to the OPD after discharge, many subjects(33.3%) had visited OPD fewer than four times. Conclusions：In this study, the male to female ratio of adolescent type showed a decreasing trend. An interesting finding was the fact that socio-economic circumstances, as well as the level of education among patients, were higher than those of previous studies. The subjects' problem were also principally self contered and posed no threat to others.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.19-30
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• 2008

This study reached the following conclusions as a result of carrying out the questionnaire survey of self-descriptions for the satisfaction after the citizens of Daejon uses the dental clinics, in order to identify the factors of satisfaction to the medical services of such dental clinics to be utilized in the patient management by dental hygienists, provide the basic data to provide the medical services desired by patients. 1. 43.9% men responded to the facilities and 56.1% women to the atmosphere for the standards of selection of dental clinics by general characteristic, and the college graduates or more to the kindness (38.2%), high-school graduates (43.2%) and middle-school graduates (25.9%) or less to the close distance for the level of educational attainment (p=0.009), which was meant to have a statistical significance. 2. The execution of reservation system for the dental clinics showed 54.7%, the reserved time was observed upon the execution of such reservation system, the dental clinics where they practice such system were 40.6%, and the confirmation methods was done through the telephone with 62.5%. 3. The experience of fear upon the dental treatment showed 74.6%. The type of fear showed the machine sound (48.7%) for men and cry of others for women (70.8%) at the highest. 70% of those under 30 at the age responded to the sharp instruments at the highest. 83.3% of Yousung-gu showed the highest by responding to the cry of others for the residential areas. The statistically significant difference was shown in both the age and residential area (p=0.000). 4. Women showed higher in the distribution of gender for the sterilization of instruments for the external satisfaction of dental clinics(p=0.000) and those under 30 at the age showed the highest with 2.98${\pm}$0.95(p=0.001). Seo-gu (3.48${\pm}$0.77) was the highest for the residential area (p=0.000), and there was statistically significant differences in the gender, age and residential area. 5. Men showed higher satisfaction than women in the clean state and the statistically significant differences were shown (p=0.000) at the age as the high satisfaction was shown for those under 30 at the age (2.35${\pm}$0.79), those having the income not less than 10 million won and not more than 20 million won (2.43${\pm}$0.78), and Seo-gu (2.63 ${\pm}$0.69) for the residential area. 6. For the internal satisfaction of dental clinic by users for the medical services in the dental clinics, 61.1% women responded to no in the ability of solving the inconvenience in the service process, and showed low ability of solving the inconvenience from 30 at the age (26.2%) and by responding to Dong-gu (22.1%) for the residential area, showing statically significant differences(p=0.000). For the re-use of dental clinics, 46.6% men (p=0.043) for the gender, 24.3% under 30 at the age and 22.9% of Dong-gu for the residential area responded to the re-use, showing statistically significant differences for the gender and residential area (p=0.000). 7. The dissatisfaction showed a high rate of 69.5% for the satisfaction to the medical services of dental clinics. 46.2% men responded to the pain and women to the feeling of foreign substance for the reason of dissatisfaction while those under 30 at the age showed 55.6% for others, those between 50 and 59 41.7% for the feeling of foreign substance. 86.3% carried out the education for cautions after the treatments and most people turned out that they do not carry out the continuous health management of mouth as 20.5% responded to that they carry out such health management.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.406-414
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• 2016

This study examined the factors by which people choose auto-camping as their primary leisure activity after conducting a questionnaire survey of the visitors to the Chiaksan national park Guryong auto-campground. The majority of the visitors were employed (60%) in their 30s and 40s (85%) with relatively high education (88% of which had bachelor's degree or higher) and income levels (87% of which had family income greater than KRW30 million). Most visitors were family group visitors (82%), and for many visitors, auto-camping appeared to be their primary leisure activity as 24% of the respondents said that they visited auto-campground more than 10 times a year. Only 18% of the visitors had auto-camped for longer than 5 years, indicating that auto-camping is a relatively new leisure activity that has become popular in recent times. Factor analysis with 19 items that measured the degree of agreement on the relative advantages of auto-camping extracted four latent factors that affected the selection of auto-camping as a leisure activity: factor 1 (refreshment through contact with nature), factor 2 (novelty and a sense of accomplishment), factor 3 (convenience), and factor 4 (entertainment). Results of regression analysis that examined the effects of the four extracted factors on the visitors' level of satisfaction on auto-camping (measured by the number of visits to auto-campgrounds per year) indicated that 'refreshment through contact with nature' was the most critical factor when deciding to select auto-camping as their leisure activity. 'Novelty and a sense of accomplishment' and 'convenience' were also statistically significant -but to a lesser degree, whereas 'entertainment' did not statistically significantly affect the visitors' decision. These results suggest that, for designing and managing auto-campgrounds, it is more important to preserve the surrounding nature than to provide more facilities for campers' convenience and entertainment.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.127-145
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• 2000

