• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.396-406
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• 2016

Continuous supplementation of mineral nutrients and salicylic acid (SA) as foliar application could improve efficacy in controlling basal stem rot (BSR) disease in oil palm seedling. It is revealed from the results that the highest disease severity index (58.3%) was recorded in T8 treatments at 9 months after inoculation. The best disease control was achieved by T7 treatments (calcium/copper/SA [Ca/Cu/SA]) (5.0%) followed by T1 (5.5%), T5 (5.8%), T3 (8.3%), T6 (8.3%), T4 (13.3%), and T2 (15.8%) treatments. Continuous supplementation of Ca/Cu/SA was found to be the most effective in controlling the disease and the high performance liquid chromatography results showed the detection of ergosterol at very low concentration in the treated samples. Moreover, the transmission electron microscopy analysis results clearly indicated that T7 treatment was also enhancing lignification, which was responsible for the thickness of the secondary cell walls and middle lamella compared to untreated samples. It was therefore, concluded that continuous supplementation of minerals nutrients and SA could effectively suppress disease severity by reducing ergosterol activity and also improve the process of lignification in the treated plants. Furthermore, this treatment also managed to delay the onset of BSR symptoms and promote the growth of the seedlings and eventually suppress the BSR disease.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.341-351
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• 2001

Object: Acori graminei rhizoma(AGR) extract is clinically used to treat the cerebral ischemia in Korea. The present study was undertaken to study the neuroprotective effect of AGR extract in middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO) rats. Methods: Changes of extracellular levels of glutamate, aspartate, GABA, glycine, taurine, tyrosine, alanine in striatum were collected at 20 minutes interval by in vivo microdialysis and then analyzed by HPLC(high performance liquid chromatography) in rats subjected to permanent focal cerebral ischemia induced by 2 hours of MCAO. AGR extract was orally administrated before MCAO. Different animals were used for measurement of cerebral infarction volume induced by 24 hours of MCAO with TTC staining and image analysis. Result : The infarction volume was decreased and focal cerebral ischemia - induced increase of extracellular glutamate, aspartate, and tyrosine were inhibited after the treatment of AGR extract. On the other hand, the increase of glycine and alanine not but GABA and taurine were enhenced after the treatment of AGR extract. Conclusion: These results suggest that AGR extract can playa role in protecting against cerebral ischemia by regulating extracellular levels of excitatory and inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitters.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.235-240
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• 2012

$^{99m}Tc$ tricarbonyl glycine monomers, trimers, and pentamers were synthesized and evaluated for their radiolabeling and in vivo distribution characteristics. We synthesized a $^{99m}Tc$-tricarbonyl precursor with a low oxidation state (I). $^{99m}Tc(CO)_3(H_2O)_3^+$ was then made to react with monomeric and oligomeric glycine for the development of bifunctional chelating sequences for biomolecules. Labeling yields of $^{99m}Tc$-tricarbonyl glycine monomers and oligomers were checked by high-performance liquid chromatography. The labeling yields of $^{99m}Tc$-tricarbonyl glycine and glycine oligomers were more than 95%. We evaluated the characteristics of $^{99m}Tc$-tricarbonyl glycine oligomers by carrying out a lipophilicity test and an imaging study. The octanol-water partition coefficient of $^{99m}Tc$ tricarbonyl glycine oligomers indicated hydrophilic properties. Single-photon emission computed tomography imaging of $^{99m}Tc$-tricarbonyl glycine oligomers showed rapid renal excretion through the kidneys with a low uptake in the liver, especially of $^{99m}Tc$ tricarbonyl triglycine. Furthermore, we verified that the addition of triglycine to prototype biomolecules (AGRGDS and RRPYIL) results in the improvement of radiolabeling yield. From these results, we conclude that triglycine has good characteristics for use as a bifunctional chelating sequence for a $^{99m}Tc$-tricarbonyl-based biomolecular imaging probe.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.234-242
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• 2004

The pigment composition and concentration of phytoplankton assemblages using HPLC in the adjacent waters of four nuclear power plants (Yonggwang, Kori, Wolsong and Ulchin) were investigated during the spring blooming in 2004. The mean concentration of chlorophyll a ranged from 563.8 to 2,949.0ng $l^{-1}$, with the lowest concentration at Kori and the highest concentration at Wolsong. Among the carotenoids, the amounts of fucoxanthin and chlorophyll $C_2$ were relatively higher than those of other pigments in the study site. As minor pigments, zeaxanthin, chlorophyll b, 19'-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin, diadinoxanthin, 19'-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin, chlorophyll $C_3$ and peridinin were detected. The results of pigment composition and concentration showed that diatoms had an important proportion of phytoplankton community when a spring bloom occurred. Cyanobacteria was present relatively low density at the Wolsong and the green alga such as chlorophytes and prasinophytes were abundant at the Yonggwang and Kori, while dinoflagellates characterized by peridinin were common at Ulchin and Kori. The pigment composition and concentration of phytoplankton after passing through the cooling-water system of nuclear power plant were highly variable. No distinct trend of the change of each pigment composition and amount was detected but the variation of fucoxanthin and chlorophyll $C_2$ highly coupled with that of chlorophyll a. We pointed out that the diatom controlled the overall variation of phytoplankton biomass during the spring season.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1361-1364
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• 2008

