KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
/
v.1
no.1
/
pp.1-8
/
1981
Since the estuary is a very complex place in which the sea water and the fresh water meet, it is very difficult to make a general analytical description of salinity distribution in the estuary. As an attempt to investigate the characteristics of salinity variation in the estuary of the Geum River, the field observations were continuously carried out at three points near the Gunsan New Harbor at the time intervals 1 to 1.5 hours during one tidal cycle and the data were analysed. The following results were obtained; 1. It was reconfirmed that most of the ratios of the salinity to the conductivity were widely distributed between the range of 0.5 to 1.0. 2. The salinity showed the peak at the high water, and then it began to decrease gradually and had the lowest value 0 to 2 hours after the low water. 3. The density current was generally the intense mixing type and when the river discharge was very large it was of the moderate type. 4. The vertical salinity distribution was not significantly affected by the wave height. 5. The maximum vertical salinity differences were generally less than 10 g/l and the time of the occurrence of the minimum value was 0 to 3 hours after the low water when in the spring tide and in the neap tide it occurred 2 to 3 hours after the high water.
Background and objects: Soil contamination caused by CaCl2 that is used to deice slippery roads in winter is now recognized as one of the major causes of damage of roadside plants. The aim of this study is to identify the salt mitigation effects of planting Chrysanthemum zawadskii and using a soil conditioner. Methods: The study was conducted at the site where Pinus densiflora f. multicaulis was planted on the roadside between Konkuk University Sageori and Danwol Samgeori located in Chungju-si. We classified the soils collected from the field experimental site according to the degree of the damage caused by deicing agents and divided the site into six blocks of three 80 × 80 cm plots replicated by treatment type. Three selected plots were treated with loess-balls on the soil surface (high salinity with loess-balls, medium salinity with loess-balls, low salinity with loess-balls) and three were left as an untreated control (H = high salinity, M = medium salinity, L = low salinity). The soil properties were measured including pH, EC and exchangeable cations as well as the growth of Chrysanthemum zawadskiia. Results: In the results of soil analysis, pH before planting Chrysanthemum zawadskiia was 6.39-6.74 and in September, five months after planting, the acidity was reduced to 5.43-5.89. Electrical conductivity (EC) was measured to be H > M > L with the higher degree of damage by deicing agents. The analysis of deicing exchangeable cations showed that the content of Ca2+ of soils were significantly correlated to deicing exchangeable cations (Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+) in the shoot part of Chrysanthemum zawadskii. The loess-ball treatment showed a lower content of deicing exchangeable cations than the treatment where Chrysanthemum zawadskiia was planted. Conclusion: In this study, the use of a new system made of loess-balls is proposed as a soil conditioner to protect soils from the adverse effects of road deicing salts. These data suggest that treatment of soil conditioners and planting Chrysanthemum zawadskiia are effective in mitigation of salt stress on the soils damaged by deicing agents.
The characteristics of the oceanographic environment in the Aleutian Basin of the Bering Sea during spring in 1996, 1997, and 1999 were clarified. An investigation of the water properties revealed five basic layers in the Bering Sea during spring: (1) a surface layer of warm and low-salinity water induced by solar heating, (2) a subsurface layer of cold and low-salinity water propagated slowly by heat from the surface layer, (3) a thermocline layer where salinity was constant but temperature sharply decreased, (4) a temperature inversion layer, and (5) a deep layer with a gradual decrease in temperature and increase in salinity toward the bottom. The ranges of water temperature and salinity were $1.8-5.5^{\circ}C$ and 31.81-34.08 in 1996, $1.5-7.2^{\circ}C$ and 31.9-34.06 in 1997, and $0.5-5.6^{\circ}C$ and 32.0-34.11 in 1999, respectively. The water temperature of the surface layer was approximately $1.6^{\circ}C$ higher in 1997 than in 1996 and 1999. The lowest temperature at a depth of 100-150 m was about $1^{\circ}C$ lower in 1999 than in 1996 and 1997. Nutrient levels (nitrate, phosphate, and silicate) contributing to the control of the growth of phytoplankton were higher in the Aleutian Basin than in the eastern continental shelf and Bogoslof Island area. This was closely associated with the phytoplankton distribution. Nutrient concentrations were lowest at a depth of 25 m. The high primary production at that depth was confirmed from the vertical distribution of chlorophyll a. Chlorophyll a levels were above $4.0{\mu}L^{-1}$ in some areas in 1996 and 1999, but below $2.0{\mu}L^{-1}$ in most areas in 1997. Zooplankton density was about three times higher in 1999 than in 1997.
