• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.5-11
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• 2000

Populations both in the US and worldwide are aging. It is projected that by the year 2030 the population of Americans over 65 will increase to 70 million, more than twice their number in 1998. About one-third of elderly over the age of 65 have debilitating chronic health conditions that greatly impede their activities. Age-associated chronic diseases are believed to be associated with free radicals and the imbalance in antioxidant and oxidative stress contributes to development of several chronic health conditions. Diet and nutrients can have great impact in the health status of elderly. Several factors may contributor to the inadequate consumption of nutrients in elderly, including an inability to chew food adequately, polypharmacy, living along and limited income. Low intake of energy and several micronutrients are common among the elderly. Although overt deficiency of nutrients among the elderly is not common. a recent study showed that while elderly consume more fat, the total energy intake is low among the elderly. Inadequate intake of antioxidant nutrients such as vitamin E in elderly may contribute to the development of chronic health problems. Intake of higher than normal RDA levels of vitamin E for long periods of time has been shown to reduce the risk of many degenerative diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases(CVD) and cancer, and improve immune response in elderly. High intake of other antioxidants is also associated with reduced risk chronic diseases. Dietary antioxidants are abundant in fruits and vegetables. However, due to variety of factors, the elderly may not be able to receive these and other micronutrients through diet. Therefore, supplemental intake of micronutrients in the form of multi vitamins/minerals and/or specific micronutrients is a more practical approach to the maintenance of health status in the elderly.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.10-15
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• 2005

An increase in serum cholesterol is directly associated with high incidences of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and atherosclerosis. Serum lipid profiles are highly dependent on dietary fatty acids and age. The purpose of this study was to examine the age-related effects of polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratios and antioxidant supplementation under the control of the dietary peroxidizability index (PI) value on serum lipid profiles in rats. While the PI level of dietary fatty acids was controlled at 81.22, the P/S ratios of fatty acids were 0.38 and 4.81 (LP and HP). The diets were supplemented with a vitamin E 1000 mg/kg diet and a selenium 2.5 mg/kg diet (LPS and HPS). Female Sprague-Dawley rats ages 3 weeks (young) and 16 weeks (adult) were fed four different experimental diets for 4 weeks. The serum triglyceride concentration of LPS was significantly higher in young rats than in adult rats. The total-cholesterol concentration of LP and HPS were higher in young rats than in adult rats. The high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration of LP, LPS and HP was higher in adult rats than in young rats. The low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) concentration was higher in young rats than in adult rats. T-C/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratios were much higher in young rats than in adult rats. In conclusion, P/S ratios and antioxidant supplementation did not affect T-C/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratios as risk factors of CVD in adult rats when we controlled the PI value in the diet Probably, the invisible and confounding effects of dietary PI value implicate the beneficial roles of dietary P/S ratios and antioxidants in CVD. Accordingly, controlling the dietary PI value may be advantageous to lower the risk of CVD in adult rats.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.85-95
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• 1995

This study was conducted to investigate the immune response of layers fed diets supplemented with excess micronutrients, i.e., vitamin A, methionine, Zn, Cu, and Fe to the inoculation of Newcastle disease vaccine(NDV) or infectious bronchitis vaccine(IBV). The antibody titer against the NDV increased immediately after the inoculation and stayed high during the next 6 wk. On the other hand, The antibody titer against the IBV increased after 4 wk of inoculation The IgM level increased rapidly after 1 wk of NDV inoculation, however, it decreased after 5 wk of inoculation. The IgA displayed similar pattern to that of IgM in response to NDV inoculation. The pattern of IgM change after IBV inoculation was similar to that when layers were treated with NDV. However, IgA level changed earlier than did IgM. The IgG response to the NDV and IBV was very weak compared to the other immune responses. The excess supplementation of micronutrients to the diets of layers inoculated with NDV elicited favorable antibody titer and immune response compared to the layers fed the control diet. The excess Zn, however, allowed the layers to have higher antibody titer for the 4-wk period after NDV injection: after that they showed no effect of extra-Zn. The immune responses of layers fed excess vitamin A, Cu, methionine, and Fe were markedly higher in IgA and IgG than the control layers. The excess Zn, however, did not bring about any favorable result. No difference was detected in IgG level between control and micronutrients-treated groups.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2014