The objectives of this study are to identify health behaviors and health problems. and the relations between health behaviors and health problems of female workers in the retail business. The number of subjects were 200 female workers of 6 department stores in Seoul and Kyonggi area, whose jobs last more than 6 months as retail employees. The data was collected during 2 months from July 1 to August 30, 1998. The Cornell Medical Index Health Questionnaire(CMI) was used to measure their health problems, while health behaViorn were investigated in terms of 'smoking', 'alcohol', exercise', 'diet', and 'sleeping'. The data were analyzed with frequency. percentage, t-test, ANOVA test, and $X^2-test$ by SPSS PC+ program. The results of this study are as follows: 1. Out of health problems. Digestive symptoms occupied the highest percent number. nervous ones the second and cardiovascular ones the third among physical health problems of retail female workers. The most frequent mental health problem was 'adequacy' and the next, 'tension' and 'anger', 2, Health problems according to general characteristics of subjects were shown that the younger or the unmarried complained more than the older or the married, especially in the items of 'eye and ear', 'respiratory system', 'cardiovascular system', 'digestive tract', 'nervous system', 'adequacy', and 'depression'. The longer working duration they have had, the more they complained of 'respiratory system' and 'adequacy'. The lower academic careers complained of 'nervous' than the higher ones with statistical significance. 3. The analysis of daily health clinic notes showed that respiratory complaints were the highest percent, successively followed by digestive tract, nervous one, external injury, musculoskeletal system, urinary-reproductive system and others. 4. The level of their health practice was generally low in smoking, diet habit and alcohol intake, exercise, sleeping, very low especially in smoking, diet, alcohol intake, and exercise among them all. 5. Present smokers and ones with past experience complained of physical and mental health problems of 'respiratory system', 'digestive tract', 'skin', 'nervous', 'urinary-reproductive system', 'fatigability', adequacy', 'depression', 'anxiety', 'anger' and 'tension', than non smokers, with statistical difference. Workers without having breakfast and with irregular diet had more complaints on 'digestive tract', 'adequacy' and 'tension', than those who had regular dietary habit. The less the subjects slept, the more they complained of eye and ear, cardiovascular system. The subjects who drank alcohol complained more digestive problem. However, whether they exercise or not did not affect physical and mental health problems in a significant manner. 6. The subjects' age and marital status were statistically significant relating to health behaviors, as the younger or unmarried recorded a low level of health practice in smoking, drinking, dietary habit. Based on the results, the suggestions are made as follows: 1. Health education program on smoking, alcohol intake, diet habit is needed to improve health problems and health behavior of female retail workers. 2. The unmarried workers of late teen and twenties, who are transitional period from teenagers to adulthood are important targets for health promotion program especially for maternal health. 3. Better working environment with sufficient time and facilities for workers to relax is required to promote female sales workers' health. 4. Further research is required to identify the relation between workers' visual fatigue and intense lights for the display of goods.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.444-454
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• 2017