Effects of salinity and standard toxic metals on fertilization and embryo development rates were investigated in the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus nudus. Spawning was induced by injecting 1ml of 0.5 M KCl into the coelomic cavity. The fertilization and embryo development rates were below 20% when salinity was 25 psu or lower, but were above 90% when salinity was between 30 and 35 psu. The fertilization and embryo development rates in the control condition (not including Cu and Cd) were greater than 90%, but decreased with a high negative correlation (r) of 0.89 and 0.91 with the increasing of Cu and Cd concentrations, respectively. These results suggest that salinity concentrations for successful fertilization and normal embryogenesis of S. nudus are between 30 and 35 psu, and the biological assays of fertilization and embryo development rates using S. nudus are useful methods for the ecological toxicity test of marine pollution elements.
This study examined the multi-scale variabilities of sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity in the Japan/East Sea (JES) based on statistical analyses of observational data, with a focus on the northwestern part of the sea. The regionality of JES SST variability was estimated for different frequency ranges on semimonthly (11-17 days), monthly to seasonal (30-90 days), quasi-semiannual (157-220 days), and quasi-biennial (1.5-3 years) time scales using cluster analyses of daily gridded SST data for 1996 to 2007 from the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). Several significant peaks and regional cores were found in each frequency range of the SST anomaly (SSTA) oscillations. Quasi-semiannual SSTA oscillations with high amplitude were found in the south-southwestern part of the Japan Basin ($41-43^{\circ}N$) and were amplified in the area adjacent to Peter the Great Bay. Oscillations with periods of 79 and 55 days also prevailed over the southwest Japan Basin between the Yamato Rise and the continental slope. A similar method was applied to classify SST and the annual cycle of surface salinity using Generalized Digital Environmental Model (GDEM) gridded data. The Tatarskii Strait and adjacent area showed the most specific annual cycles and variability in salinity on interannual to interdecadal time scales. The most significant inverse relationship between surface salinity in the Tatarskii Strait and southern JES areas was found on the interdecadal time scale. Linkages of sea water salinity in the Tatarskii Strait with Amur River discharge and wind velocity over Amurskii Liman were also revealed.
Saline water movements in relation to tidal condition and river discharge in the estuary of the Nakdong River are discussed on the basis of the observation data. The difference of salinity between the surface and the bottom layer was 1∼3 at spring tide forming a vertically homogeneous estuary, while at neap tide, it ranges up to 7∼15 indicating a sharp salt wedge. The maximum salinity appeared approximately at an hour after the high water, that is, three hours after the landward velocity maximum, while the salinity maximum at around an hour after the low water, that is, three hours after the seaward velocity maximum. The density current speed at a section located 10km landward from the river mouth was observed approximately to be 45cm sec$\^$-1/ at 8m layer.The relations between the salinity at Gupo and the river discharge at Jindong are estimated by means of the least square method. The maximum length of the salt wedge is calculated approximately to be 22km at neap tide and 16km at spring tide, which is in accordance with the observed data. The salinity influence area is deduced to be 45km at spring tide and 35km at neap tide. The diffusion coefficient of salinity was estimated approximately to be 1.5 10$\^$8/$\textrm{cm}^2$ sec$\^$-1/ at Samrak and 8 10$\^$5/$\textrm{cm}^2$ sec$\^$-1/ at Gupo at neap tide, while it was 1.4 10$\^$7/$\textrm{cm}^2$ sec$\^$-1/ at Dongwon at spring tide.
Kim, Da-Eun;Roy, Swapan Kumar;Kim, Ki-Hyun;Cho, Seong-Woo;Park, Chul-Soo;Lee, Moon-Soon;Woo, Sun-Hee
Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
/
2017.06a
/
pp.200-200
/
2017
Salinity stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses and severely impairs plant growth and production. Root is the first site for nutrient accumulation like as $Na^+$ in the plant. To investigate the response of wheat root under salinity stress, we executed the characterization of morphology and analysis of metabolites. Wheat seeds cv. Keumgang (Korean cultivar) were grown on the moist filter paper in Petri dish. After 5 days, seedlings were transferred to hydroponic apparatus at 1500 LUX light intensity, at $20^{\circ}C$ with 70% relative humidity in a growth chamber. Seedlings (5-day-old) were exposed to 50mM, 75mM, 100mM NaCl for 5 days. Ten-day-old seedlings were used for morphological characterization and metabolite analysis. Root and leaf length became shorter in high NaCl concentration compared to following NaCl treatment. For confirmation of salt accumulation, wheat roots were stained with $CoroNa^+$ Green AM, and fluoresce, and the image was taken by confocal microscopy. $Na^+$ ion accumulation rate was higher at 100mM compared to the untreated sample. Furthermore, to analyze metabolites in the wheat root, samples were extracted by $D_2O$ solvent, and extracted sample was analyzed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Fourteen metabolites were identified in wheat roots using NMR spectroscopy. Methanol and ethanol were up-regulated, whereas formate, aspartate, aminobutyrate, acetate and valine were down-regulated under salinity stress on roots of wheat. Fumarate had no change, while glucose, betaine, choline, glutamate and lactate were unevenly affected during salinity stress.
Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
/
v.16
no.2
/
pp.138-142
/
2013
As an early warning system to reduce the damage of aquacultured mollusks due to low salinity water, we investigated the possibility of a biomonitoring system measuring the shell valve movement (SVM) of Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) by using the Hall element sensor. In high salinity water of 27 psu, SVMs of Pacific oyster showed spikes which mean a relatively fast closing condition after opened condition of average 10-15 mm, and then the SVM showed back to opening condition slower than closing speed. In water salinity of 20-27 psu, the SVMs were similar to that of 27 psu. However, below 17 psu, it showed abnormal valve movements such as spending more time for shell closure. In 10 psu, we could not detected SVMs due to closed condition during experiment periods. Thus, if we quickly detect abnormal environmental variations like low salinity using bio-monitoring of SVM, it may be contribute to increased productivity by dramatically reducing damages in aquaculture.
The high salt concentration of reclaimed tidelands in the beginning of reclamation interferes with the growth of most crops. Although the crops are cultivated in the unripened tidal reclaimed paddy fields after desalinization to be arable, they we apt to be injured from salt by the resalinization through accumulated salts in the root zone during the growing period. In oder to make the reasonable irrigation plan in the unripened tidal reclaimed paddy fields, the preventive water requirements of resalinization as well as leaching requirements have to be included in irrigation water requirements. The critical salinity for the normal growth of crops should be determined to estimate the preventive water requirements of resalinization, and the changes of salinity in soil and water should be analyzed during the growing period, In this study, the growth tests of crops were conducted by soil textures and water management methods in the experimental field with lysimeters, using the samples of good drainage soils and poor drainage soils. And the changes of salinity in soil and water during the growing period, were analyzed to obtain the basic data for determining the critical salinity and making the estimation criteria of the preventive water requirements of resalinization. As the results obtained from analyzing the changes of salinity during the growing period in the unripened tidal reclaimed paddy fields, the exchanging interval of water for the prevention of resalinization was estimated to be within two weeks in good drainage soils and a week in poor drainage soils. And the total exchanging requirements of water for the prevention of resalinization during the growing period was estimated to be over 280mm in good drainage soils and 540mm in poor drainage soils.
The northern boundary of the Tsusgima Current and its fluctuations are divcussed in the Japan Sea in summer. This current was characterized with high slinity, and its path was traced by following the salinity maximum on the basis of oceanographical data collected during the period from 1963 to 1979. The salinity maxima (34.45-34.85 ) of the Tsushima Current in the areas between 29 N in the East China Sea and northern part of the Japan Sea were found at depths between 46m and 135m. The representative thermosteric anomaly corresponding to the salinity maximum eas examined in order to analyze the advection of this currint. In the Tsushima Current region in the Japan Sen, the thermosteric anomaly values in the layer of salinity maximum during the period of 1970 to 1979 was beween 220 cl/t and 260 cl/t. In general, as the current moves northward its salinity decreascs, its thermosteric anomaly decreases and the depth of salinity maximum becomes shallower. The northern boundary of this current, which is indicated by 34.4 isohaline on 240 cl/t isanosteric surface during the study period of ten years, was confined to south of 40 N of the Japan Sea. The 34.4 isohaline edvealed two types of flow; one of them flows northward along the eastern coast of South Korea and then meanders eastward, while the oter flows basically northeastward along the coast of Japan. The meanders of northern boundary of this currint idrntified th isohaline in this word were nearly similar to those studied by others on the bases of isotherm analysis.
본 웹사이트에 게시된 이메일 주소가 전자우편 수집 프로그램이나
그 밖의 기술적 장치를 이용하여 무단으로 수집되는 것을 거부하며,
이를 위반시 정보통신망법에 의해 형사 처벌됨을 유념하시기 바랍니다.