Objective: Combined oral contraceptives (COCs) have some adverse effects on the serum lipid profile. Because hyperlipidemia is one of the risk factors in cardiovascular diseases, lipid abnormalities should be evaluated in women consuming COCs. Vitamins E and C are known to have beneficial effects on serum lipid profiles. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the effects of vitamins E and C on serum lipids in women using COCs. Methods: The study compared changes in lipid parameters with and without vitamin therapy in women consuming COCs compared to those of a control group (40 non-contraceptive users or NCU) for 4 weeks. Total cholesterol and triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels along with HDL/LDL ratios were measured for all participants. Results: COC users experienced significantly higher increases in the levels of triglycerides and LDL than non-users (p<0.05). However, no significant differences were noted in the total cholesterol and HDL levels. In the treated COC group receiving vitamins E and C, the HDL level and the HDL/LDL ratio increased and the LDL and triglycerides levels decreased significantly compared with those of the other groups. Conclusion: The results of our study indicate that supplementation with antioxidant vitamins E and C restores a normal lipid profile in COC users.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.15-37
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• 1975

I. Subject of the study A study on the nutritive value and utilization of powdered seaweeds. II. Purpose and Importance of the study A. In Korea the shortage of food will be inevitable by the rapidly growing population. It will be very important study to develop a new food from the seaweeds which were not used hitherto for human consumption. B. The several kinds of seaweeds have been used by man in Korea mainly as side-dishes. However, a properly powdered seaweed will enable itself to be a good supplement or mixture to certain cereal flours. C. By adding the powdered seaweed to any cereals which have long been staple foods in this country the two fold benefits; saving of cereals and change of dietary pattern, will be secured. III. Objects and scope of the study A. Objects of the study The objects will come under four items. 1. To develop a powdered seaweed as a new food from the seaweeds which have been not used for human consumption. 2. To evaluate the nutritional quality of the products the analysis for chemical composition and animal feeding experiment will be conducted. 3. Experimental cocking and accepability test will be conducted for the powdered products to evaluate the value as food stuff. 4. Sanitary test and also economical analysis will be conducted for the powdered products. B. Scope of the study 1. Production of seaweed powders Sargassum fulvellum growing in eastern coast and Sargassum patens C.A. in southern coast were used as the material for the powders. These algae, which have been not used for human consumption, were pulverized through the processes of washing, drying, pulverization, etc. 2. Nutritional experiments a. Chemical composition Proximate components (water, protein, fat, cellulose, sugar, ash, salt), minerals (calcium, phosphorus, iron, iodine), vitamins (A, $B_1,\;B_2$ niacin, C) and amino acids were analyzed for the seaweed powders. b. Animal feeding experiment Weaning 160 rats (80 male and 80 female rats) were used as experimental animals, dividing them into 16 groups, 10 rats each group. Each group was fed for 12 weeks on cereal diet (Wheat flour, rice powder, barley powder, potato powder, corn flour) with the supplementary levels of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 30% of the seaweed powder. After the feeding the growth, feed efficiency ratio, protain efficiency ratio and ,organs weights were checked and urine analysis, feces analysis and serum analysis were also conducted. 3. Experimental cooking and acceptability test a. Several basic studies were conducted to find the characteristics of the seaweed powder. b. 17 kinds of Korean dishes and 9 kinds of foreign dishes were prepared with cereal flours (wheat, rice, barley, potato, corn) with the supplementary levels of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 30% of the seaweed powder. c. Acceptability test for the dishes was conducted according to plank's Form. 4. Sanitary test The heavy metals (Cd, Pb, As, Hg) in the seaweed powders were determined. 5. Economical analysis The retail price of the seaweed powder was compared with those of other cereals in the market. And also economical analysis was made from the nutritional point of view, calculating the body weight gained in grams per unit price of each feeding diet. IV. Results of the study and the suggestion for application A. Chemical composition 1. There is no any big difference in proximate components between powders of Sargassum fulvellum in eastern coast and Sargassum patens C.A. in southern coast. Seasonal difference is also not significant. Higher levels of protein, cellulose, ash and salt were found in the powders compared with common cereal foods. 2. The levels of calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe) in the powders were significantly higher than common cereal foods and also rich in iodine (I). Existence of vitamin A and vitamin C in the Powders is different point from cereal foods. Vitamin $B_1\;and\;B_2$ are also relatively rich in the powders.'Vitamin A in ·Sargassum fulvellum is high and the levels of some minerals and vitamins are seemed4 to be some influenced by seasons. 3. In the amino acid composition methionine, isoleucine, Iysine and valine are limiting amino acids. The protein qualities of Sargassum fulvellum and Sargassum patens C.A. are seemed to be .almost same and generally ·good. Seasonal difference in amino acid composition was found. B. Animal feeding experiment 1. The best growth was found at.10% supplemental level of the seaweed Powder and lower growth rate was shown at 30% level. 2. It was shown that 15% supplemental level of the Seaweed powder seems to fulfil, to some extent the mineral requirement of the animals. 3. No any changes were found in organs development except that, in kidney, there found decreasing in weight by increasing the supplemental level of the seaweed powder. 4. There is no any significant changes in nitrogen retention, serum cholesterol, serum calcium and urinary calcium in each supplemental level of the seaweed powder. 5. In animal feeding experiment it was concluded that $5%{\sim}15%$ levels supplementation of the seaweed powder are possible. C. Experimental cooking and acceptability test 1. The seaweed powder showed to be utilized more excellently in foreign cookings than in Korean cookings. Higher supplemental level of seaweed was passible in foreign cookings. 2. Hae-Jo-Kang and Jeon-Byung were more excellent than Song-Pyun, wheat cake, Soo-Je-Bee and wheat noodle. Hae-Je-Kang was excellent in its quality even as high as 5% supplemental level. 3. The higher levels of supplementation were used the more sticky cooking products were obtained. Song-Pyun and wheat cake were palatable and lustrous in 2% supplementation level. 4. In drop cookie the higher levels of supplementation, the more crisp product was obtained, compared with other cookies. 5. Corn cake, thin rice gruel, rice gruel and potato Jeon-Byung were more excellent in their quality than potato Man-Doo and potato noodle. Corn cake, thin rice gruel and rice gruel were excellent even as high as 5% supplementation level. 6. In several cooking Porducts some seaweed-oder was perceived in case of 3% or more levels of supplementation. This may be much diminished by the use of proper condiments. D. Sanitary test It seems that there is no any heavy metals (Cd, Pb, As, Hg) problem in these seaweed Powders in case these Powders are used as supplements to any cereal flours E. Economical analysis The price of the seaweed powder is lower than those of other cereals and that may be more lowered when mass production of the seaweed powder is made in future. The supplement of the seaweed powder to any cereals is also economical with the criterion of animal growth rate. F. It is recommended that these seaweed powders should be developed and used as supplement to any cereal flours or used as other food material. By doing so, both saving of cereals and improvement of individual's nutrition will greatly be achieved. It is also recommended that the feeding experiment for men would be conducted in future.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.958-965
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• 2015

