• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.181-188
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• 2005

We investigated the effects of diet manipulation on pro- and macro-glycogen accumulation and mobilization during exercise in different kinds of muscle fiber and tissue. Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into groups representing one of two dietary conditions: high fat (HF, n=16) or standard chow (CHOW, n=16). Each dietary group was fm1her divided into control (REST, n=8) and exercise (EXE, n=8). After an eight-week dietary intervention period, the animals in EXE swam for 3 hours while the animals in REST remained at rest Skeletal muscle (soleus, red gastrocnemius and white gastrocnemius) and liver samples were then dissected out and used for analyses. 1here was no statistical difference in body weight between the animals in the HF and mow groups (p>.05). Three hours of exercise significantly increased plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentration in the animals in the CHOW group but not in the animals in the HF group. Both citrate. synthase (CS) and $\beta$-hydroxyacyl dehydrogenase ($\beta$-HAD) activities in skeletal muscles were higher in the HF group than in the mow group. CS and $\beta$-HAD activities were also the highest in red gastrocnemius and the lowest in white gastrocnemius. At both time points (i.e., rest and immediately after exercise) intramuscular triglyceride (IMTG) and liver TG concentrations were significantly higher in the HF compared to the CHOW. IMTG and liver TG changed selectively in the CHOW. Except in white gastrocnemius muscle, there was no significant difference in total glycogen content between HF and mow at rest. Although exercise significantly lowered total glycogen content in all groups and tissues (p<.05), the degree of reduction was markedly greater in the mow than in the HF. Whereas changes in proglycogen concentration showed a trend similar to those of total glycogen, alterations in macroglycogen concentrations clearly differed from those of total glycogen. Specifically, the degree of reduction of macroglycogen following three hours of exercise was substantially greater in the CHOW than in the HF. These results suggest that metabolic alterations induced by a long-term high fat diet may be caused by macro-glycogen rather than pro-glycogen.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.85-91
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• 2013

Recent studies have shown that Rosa canina L. and tiliroside, the principal constituent of its seeds, exhibit anti-obesity and anti-diabetic activities via enhancement of fatty acid oxidation in the liver and skeletal muscle. However, the effects of rosehip, the fruit of this plant, extract (RHE), or tiliroside on lipid accumulation in adipocytes have not been analyzed. We investigated the effects of RHE and tiliroside on lipid accumulation and protein expression of key transcription factors in both in vitro and in vivo models. RHE and tiliroside inhibited lipid accumulation in a dose-dependent manner in 3T3-L1 cells. We also analyzed the inhibitory effect of RHE on white adipose tissue (WAT) in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity mice model. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed HFD or HFD supplemented with 1% RHE (HFDRH) for 8 weeks. The HFDRH-fed group gained less body weight and had less visceral fat than the HFD-fed group. Liver weight was significantly lower in the HFDRH-fed group and total hepatic lipid and triglyceride (TG) content was also reduced. A significant reduction in the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR${\gamma}$) was observed in epididymal fat in the HFDRH-fed group, in comparison with controls, through Western blotting. These results suggest that downregulation of PPAR${\gamma}$ expression is involved, at least in part, in the suppressive effect of RHE on lipid accumulation in WAT.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.19-28
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• 2017

The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance is growing rapidly. Multiple organs including the liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue control insulin sensitivity coordinately, but the mechanism of skeletal muscle insulin resistance has not yet been fully elucidated. However, there is a growing body of evidence that lipotoxicity induced by mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle is an important mediator of insulin resistance. However, some recent findings suggest that skeletal mitochondrial dysfunction generated by genetic manipulation is not always correlated with insulin resistance in animal models. A high fat diet can provoke insulin resistance despite a coordinate increase in skeletal muscle mitochondria, which implies that mitochondrial dysfunction is not mandatory in insulin resistance. Furthermore, incomplete fatty acid oxidation by excessive nutrition supply compared to mitochondrial demand can induce insulin resistance without preceding impairment of mitochondrial function. Taken together we suggested that skeletal muscle mitochondrial overloading, not mitochondrial dysfunction, plays a pivotal role in insulin resistance.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.906-913
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• 1998