The inhibitory effects of naringenin, kaempherol, and apigenin on the production of cholesterol in HepG2 KCLB 88065 and MCF-7 KCLB 30022 cells were evaluated. In this study, quercetin was used as a reference reagent. After incubation for 3 days, fat-soluble contents of both cell types were extracted by using the Folch method and the cholesterol contents in both cultured cells were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The concentration of cholesterol in untreated each tissue cells was $12.2{\pm}0.11$ and $8.83{\pm}0.12\;mg/g$ of lipid, respectively. The total concentration of each flavonoid was adjusted to 0, 35, or $350{\mu}M$ in the culture broth. As the results, the addition of 2% methanol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to the media (control for flavonoid solvents) did not significantly affect cell growth; however, DMSO caused an increase in the production of cholesterol. Each flavonoid inhibited the production of cholesterol in both HepG2 and MCF-7 cells at the concentration of $35{\mu}M$ above. In addition, the inhibitory effect of kaempherol on the production of cholesterol in these cells was greater than the other flavonoids tested and HepG2 cells are more sensitive to flavonoids than MCF-7. From the results, the inhibitory effects of flavonoids on cholesterol production are different depending on the cell type.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.745-750
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• 1998

Soybean isoflavones known as an anticarcinogenic factor were evaluated in some Korean soybean foods by high performance liquid chromatography. Unfermented soybean foods contained predominantly isoflavone ${\beta}-glycosides$ (genistin and daidzin), but in the fermented soybean foods isoflavones were present mainly as aglycones (genistein and daidzein). Average contents of isoflavones of tofu, soymilk and soy sprout were 1, 151, 676 and 424 mg/kg, respectively. Among the fermented soybean products, soybean paste (Chongkukjang) was highest in the isoflavone content (920 mg/kg) and the degree of hydrolysis of ${\beta}-glycosidic$ bonds was ranged from 30 to 100%. Doenjang, Chunjang and Kanjang contained lesser amounts of isoflavones and their contents were 627, 291 and 10 mg/kg, respectively. Korean traditional fermented foods, Chongkukjang and Doenjang could be regarded as the excellent sources of soy isoflavone aglycones.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.5-9
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• 2006

Method for separation and quantification of methylxanthins, catechins, and theaflavins in Korean commercial teas (green, oolong, and black teas) was developed using reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). After extraction with hot water, tea compounds were separated on Inertsil ODS-3v $(5\;{\mu}m)$ column, eluted with gradient of 7% acetonitrile and 93% of 20 mM phosphate buffer mixture for 7 min. Column effluent was monitored at 270 nm. This technique was effective for analyses of m methylxanthins, catechins, and theaflavins in teas and biological samples. In green and oolong teas, two kinds of methylxanthins and 7 of catechins were identified, whereas 4 theaflavins were only identified in black tea. Among seven catechins in green and oolong teas, EGCG showed highest amount, whereas ECG was highest in black tea. (theaflavins were found only in black teas) In all teas, theobromine content was lower than that of caffeine.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.392-398
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• 2006

Four flavonoids 1-4 and one phytosterol 5 were isolated from methanol extract of Taekwangkong, one of the soybean cultivars, and the structures of these compounds were fully characterized by physical and spectral analysis. The content of compounds 1-4 as determined by $C_{18}$ reversed phase HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) coupled with diode-array detector were 12.1, 624.6, 18.0, and $219.6\;{\mu}g/g$, respectively, and the total phenolic content of this cultivar was measured as 3.7 mg gallic acid equivalent per g dry material (GAB/g). Also, compound 1 showed strong radical scavenging activity in the 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay ($IC_{50}\;=\;47.6\;{\mu}M$), five-fold higher than seen in the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylliydrazyl (DPPH) assay. These results lead to the conclusion that soybean not only has many phytoestrogens but also has potent antioxidant activity.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.126-132
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• 1980

An attempt was made to remove red color and capsaicin which were contaminated in crude oil extracted from red pepper seeds with n-hexane. Both clay bleachidg and deodorization were responsible for the removal of red color. Clay bleaching was also the most effective for the removal of capsaicin, which was removed completely with 4 % clay. Capsaicin in oil was adsorbed onto the clay particles exponentially and it followed Freundlich equation : ${\frac{x}{m}}=1.1\;c^{0.31}$, where x is amount of capsaicin adsorbed (mg/ml), m is amount of clay used in bleaching (%) and c is amount of residual capsaicin (mg/ml). Neutral lipid of the seed oil consisted of 95.8 % triglyceride, 1.55 % sterol ester, 1.45 % monoglyceride, 0.78 % free fatty acids, 0.2 % diglycerides and 0.15 % sterol. Major components of fatty acids in the red pepper seed oil were linoleic acid (78.79 %), palmitic acid (15.27 %) and linolenic acid content was only 0.63 % by high performance liquid chromatography.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 2008

Objective : This study was conducted to evaluate the changes in the levels of neurotransmitters and cortisol in patients with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and to evaluate their correlation with symptoms after long-term pharmacological treatment. Methods : Twenty-eight Vietnam veterans with chronic PTSD and 34 non-PTSD patients were consecutively recruited. The Combat Exposure Scale (CES), Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (M-PTSD), Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) and Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAS) were used to evaluate symptom severity. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to measure the plasma levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine, and a radioimmunoassay (RIA) was performed to evaluate the plasma level of cortisol. Results : Plasma cortisol was significantly lower in PTSD patients than in control subjects, while there was no significant difference in plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine between the two groups. The scores of M-PTSD, CAPS, HAMD and HAMA were signigicantly higher in PTSD patients than control group. Conclusion : After long-term treatment, the levels of neurotransmitters in PTSD patients returned to within the normal range, and the patients' symptoms showed some improvement. However, the core symptoms of PTSD continued to appear intermittently, and they are thought to be associated with hormonal systems, such as the HPA axis. It is also suggested that PTSD should be considered to be a complex disorder associated with multiple systems and that combinations of the effective medications for each system should be used to treat patients with PTSD.