Lycopene, a red non-provitamin A carotenoid, mainly presenting in tomato and tomato byproducts, has the highest antioxidant activity among carotenoids because of its high number of conjugated double bonds. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of lycopene supplementation in the diet on plasma lipid profile, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense system in feedlot lamb. Twenty-eight Bamei male lambs (90 days old) were divided into four groups and fed a basal diet (LP0, 40:60 roughage: concentrate) or the basal diet supplemented with 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg lycopene. After 120 days of feeding, all lambs were slaughtered and sampled. Dietary lycopene supplementation significantly reduced the levels of plasma total cholesterol (p<0.05, linearly), total triglycerides (TG, p<0.05) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, p<0.05), as well as atherogenic index (p<0.001), whereas no change was observed in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p>0.05). The levels of TG (p<0.001) and LDL-C (p<0.001) were decreased with the feeding time extension, and both showed a linear trend (p<0.01). Malondialdehyde level in plasma and liver decreased linearly with the increase of lycopene inclusion levels (p<0.01). Dietary lycopene intake linearly increased the plasma antioxidant vitamin E level (p<0.001), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC, p<0.05), and activities of catalase (CAT, p<0.01), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px, p<0.05) and superoxide dismutase (SOD, p<0.05). The plasma T-AOC and activities of GSH-Px and SOD decreased with the extension of the feeding time. In liver, dietary lycopene inclusion showed similar antioxidant effects with respect to activities of CAT (p<0.05, linearly) and SOD (p<0.001, linearly). Therefore, it was concluded that lycopene supplementation improved the antioxidant status of the lamb and optimized the plasma lipid profile, the dosage of 200 mg lycopene/kg feed might be desirable for growing lambs to prevent environment stress and maintain normal physiological metabolism.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.222-229
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• 2011

This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary multi-nutritional targeted supplementation according to different growth stages on performance, blood metabolites and carcass characteristics of Korean native Hanwoo steers. Thirty two Hanwoo steers, 6 months of age and weighing $159.2{\pm}24.1\;kg$, were distributed into 2 groups: control group without any supplements, and multi-nutritional targeted supplementation (MNTS) treatment group supplied with wheat bran and catechins (WBC, 8 to 16 months of age), ruminally protected amino acid-enriched fatty acid (RPAFA, 17 to 28 months of age) and ruminally protected choline with vitamin E (RPCV, 22 to 28 months of age), respectively. Average daily gain was not significantly different between the two groups. During the late fattening period, concentrate, rice straw and dry matter intakes were relatively lower in MNTS than in the control group. Rib eye area, back fat thickness and yield index were similar between the two groups. Meat color was relatively lower in MNTS compared with the control group. The appearance rate of high quality grade ($1^{++}$, $1^+$ and 1) tended to be higher in MNTS compared with the control group. Thus, the present results indicate that dietary multi-nutritional targeted supplementation at different growth stages could be recommendable to increase income according to production of high quality Hanwoo beef without any negative effects on growth performance and carcass characteristics.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.1110-1114
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• 2002