This study an analyzes the effects of the P/S ratio of dietary lipids and antioxidant vitamin supplements on serum lipids level and fatty acid profile, the degree of lipid peroxidation, and the antioxidant enzyme activities in the liver of rats treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz($\alpha$) anthracene(DMBA). P/S ratio of dietary lipids was made into 0.5, 1 and 2 by mixing palm oil, soybean oil, sesame oil and perilla oil at 10%(w/w) fat level and n-6/n-3 ratio was fixed to 4. Antioxidant vitamin of $\alpha$-tocopherol or $\beta$-carotene was supplemented in addition to vitamin mixture which was given at 1 % of the standard diet. female Sprague-Dawley strain rats, about 60 days old, were divided into three groups(LP : low P/S ratio(0.5), MP : medium P/S ratio (1.0), HP , high P/S ratio(2.0)) and each group was sub-divided into three groups(S ; standard, T ; tocopherol supplemented, C : carotene supplemented): Two weeks after feeding experimental diets, all groups were treated with a single dose of DMBA(2mg/100g BW) by gastric intubation and fed experimental diet for 9 week. The results were as follows ; 1) Serum total cholesterol(TC) level was not significantly influenced by diet but tended to be lower in HP groups compared to LP and MP groups. Triglyceride level was the highest in LP groups and the lowest in $\alpha$-tocopherol supplemented groups. 2) Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance(TBARS) level, representing lipid peroxidation in hepatic microsome, tended to be increased as the unsaturation of dietary lipids increases. $\alpha$-Tocopherol supplement significantly decreased TBARS level. 3) The activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and glutathione peroxidase(GSHPx) in hepatic cytosol showed the tendency to be high with increasing P/S ratio of dietary lipids. SOD activity was not significantly influenced by antioxidant vitamin, but GSHPx activity was significantly increased in $\alpha$-tocopherol supplemented groups. In summary, high polyunsaturated fat diet was effective on reducing the serum level of total cholesterol and triglyceride, while it increased unsaturation and peroxidizability of serum fatty acid. With increasing P/S ratio of dietary lipids, lipid peroxidation was increased in the liver and antioxidant enzyme system was induced to inhibit lipid peroxidation against oxidative damage. $\alpha$-Tocopherol supplement was effective in lowering lipid peoxidation, but $\beta$-carotene supplement did not exhibit antioxidant effect. (Korean J Nutrition 31(5) 906~913, 1998)

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.606-624
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• 2022

