• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.57-65
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• 2011

Pulping of paper mulberry (Broussonetia kazinoki) white bast has been examined by novel atmospheric pressure pulping methods. The viscosity of pulp has been found to be highly sensitive and variable with pulping methods. Therefore, selections of pulping chemicals and conditions are very important. Two kinds of pulping procedures were employed for the high viscosity pulp manufacturing. The one is ammonium oxalate treatment and the other is sodium chlorite and acetic acid treatment. Not only chemical components and pulp yields which of paper mulberry white bast but also water retention value (WRV), whiteness index, yellowness index, and colors of every pulp were examined. The hot water, 1% NaOH, and ethanol-benzene extractives which of paper mulberry white bast were 4.48%, 28.45%, and 2.84%, respectively. The contents of holocellulose, lignin, and ash were 90.66%, 1.05%, and 2.18%, respectively. In the pulp yields, group 1 which treated with only ammonium oxalate were 77.04-81.71%, group 2 which treated with ammonium oxalate and acidified sodium chlorite separately and washed between first and second stages were 64.15-83.90%, group 3 which treated with ammonium oxalate and acidified sodium chlorite separately and not washed between first and second stages were 57.35-73.17%, and group 4 which treated with mixed ammonium oxalate and acidified sodium chlorite were 66.58-68.43%. The pulps treated with acidified sodium chlorite showed high whiteness index, but the pulps treated with only ammonium oxalate showed high yellowness index. Variations in the combinations of treatments resulted in different pulp characteristics.

• The International Journal of Costume Culture
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.18-24
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• 2001

Agricultural drainage salt generated during irrigation of crops in San Joaquin Valley, California, exceeds 600,000 tons annually and cumulates in the field in a rapid rate. As a result, the waste is taking out more farmlands for salt storage and disposal, imposing serious concerns to environment and local agricultural industry. In searching for a potential solution to reduce or eliminate the waste, this research explored feasibility of producing a value -added product, sodium sulfate, from the waste and utilizing the product in textile dyeing. The results indicated that sodium sulfate could be produced from the salt and could be purified by a recrystalization method in a temperature range within the highest and lowest daily temperatures in summer in the alley. The recovered sodium sulfate samples, with purities ranging from 67% to 99.91, were compared with commercially available sodium sulfate in direct dyeing of cotton fabrics. The salt samples recovered from Mendata, California (〉98.8% sodium sulfate) cause little color difference in the dyeing with selected direct dyes, and the purified salt (Ⅲ) (99.91% sodium sulfate) is more applicable for direct dyeing of cotton fabrics if it has no other toxic effects. The recovered sodium sulfate from certain areas in the valley could not be employed in direct dyeing due to the high level of impurities in it.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.38 no.8
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• pp.831-836
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• 2014

In this study, high temperature integrity evaluation on a pressure vessel of the expansion tank operating at elevated temperature of $510^{\circ}C$ in the sodium test facility of the SEFLA(Sodium Thermal-hydraulic Experiment Loop for Finned-tube Sodium-to-Air heat exchanger) to be constructed at KAERI has been performed. Evaluations of creep-fatigue damage based on a full 3D finite element analyses were conducted for the expansion tank according to the recent elevated temperature design codes of ASME Section III Subsection NH and French RCC-MRx. It was shown that the expansion tank maintains its integrity under the intended creep-fatigue loads. Quantitative code comparisons were conducted for the pressure vessel of austenitic stainless steel 316L.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.116-122
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• 1997

Rats were adapted to diets containing 10% cellulose,10% sodium alginate and fiber-free diet for 5 weeks. Following a 14 hour fasting, rats were fed 5g of a test meal that provided 50% energy from fat, then killed at 4 hour postprandially. Plasma and lipoprotein fraction-cholesterol levels were lower in sodium alginate-fed animals than in rats fed other diets. Plasma TG did not differ among diet treatments. Increase in TG content of HDL fraction occurred in dietary fiber groups. Intestinal apolipoprotein B level and lipase activity were lower in sodium alginate-fed group than in other dietary groups. These results suggest that chronic consumption of sodium alginate affects plasma cholesterol level as in the case of fiber supplemetation, but is less likely to modify the acute Plasma TG response to high fat meal than if a fiber supplement is incorporated into the meal.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.173-177
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• 1989

As widely known major cause of tooth discoloration is red blood cell in dentinal tubules after tooth trauma and extirpation. Hemoglobin in the red cells easily conbine with hydrogen sulfide and change natural tooth color into dark brown. To confirm and compare the effect of bleaching agents test material was made as fellows: No. 40 paper points were soaked in blood and put into the oven for 24 hours to dry. Dried paper points were again soaked in diluted yolk by distilled water for a minute and kept the points for a week to get fully sulfide. Hydrogen peroxide (25%), Sodium hypochlorite (2%), Sodium hyposulfate (2%), Sodium perborate and mixture of Hydrogen peroxide (25%) and Sodium perborate were employed as bleaching agents. About 0.2ml of each medicaments were put into the small test tubes and blood soaked paper points were gently placed vertically with the apex downward and kept 24 hours in the oven ($37^{\circ}C$). Every 24 hours the medicaments were renewed at 24 and 48 hours. Following are the results of the study: 1. Significant bleaching effect was found on the case of hydrogen peroxide (25%) after 24 hours. The area above 2mm from apex also fully bleached after 48 hours. 2. A mixture of hydrogen peroxide and sodium perborate treated case showed moderate effect at 24 hours and significant effect at 48 hours. High portion of the point (above 2mm) was bleached satisfactory at 72 hours. 3. The effect of sodium perborate at 48 hours showed moderate and significant at 72 hours. 4. Sodium hypochlorite and sodium hyposulfate were weak agent in bleaching. At 72 hours case revealed moderate effect and influenced on high portion of the point very weak effect.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.192-198
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• 2013