[게시일 2004년 10월 1일]
이용약관
제 1 장 총칙
제 1 조 (목적)
이 이용약관은 KoreaScience 홈페이지(이하 “당 사이트”)에서 제공하는 인터넷 서비스(이하 '서비스')의 가입조건 및 이용에 관한 제반 사항과 기타 필요한 사항을 구체적으로 규정함을 목적으로 합니다.
제 2 조 (용어의 정의)
① "이용자"라 함은 당 사이트에 접속하여 이 약관에 따라 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스를 받는 회원 및 비회원을
말합니다.
② "회원"이라 함은 서비스를 이용하기 위하여 당 사이트에 개인정보를 제공하여 아이디(ID)와 비밀번호를 부여
받은 자를 말합니다.
③ "회원 아이디(ID)"라 함은 회원의 식별 및 서비스 이용을 위하여 자신이 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을
말합니다.
④ "비밀번호(패스워드)"라 함은 회원이 자신의 비밀보호를 위하여 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을 말합니다.
제 3 조 (이용약관의 효력 및 변경)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트에 게시하거나 기타의 방법으로 회원에게 공지함으로써 효력이 발생합니다.
② 당 사이트는 이 약관을 개정할 경우에 적용일자 및 개정사유를 명시하여 현행 약관과 함께 당 사이트의
초기화면에 그 적용일자 7일 이전부터 적용일자 전일까지 공지합니다. 다만, 회원에게 불리하게 약관내용을
변경하는 경우에는 최소한 30일 이상의 사전 유예기간을 두고 공지합니다. 이 경우 당 사이트는 개정 전
내용과 개정 후 내용을 명확하게 비교하여 이용자가 알기 쉽도록 표시합니다.
제 4 조(약관 외 준칙)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스에 관한 이용안내와 함께 적용됩니다.
② 이 약관에 명시되지 아니한 사항은 관계법령의 규정이 적용됩니다.
제 2 장 이용계약의 체결
제 5 조 (이용계약의 성립 등)
① 이용계약은 이용고객이 당 사이트가 정한 약관에 「동의합니다」를 선택하고, 당 사이트가 정한
온라인신청양식을 작성하여 서비스 이용을 신청한 후, 당 사이트가 이를 승낙함으로써 성립합니다.
② 제1항의 승낙은 당 사이트가 제공하는 과학기술정보검색, 맞춤정보, 서지정보 등 다른 서비스의 이용승낙을
포함합니다.
제 6 조 (회원가입)
서비스를 이용하고자 하는 고객은 당 사이트에서 정한 회원가입양식에 개인정보를 기재하여 가입을 하여야 합니다.
제 7 조 (개인정보의 보호 및 사용)
당 사이트는 관계법령이 정하는 바에 따라 회원 등록정보를 포함한 회원의 개인정보를 보호하기 위해 노력합니다. 회원 개인정보의 보호 및 사용에 대해서는 관련법령 및 당 사이트의 개인정보 보호정책이 적용됩니다.
제 8 조 (이용 신청의 승낙과 제한)
① 당 사이트는 제6조의 규정에 의한 이용신청고객에 대하여 서비스 이용을 승낙합니다.
② 당 사이트는 아래사항에 해당하는 경우에 대해서 승낙하지 아니 합니다.
- 이용계약 신청서의 내용을 허위로 기재한 경우
- 기타 규정한 제반사항을 위반하며 신청하는 경우
제 9 조 (회원 ID 부여 및 변경 등)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객에 대하여 약관에 정하는 바에 따라 자신이 선정한 회원 ID를 부여합니다.
② 회원 ID는 원칙적으로 변경이 불가하며 부득이한 사유로 인하여 변경 하고자 하는 경우에는 해당 ID를
해지하고 재가입해야 합니다.
③ 기타 회원 개인정보 관리 및 변경 등에 관한 사항은 서비스별 안내에 정하는 바에 의합니다.
제 3 장 계약 당사자의 의무
제 10 조 (KISTI의 의무)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객이 희망한 서비스 제공 개시일에 특별한 사정이 없는 한 서비스를 이용할 수 있도록
하여야 합니다.
② 당 사이트는 개인정보 보호를 위해 보안시스템을 구축하며 개인정보 보호정책을 공시하고 준수합니다.
③ 당 사이트는 회원으로부터 제기되는 의견이나 불만이 정당하다고 객관적으로 인정될 경우에는 적절한 절차를
거쳐 즉시 처리하여야 합니다. 다만, 즉시 처리가 곤란한 경우는 회원에게 그 사유와 처리일정을 통보하여야
합니다.