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of different doses of Geumnyeonyijin-tang (GNYJT) water extracts with those of metformin (250 mg/kg) in mild diabetic-obese mice. Methods and Results: The 48 mice were divided into 1 normal pellet diet (NFD) group and 5 high-fat diet (HFD) groups. At the end of 12 weeks of oral administration of metformin (250 mg/kg) or GNYJT water extracts (400, 200, or100 mg/kg), the effects were evaluated. The HFD control mice showed noticeable increases in body weight, adipose tissue density, fat pad weight of the periovarian and abdominal wall, and insulin, blood glucose, and HbA1c levels, with decreases in serum HDL levels. Increases in the periovarian and dorsal abdominal fat pad, regions of steatohepatitis, adipocyte hypertrophy, and hepatocyte hypertrophy were also discovered. The HFD group showed a decline in glucose levels and elevation of hepatic gluconeogenesis, suggesting an HFD-induced AMPK downregulation related to glucose dysregulation, as well as lipid metabolism related to obese insulin-resistant type II diabetes, dyslipidemia, and oxidative stress related diabetic hepatopathy (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD). Conclusion: Assessment of the key parameters for inhibition of diabetes and related complications in HFD-fed diabetic-obese mice demonstrated that GNYJT water extracts have favorable ameliorating effects. The effect of GNYJT was manifested through the stimulation of AMPK upregulation of related hepatic glucose enzyme activities and expression of lipid metabolism-related genes. Therefore, appropriate oral dosages of GNYJT could be promising as a new preventive candidate for controlling diabetes and related complications. Further screening of biologically active compounds, elucidation of detailed mechanisms, and more animal studies are warranted.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.66-77
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 뽕잎차와 Monascus pilosus로 발효시킨 뽕잎차가 ICR mouse의 체중과 간 조직 항산화계 효소류의 활성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 정상대조군(NC), 고지방 식이 대조군(HC), 뽕잎차 분말을 2% 혼합한 고지방 식이군(UM), 발효 뽕잎차 분말을 2% 혼합한 고지방 식이군(FM)으로 나누어 8주간 사육하였다. 체중증가량에 있어서는 HC군의 주당 체중증가량은 NC군에 비해 2.13배로 높았으나, UM군과 FM군은 NC군의 1.80 및 1.67배로 체중증가량이 크게 완화되었다. 장기 중량은 고지방 식이군에서 증가되었던 간의 중량은 UM과 FM군에서 회복되는 경향을 보였으며, 신장의 경우에도 NC군 수준으로 회복되는 경향을 나타내었다. 부고환 주변 지방의 함량은 UM과 FM군의 경우 모두 고지방 식이로 현저하게 증가된 지방함량을 유의적으로 감소시켰으며, 그 효과는 FM군에서 현저하였다. ALT 활성은 HC군이 NC군에 비하여 2.56배나 높은 수치를 나타내었으며, UM군과 HC 간의 유의차는 보이지 않으나 FM군은 HC군에 비하여 유의적으로 낮았다. TG, TC, LDL-cholesterol의 함량 및 동맥경화지수(AI)는 HC군은 NC군에 비하여 각각 18.42%, 39.59%, 212.56% 및 230.70%가 증가하였으며, HDL-cholesterol 함량은 17.84%가 감소하였다. UM군의 TG, TC, HDL- 및 LDL-cholesterol 함량은 HC군과 유의적인 차이가 없으나, FM군에서는 유의적인 차이를 보였으며, 동맥경화지수도 HC군 2.63, UM군 2.09, FM군 1.70으로 FM군에서 양호한 결과를 나타내었다. 간 조직 TG 함량은 UM 및 FM군이 HC군에 비하여 25.18~25.72%가 감소되었으며, 총 콜레스테롤의 함량에서도 TG와 유사한 경향을 보였다. Glutathione(GSH)의 함량은 FM군이 UM군에 비하여 유의적으로 증가하였으며, lipid peroxide(LPO)의 함량은 UM군과 FM군은 HC군에 비하여 각각 49.82% 및 44.52% 감소하였다. Xanthine oxidase(XO) 활성은 UM군과 FM군에서는 HC군에 비하여 각각 38.41% 및 53.62%가 감소하였다. SOD 활성은 UM과 FM군 모두 NC군과 유사한 활성을 나타내었다. Glutathione S-transferase(GST)활성은 UM군과 FM군은 고지방 식이에 의해 감소된 HC군의 활성을 14.81~23.46% 증가시켰다. Glutathione peroxidase(GPX) 활성(NADPH nmole/min/mg protein)은 고지방 식이 대조군인 HC군에서의 활성은 NC군의 65.59%에 불과하였으나, UM군과 FM군은 HC군에 비하여 각각 22.95% 및 38.52% 증가하였다. 간 조직을 검경한 결과, 고지방 식이 대조군인 HF군에서는 간 조직 세포가 지방 방울의 축적에 의해 확장되어 간굴모세혈관(hepatic sinusoids)이 폐쇄된 상태였다. 하지만, UM군과 FM군에서는 중심정맥 주위의 세포들이 정상적으로 잘 보존되어 있으며, 간 소엽의 간세포삭과 간 조직 세포 내에 지방방울의 축적이 보이긴 하나 구분이 가능하며, UM군에 비하여 FM군 쪽의 간 손상이 보다 경미한 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 실험결과, M. pilosus로 발효시킨 뽕잎차는 정상식이군에서는 간 조직 손상과 관련된 LPO의 함량을 경감시키는 효과와 함께 경미한 체중 감소 효과가 있는 것으로 사료되며, 고지방 식이에 의한 비정상 생리 상태에서는 비만 해소와 ROS 생성계효소의 저해와 소거계 항산화 효소의 활성화를 통한 간 기능 증진과 조직 손상을 예방 또는 경감시키는 효과가 있는 것으로 생각된다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.43-50
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• 2018