There are many ongoing studies of infectious diseases as the major factor responsible for global declining of the amphibian population. Although some point out the amphibian rearing facilities like frog farms as one of the important sources of harboring and spreading amphibian infectious pathogens in the wild, there have been few related studies in South Korea. In this study, we investigated the bacterial and fungal colonies on the skin and in the internal organs of frogs and tadpoles collected inside and outside of Dybowski's brown frog farms in Inje, Goesan, and Gongju to compare the difference according to the region and between inside and outside the farm. We also intended to classify the bacteria collected from the tadpoles into species by analyzing 16s rDNA gene sequences. The result showed that the number of bacterial colonies found in the skin and gut of frogs and the number of fungal colonies found in the skin and liver of frogs collected in Goesan was significantly greater than those in the frogs in Inje. However, there was no difference between the frogs collected inside and outside of farms in both regions. In the case of tadpoles, the number of fungal colonies in the tadpoles collected from Gongju was greater than that in the tadpoles collected from Inje. The comparison of inside and outside frog farms showed that there were more bacterial colonies on the skin of the tadpoles collected from inside than outside the frog farm in Inje and more bacterial colonies in the organs of the tadpoles collected from outside than inside the farm in Gongju. The frogs with higher condition factor (body weight/snout-vent length*100) showed fewer bacterial colonies on the skin and fewer fungal colonies in the heart, but there were no significant relationships in tadpoles. We identified the total of 15 genera and four phyla of bacteria, but the difference according to regions and between inside and outside farm was not evident. The result of this study indicates that the different conditions according to the locality of farm and between inside and outside farm cause the difference in the population sizes of bacterial and fungal colonies and that it can affect the overall health condition of Dybowski's brown frogs in the farm. Moreover, the result suggests that effective disease control in the facility is greatly necessary to ensure successful operation of amphibian rearing facility and to prevent the possible spread of diseases from the facility to the wild.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.161-170
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• 2020

There is systematic spatial variations in environmental properties due to sensitive reaction to external conditions at plastic greenhouse occupied 99.2% of domestic agricultural facilities. In order to construct 3 dimensional distribution of temperature, relative humidity, CO₂ and illuminance, measurement matrix as 3 by 3 by 5 in direction of width, height and length, respectively, dividing indoor space of greenhouse was designed and tested at experimental site. Linear regression analysis was conducted to evaluate optimal estimation method in terms with horizontal and vertical variations. Even though sole measurement point for temperature and relative humidity could be feasible to assess indoor condition, multiple measurement matrix is inevitably required to improve spatial precision at certain time domain such as period of sunrise and sunset. In case with CO₂, multiple measurement matrix could not successfully improve the spatial predictability during a whole experimental period. In case with illuminance, prediction performance was getting smaller after a time period of sunrise due to systematic interference such as indoor structure. Thus, multiple sensing methodology was proposed in direction of length at higher height than growing bed, which could compensate estimation error in spatial domain. Appropriate measurement matrix could be constructed considering the transition of stability in indoor environmental properties due to external variations. As a result, optimal measurement matrix should be carefully designed considering flexibility of construction relevant with the type of property, indoor structure, the purpose of crop and the period of growth. For an instance, partial cooling and heating system to save a consumption of energy supplement could be successfully accomplished by the deployment of multiple measurement matrix.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.46-55
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• 2011

The importance of forests and plants are appreciated by all of us, but it is often overlooked because we are surrounded by it. The arboretum is one of facilities which provide users with education on the environment, knowledge about plants, and recreation, playing a role as a nature school by exhibiting and collecting plants of various ecosystems. Anyone can enjoy fresh air, a pleasant environment, and knowledge about a wide variety of plants on the condition that they aactually visit it and pay the entrance fee. However, it has not been measured whether the expense which users pay to enjoy an arboretum is a true value of arboretums. The environment that arboretums offer is extra-market goods, or public goods. A variety of ideas and methods to measure the value of public goods have been researched among economists, statisticians, and mathematicians. The Contingent Valuation Method(CVM) is most widely used a s an assessment method on environment goods and adopted as an estimation method for compensation for restoration of the environment by the American Supreme Court. The purpose of this study is to suggest a current monetary value correspondingent to the value of arboretums by applying the CVM. The survey suggested that when an arboretum provides a high educational value and when the respondents have a higher income, it is more likely that they would be willing to pay for entrance into the arboretum. The quantified value in monetary terms for the environmental value of Gyeongnam Arboretum is WTP mean \15,648; WTP median \13,648; and WTP truncated \15,449 per visitor. In annual terms, the amounts are calculated at WTP mean \8,408,265,024; WTP median \7,333,589,024; and WTP truncated \8,301,334,762. These quantified amounts can be thought to represent the value of conservation of arboretums and awaken users to the precious value of nature. Also, they are helpful to let the general public have proper knowledge about and recognize the value of arboretums and forests.