The animal production sector in Jordan is characterized by shortages of locally produced feedstuffs derived from rangeland, forage plants or from human food crops as by products. This is exacerbated by insufficient rainfall, overgrazing, early grazing and high stocking rate. Thus, subject to these constraints, other technological improvements are highly desirable to meet the needs of crop growth and animal production. Alternative adapted technologies are also desirable in order to meet the increased demand for red meat in relation to population growth along with the changes in the price subsidy for feedstuff. The technologies are those, which have been introduced to the animal production sector, obtained in agricultural research stations besides on-farm demonstrations. They include technologies suited for increasing birth and twining rates, synchronizing the mating period, introducing the early weaning method, and animal feed and sheep production. Economic assessments conducted in this study demonstrate promising results of hormonal and nutritional practices in improving production efficiency of Awassi sheep in Jordan. Jordanian published data between 1991 and 1998 were used. The examined practices were: 1) use of PMSG in estrus synchronization in ewes, 2) introduction of early lamb weaning program, 3) supplementation with $AD_3E$ for ewes and 4) the use of agro-industrial feed block as a feed supplement for grazing lambs. Production data were then subjected to partial budgeting for economical evaluation. The use of PMSG outperformed the control groups in fertility and net returns per ewe by US$ 8.36/ewe. The early weaning of lambs increased the net returns by US$ 3.90/lamb. The injection with vitamin $AD_3E$ showed an average additional net return of US$ 5.66/ewe. Feeding agriculture by-product blocks improved weight gain in the feed block groups and resulted in additional net returns of US$ 3.5/lamb. The economic viability and reproductive performance indicators demonstrate that efforts should be undertaken to disseminate these new practices in the development program.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.259-267
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• 2001

This study was to investigate the effect of selenium on hepatic antioxidative defense system and oxidative damage in lead-administered rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 140$\pm$5g were divided into one normal group(Se, 0 ppm) and three lead groups according to dietary levels of selenium supplementation: Pb0(Se, 0 ppm), PbS(Se, 0.5 ppm), and PbSS(Se, 1.0 ppm). All experimental groups were fed the experimental diet ad libitum for 4 weeks, and lead groups fed one containing 2,000 ppm lead acetate. Liver superoxide dismutase(SOD) activities in Pb0 group increased compared with other experimental groups. Liver gluthathione peroxidase(GSH-px) activities in Pb0 group decreased compared with normal group, but those of PbS and PbSS groups significantly increased compared with Pb0 group. Glutathione S-transferase(GST) activities decreased in Pb0 group and not significantly different from PbS and PbSS groups compared with normal group. Reduced glutathione(GSH) contents and GSH/GSSG of liver in Pb0 group were lower than those of other groups. Liver vitamin E contents in Pb0 group were about 50% of the normal group, but those of PbSS and PbS increased more than Pb0 group. Liver damage in electron microphotography process decreased in RER, showed an increase in Iysosome and also an increase in swelling of mitochondria. and ordered as follows : PbSS. PbS. and Pb0. It was concluded that high levels of dietary selenium had protective effects on peroxidative damage of hepatic cell accompanied with increased antioxidative defense system in lead-administered rats.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.358-363
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• 2005

Effects on the feeds of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats with a giant embryonic rice on lipid peroxides level and antioxidative enzyme activites in plasma and liver tissues were investigated. Along with the experimental periods, all animals in diabetic groups had a lower increase rate in body weight than the normal control group. A giant embryonic rice-fed group showed a inhibition in the decrease of body weight, and a increase in feed intake compared to the normal control group. The organ weights of the diabetic control group were heavier than those of the normal control while rice-fed groups including the giant embryonic rice-fed group were found to have lower organ weights, and its blood sugar level was found to be lower than those of the normal group. Lipid peroxides of the giant embryonic rice-fed animals showed a lower lipid peroxidation values compared to that of the diabetic control group. Plasma vitamin A and E concentrations of the diabetic control group were significantly decreased compared to the normal control while those of the giant embryonic rice-fed group were found to be significantly higher than those of the diabetic control. Of the hepatic antioxidative enzymes, SOD activity of the giant embryonic rice-fed group was higher than that of the diabetic control group. Taken these together, low lipid peroxidation values and, in contrast, high antioxidative enzyme activities were thought to be a cause for decreasing hepatic oxidative damages.