Korean Red Ginseng (RG) are used as a traditional treatment for improve blood circulation. This experimental study was designed to investigate the inhibitory effects of Korean red ginseng on lipid metabolism in high fat/cholesterol diet (HFCD)-induced hypertriglyceridemia. Sprague Dawley rats were fed the HFCD diet with/without fluvastatin (Flu, positive control) 3 mg/kg/day, and RG 125 or 250 mg/kg/day, respectively. All groups received regular diet or HFCD diet, respectively, for 13 weeks. The last three groups treatment of Flu and RG 125, and RG 250 orally for a period of 9 weeks. Group 1, reular diet; group 2, HFCD diet; group 3, Flu + HFCD diet; group 4, RG 125 + HFCD diet; group 5, RG 250 + HFCD diet. As a result, treatment with low or high doses of RG markedly attenuated plasma levels of triglycerides and augmented plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in HFCD-fed rats. RG and Flu also led to an increase in lipoprotein lipase activity in the HFCD group. On the other hand, RG and Flu led to an decrease in fatty acid synthase and free fatty acid activity in the HFCD group. Treatment with RG suppressed increased expressions of $PPAR-{\alpha}$ and AMPK in HFCD rat liver or muscle. In addition, the RG attenuated triglyceridemia by inhibition of $PPAR-{\gamma}$ and FABP protein expression levels and LXR and SREBP-1 gene expression in liver or muscle. The RG significantly prevented the development of the metabolic disturbances such as hypertriglyceridemia and hyperlipidemia. Taken together, the administration of RG improves hypertriglyceridemia through the alteration in suppression of triglyceride synthesis and accentuated of triglyceride decomposition. These results suggested that RG is useful in the prevention or treatment of hypertriglyceridemia.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.89-103
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• 2018

Objectives : This study is aimed to compare the changes in Antioxidative capacity of Liriopis Tuber by steaming process and to compare the effects in hyperlipidemia induced rats fed high cholesterol diet between Simvastatin and Liriopis Tuber by steaming process. Methods : The SD rats were divided into six groups: normal diet (Nor), high cholesterol diet (Veh), high cholesterol diet plus Simvastatin 5 mg/kg (Sim), high cholesterol diet plus LT0 extract 200 mg/kg (LT0), high cholesterol diet plus LT6 extract 200 mg/kg (LT6) and high cholesterol diet plus LT9 extract 200 mg/kg (LT9). We compared the total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) contents and reactive oxygen species (ROS) from each serums. Protein expression in liver tissues related to antioxidant and cholesterol was analyzed. Results : The Antioxidant activity of Liriopis Tuber increased by steaming process. In vivo, TC, TG, LDL-c, atherogenic index (AI) and cardiac risk factor (CRF) decreased and HDL-c increased with increasing steaming frequency. aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) decreased with increasing steaming frequency. ROS decreased only in LT9, and SOD, catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) increased with increasing steaming frequency. phospho-AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK) increased and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP-2), Phospho-Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (p-ACC) and HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) decreased with increasing steaming frequency. Liver staining showed a decrease in hepatic fat accumulation of LT9. LT9 showed significant results in all experiments. Conclusions : LT9 showed significance of anti-lipid effect and improved fatty liver of hyperlipemia induced rats fed on high cholesterol diet, In conclusion, LP9 can be effectively used for the treatment of hyperlipidemia.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.295-303
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• 2007