Dietary sodium intake is considered one of the major causal factors for hypertension. Thus, to control the increase of blood pressure and reduce the risk of hypertension-related clinical complications, a reduction in sodium intake is recommended. The present study aimed at determining the association of dietary sodium intake with meal and snack frequency, snacking time, and taste preference in Korean young adults aged 20-26 years, using a 125-item dish-frequency questionnaire. The mean dietary sodium intakes of men and women were 270.6 mmol/day and 213.1 mmol/day, which were approximately 310% and 245% of the daily sodium intake goal for Korean men and women, respectively. Dietary sodium intake was positively correlated with systolic blood pressure in the total group, and BMI in the total and men-only groups. In the total and men-only groups, those who consumed meals more times per day consumed more dietary sodium, but the number of times they consumed snacks was negatively correlated with dietary sodium intake in the total, men-only, and women-only groups. In addition, those who consumed snacks in the evening consumed more sodium than those who did so in the morning in the men-only group. The sodium intake was also positively associated with preference for salty and sweet taste in the total and women-only groups. Such a high intake of sodium in these young subjects shows that a reduction in sodium intake is important for the prevention of hypertension and related diseases in the future.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.123-136
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• 2009

Sodium is a necessary element for the body. Excessive intake of sodium is known as one of the risk factors for chronic diseases. Recently, increasing numbers of people in Korea are suffering from chronic diseases. Major causes of deaths were chronic degenerative disease with the rising aging population. Especially, the population of rural areas is growing older fast. In rural areas, it is known that under nutrition and high sodium intake were major nutritional problems. For sodium intake, there were some studies about contributing food items. They were not enough to show diets relate to sodium intakes. Thus, this study analyzed dishes contributing to sodium intakes of elderly living in rural areas. Dietary intakes using "the 24hour recall method" were used. For the analysis for sodium intakes, "Can-pro3.0" was used. Ranking of dishes by contributions of sodium intakes were Korean cabbage, kimchi (19.6%), seasoned soybean paste (5.3%), soybean paste (4.6%), soybean paste soup dried radish leaves (3.5%), hot pork and kimchi stew (3.4%) in order. Ranking of dish groups by sodium intakes was kimchies (28.3%), soup and hot soups (22.8%), stews and casseroles (9.7%), seasonings (8.2%),and seasoned vegetables (6.0%) in order. One-dish meals among cooked rice, wheat noodles among noodle and mandu, soups using the soybean paste, stews using soybean paste and kimchi, salted fish among grilled foods, stir-fried anchovy among stir-fried foods, seasoned spinach, and Korean cabbage kimchi contributed to sodium intakes. As the nutrition deficiency of the elderly living in rural areas could be a problem, and excessive sodium intakes is threatening to their health, it is needed for the senior citizens to have adequate knowledge for diets containing less sodium. And recipes for healthy food and nutrition education based on their diets are needed.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.52-56
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• 1992

The ability of chemicals, 10% sodium hypochlorite, 28% ammonium hydroxide, 5% sodium hydroxide, 5% sodium bicarbonate, 0.1% hydrochloric acid, 5% hydrogen peroxide, and 5% acetone, to destroy aflatoxins in laboratory waste water containing 3.26 ppb of B$_{1}$ 7.64 ppb of B$_{6}$3 ppb of G$_{1}$, and 11.39 ppb of G$_{2}$ with the total of 29.11 ppb was investigated. High performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) was used for the separation and quantitation of aflatoxins. Treatment for 2 hours by the chemicals affected the destruction of aflatoxins and the most effective chemical was 10% sodium hypochlorite (p<0.05). Sodium hypochlorite concentrations more than 1% significantly reduced aflatoxin B$_{2}$, G$_{1}$, G$_{2}$ and total aflatoxins and more than 3% reduced B$_{1}$ (p<0.05). No further significant decreases were observed above the concentration of 5% for all 4 aflatoxins. Complete destruction of aflatoxins B$_{2}$, G_{1}$, and G$_{2}$ was achieved by 5% sodium hypochlorite at 48 hours and B$_{1}$ at 72 hours.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.85-88
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• 1986

To estimate the effect of some injectable antibiotics (ampicillin sodium, cefazolin sodium, cephaloridine, cefuroxime sodium and chloramphenicol sodium succinate) on pyrogen tests, the Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test and an ultrafiltration technique were used. The rabbit pyrogen test was also used in the case of cafazolin sodium. At high antibiotic concentrations, these samples which were artificially contaminated with endotoxin inhibited the gelation reaction of LAL. But the gelation reaction occurred when most of the antibiotic was removed by ultrafiltration. Likewise, cefazolin sodium interfered not only with the LAL test but also with the rabbit pyrogen test. From these results it can be said that special modification to eliminate interference should be taken into consideration for valid method of pyrogen tests in the parenteral products containing these antibiotics.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.183-189
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• 2017

Sodium hypochlorite used in water disinfection processes is generally in the production of chlorine to 0.8％. As the dose of chlorine increases, disinfection by-products (Chlorate) also increase simultaneously and exceed water quality standards. In this study, the electrolytic cell of a sodium hypochlorite generator (12％ chlorine) was adjusted to control the production of the disinfection by-products. As a result, it was possible to reduce Chlorate concentrations by more than 95％ by adjusting the pH of the electrolytic cell from 1.53 to 4.2 (normal pH of the electrolytic cell). As a low current is required to obtain these results, a 15％ improvement in the efficiency of the positive electrode is also observed. For the development of High Sodium Hypochlorite Generation can be used in a safe sodium hypochlorite solution, which is expected to contribute to improvement in the safety of the disinfection process.