제 11 조 (회원의 의무)
① 이용자는 회원가입 신청 또는 회원정보 변경 시 실명으로 모든 사항을 사실에 근거하여 작성하여야 하며,
허위 또는 타인의 정보를 등록할 경우 일체의 권리를 주장할 수 없습니다.
② 당 사이트가 관계법령 및 개인정보 보호정책에 의거하여 그 책임을 지는 경우를 제외하고 회원에게 부여된
ID의 비밀번호 관리소홀, 부정사용에 의하여 발생하는 모든 결과에 대한 책임은 회원에게 있습니다.
③ 회원은 당 사이트 및 제 3자의 지적 재산권을 침해해서는 안 됩니다.
제 4 장 서비스의 이용
제 12 조 (서비스 이용 시간)
① 서비스 이용은 당 사이트의 업무상 또는 기술상 특별한 지장이 없는 한 연중무휴, 1일 24시간 운영을
원칙으로 합니다. 단, 당 사이트는 시스템 정기점검, 증설 및 교체를 위해 당 사이트가 정한 날이나 시간에
서비스를 일시 중단할 수 있으며, 예정되어 있는 작업으로 인한 서비스 일시중단은 당 사이트 홈페이지를
통해 사전에 공지합니다.
② 당 사이트는 서비스를 특정범위로 분할하여 각 범위별로 이용가능시간을 별도로 지정할 수 있습니다. 다만
이 경우 그 내용을 공지합니다.
제 13 조 (홈페이지 저작권)
① NDSL에서 제공하는 모든 저작물의 저작권은 원저작자에게 있으며, KISTI는 복제/배포/전송권을 확보하고
있습니다.
② NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 상업적 및 기타 영리목적으로 복제/배포/전송할 경우 사전에 KISTI의 허락을
받아야 합니다.
③ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 보도, 비평, 교육, 연구 등을 위하여 정당한 범위 안에서 공정한 관행에
합치되게 인용할 수 있습니다.
④ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 무단 복제, 전송, 배포 기타 저작권법에 위반되는 방법으로 이용할 경우
저작권법 제136조에 따라 5년 이하의 징역 또는 5천만 원 이하의 벌금에 처해질 수 있습니다.
제 14 조 (유료서비스)
① 당 사이트 및 협력기관이 정한 유료서비스(원문복사 등)는 별도로 정해진 바에 따르며, 변경사항은 시행 전에
당 사이트 홈페이지를 통하여 회원에게 공지합니다.
② 유료서비스를 이용하려는 회원은 정해진 요금체계에 따라 요금을 납부해야 합니다.
제 5 장 계약 해지 및 이용 제한
제 15 조 (계약 해지)
회원이 이용계약을 해지하고자 하는 때에는 [가입해지] 메뉴를 이용해 직접 해지해야 합니다.
제 16 조 (서비스 이용제한)
① 당 사이트는 회원이 서비스 이용내용에 있어서 본 약관 제 11조 내용을 위반하거나, 다음 각 호에 해당하는
경우 서비스 이용을 제한할 수 있습니다.
- 2년 이상 서비스를 이용한 적이 없는 경우
- 기타 정상적인 서비스 운영에 방해가 될 경우
② 상기 이용제한 규정에 따라 서비스를 이용하는 회원에게 서비스 이용에 대하여 별도 공지 없이 서비스 이용의
일시정지, 이용계약 해지 할 수 있습니다.
제 17 조 (전자우편주소 수집 금지)
회원은 전자우편주소 추출기 등을 이용하여 전자우편주소를 수집 또는 제3자에게 제공할 수 없습니다.
제 6 장 손해배상 및 기타사항
제 18 조 (손해배상)
당 사이트는 무료로 제공되는 서비스와 관련하여 회원에게 어떠한 손해가 발생하더라도 당 사이트가 고의 또는 과실로 인한 손해발생을 제외하고는 이에 대하여 책임을 부담하지 아니합니다.
제 19 조 (관할 법원)
서비스 이용으로 발생한 분쟁에 대해 소송이 제기되는 경우 민사 소송법상의 관할 법원에 제기합니다.
[부 칙]
1. (시행일) 이 약관은 2016년 9월 5일부터 적용되며, 종전 약관은 본 약관으로 대체되며, 개정된 약관의 적용일 이전 가입자도 개정된 약관의 적용을 받습니다.