돼지감자의 이눌린, 연잎분말, 허브의 쐐기풀분말과 유칼립투스 잎의 분말 중 다이어트 예비실험에서 4가지 모두 병합 급여한 것이 가장 효과적으로 나타나 이들의 병합급여가 다이어트에 얼마나 효과적인가를 조사하였다. 200 g 전후의 Sprague-Dawley계 수컷 흰쥐를 고지방식이로 8주간 사육하여 비만을 유도한 후, 병합다이어트식이 급여로 4주간 급여하여 다이어트효과를 보았다. 총 12주 사육 후 체중, 혈액 그리고 간의 체내 지질대사와 관련된 인자들 조사하고 간의 조직학적 변화를 광학 현미경으로 보았다. Sprague-Dawley 계 수컷 흰쥐의 8주 동안의 체중 변화량은 정상군에 비교하여 고지방식이로 인하여 고지방식이군과 다이어트식이군은 증가하였고 그 후 4주 동안의 체중 변화량은 정상군과 고지방식이군은 계속 증가한데에 비해 병합다이어트식이군은 8주간 고지방식이로 유도한 후 다이어트 식이 급여 3주 후에 정상군의 체중 정도로 감소되었으며, 4주 후에는 정상군보다 체중이 유의적으로 감소하였으며 식이효율도 유의적으로 떨어졌다. 혈액의 생화학적 분석 결과에서 총 콜레스테롤, LDL-콜레스테롤, 혈당, 중성지방, GOT, GPT, ${\gamma}-GTP$과 creatine은 고지방식이군에서 유의적 증가를 나타내었고 다이어트식이군은 정상군과 비교하여 GPT, ${\gamma}-GTP$과 creatine를 제외하고 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 간장의 생화학적 분석 결과에서도 고지방식이군의 지질 함량은 정상식이군에 비하여 LDL-콜레스테롤과 중성지방은 유의적으로 증가하고, 총콜레스테롤, HDL-콜레스테롤은 유의적인 차이가 없었으나 다이어트식이군에서는 정상군과 비교하여 HDL-콜레스테롤은 증가하고 총 콜레스테롤은 유의적으로 떨어지고 LDL-콜레스테롤과 중성지방의 경우 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 또한 광학현미경을 통하여 간의 조직학적 변화와 미세구조 변화를 관찰한 결과 고지방식이군에서는 간세포들의 체적증가와 간정맥 주변부 간세포들의 심한 지방변성이 관찰되었다. 그러나 다이어트식이군은 정상군과 마찬가지로 병합식이를 통해 간 조직은 간세포에서 세포질이나 세포핵 및 동양모세혈관등에 병리학적인 변화가 관찰되지 않았으며 간세포대의 배열도 규칙적이었다. 따라서 돼지감자의 이눌린, 연잎분말, 허브의 쐐기풀분말 및 유칼립투스 잎의 분말을 사용한 병합다이어트식이 급여가 비정상적인 지방 축적으로 인한 비만을 효과적으로 예방하고 개선할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.459-466
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• 2019

Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitors, or gliptins, are a class of oral hypoglycemic drugs that have been widely used as a second-line treatment for type 2 diabetes. Gliptins, which were introduced for clinical use a decade ago, have been shown to be beneficial against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in animals and humans. Cenicriviroc (CVC), a dual antagonist of C-C chemokine receptor type 2 and 5, is currently under investigation against NASH and fibrosis. It was previously discovered that evogliptin (EVO) reduces hepatic steatosis in diet-induced obese animals but the effectiveness of EVO on NASH remains unexplored. Here, we compared the effectiveness of EVO and CVC against NASH and fibrosis in mice fed a high-fat and high-fructose diet (HFHF). Biochemical and histological analyses showed that mice fed a HFHF for 20 weeks developed severe hepatic steatosis and inflammation with mild fibrosis. Administration of EVO (0.2% wt/wt) for the last 8 weeks of HFHF feeding significantly reduced hepatic triglyceride accumulation, inflammation, and fibrosis as well as restored insulin sensitivity, as evidenced by lowered plasma insulin levels and the improvement in insulin tolerance test curves. Treatment of mice with CVC (0.1% wt/wt) inhibited hepatic inflammation and fibrogenesis with similar efficacy to that of EVO, without affecting hepatic steatosis. CVC treatment also reduced plasma insulin concentrations, despite no improvement in insulin tolerance. In conclusion, EVO administration efficiently ameliorated the development of NASH and fibrosis in HFHF-fed mice, corroborating its therapeutic potential.