• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.63-74
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• 2023

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of feeding active dry yeast (ADY) and yeast culture (YC) on fecal bacterial community in finishing bulls fed high-concentrate diets in the same experimental environment. Methods: Forty-five healthy finishing cattle (Simmental×Chinese Luxi yellow bulls; 24 months; 505±29 kg) were randomly divided into three groups: i) CON group (control group, only fed basal diet), ii) ADY group (fed basal diet + active dry yeast), and iii) YC group (fed basal diet + yeast culture). At the end of the trial, nine rectum fecal samples were randomly selected from each group for bacterial DNA sequencing. Results: There was no difference among groups about alpha diversity indices (all p>0.05), including ACE, Chao 1, Shannon, and Simpson indices. Principal component analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis showed a high similarity among three groups. Compared with CON group, ADY and YC groups had greater relative abundance of c_Clostridia, o_Oscillospirales, and f_Oscillospiraceae, but lesser relative abundance of g_Megasphaera, and s_Megasphaera_elsdenii (all p<0.01). And, the relative abundances of p_Firmicutes (p = 0.03), s_Prevotella_sp (p = 0.03), o_Clostridiales (p<0.01), g_Clostridium (p<0.01), f_Caloramatoraceae (p<0.01), and f_Ruminococcaceae (p = 0.04) were increased in the ADY group. The PICRUSt2 prediction results showed that the metabolic pathways had no significant differences among groups (p>0.05). Besides, the relative abundance of c_Clostridia (r = 0.42), and f_Oscillospiraceae (r = 0.40) were positively correlated to average daily gain of finishing bulls (p<0.05). Conclusion: Both of ADY and YC had no effect on diversity of fecal bacteria in finishing bulls, but the supplementation of ADY and YC can improve the large intestinal function in finishing bulls by increasing the abundance of cellulolytic bacteria and altering the abundance of lactic acid-utilizing bacteria.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.189-196
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to manufacture functional high protein fermented beverage, using whey protein concentrate (WPC) and Lactobacillus plantarum DK211 isolated from kimchi, and to evaluate the physicochemical, functional, and sensory properties of the resulting product. The fermented whey beverage (FWB) was formulated with whey protein concentrate 80 (WPC 80), skim milk powder, and sucrose; and fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum DK211 as single, or mixed with Lactococcus lactis R704, a commercial starter culture. The pH, titratable acidity, and viable cell counts during fermentation and storage were evaluated. It was found that the mixed culture showed faster acid development than the single culture. The resulting FWB had high protein (9%) and low fat content (0.2%). Increased viscosity, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activity were observed after fermentation. A viable cell count of 10⁹ CFU/mL in FWB was achieved within 10 h fermentation, and it remained throughout storage at 15℃ for 28 d. Sensory analysis was also conducted, and compared to that of a commercial protein drink. The sensory scores of FWB were similar to those of the commercial protein drink in most attributes, except sourness. The sourness was highly related with the high lactic acid content produced during fermentation. The results showed that WPC and vegetable origin lactic acid bacteria isolated from kimchi might be used for the development of a high protein fermented beverage, with improved functionality and organoleptic properties.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2002

The effects of DO and pH on the mass production of pullulan with high molecular weight and the morphology of A. pullulans ATCC 42023 were evaluated. A. pullulans showed a maximum production of pullulan (11.98 g/l) when the initial pH of the culture broth was 6.5 in a shake-flask culture. In a batch culture, the mixture of a yeast-like and mycelial cell forms was found at a pH of 4.5, and the maximum production of pullulan (13.31 g/l) was obtained. However, a high proportion of high molecular weight pullulan (M.W.>2,000,000) was produced at a pH of 6.5, with a yeast-like morphology. The maximum pullulan production yield ($51\%$) was obtained at a pH noncontrol (initial pH 6.5) and DO control (above $50\%$) condition. Pullulan degrading enzyme was activated when the pH of the broth was lower than 5.0 and the portion of low molecular weight pullulan was increased. The formation of a black pigment was observed at an initial stationary phase, at 40 h of fermentation. Therefore, the fermentation should be carried out in a pH noncontrol (initial pH of 6.5) and DO control (above $50\%$) condition, and should be harvested before reaching the stationary phase (around 40 h) for the production of high molecular weight pullulan.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.184-189
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• 2012

This study was carried out to have the basic and applied informations relating to increase the productivity and quality of ginseng. 2 years-old ginseng was cultivated under hydroponic culture with the controlled environment conditions in a greenhouse. Major growth characters and yields were investigated with two different temperatures and several growth stages. The plant height and stem diameter were higher at low temperature than those at high temperature. They were not clearly different with six different growth stages. The root length was not clearly different between two temperatures; however it was continuously grown from June until August. The root diameter was higher at low temperature than that at high temperature. It was rapidly increased from June until August. The length, width, and area of leaf were higher at low temperature than those at high temperature. The fresh and dry weights of different plant tissues were also heavier at low temperature than those at high temperature. The moisture content of ginseng root was continuously decreased from June until August. The yield of ginseng was higher at low temperature compared to that at high temperature. The cultivating conditions in hydroponic culture of ginseng, especially temperature, would be an important factor to have better growth and production.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.323-332
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• 2011

To find seasonally optimal microalgae for mass culture of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis, the growth rates of 12 microalgal species (two marine Chlorella spp., five marine Nannochloris spp., two marine Nannochloropsis spp., one estuarine Nannochloropsis sp., and two estuarine Chlorella spp.) were compared at $25^{\circ}C$ at 15 psu and 30 psu. Among these, six species showing high growth rates were chosen and examined again at high ($30^{\circ}C$ and $32^{\circ}C$) and low ($10^{\circ}C$) temperatures. Their amino and fatty acids and the dietary value of the rotifers that fed on each microalgal species were examined. Nannochloris sp. (KMMCC-119) and Chlorella vulgaris (KMMCC-120) showed the highest growth rates at temperatures over $30^{\circ}C$ and at $10^{\circ}C$, respectively. The growth rate of Nannochloris was higher than those of Chlorella and Nannochloropsis at high temperatures, but lower than those of the latter at low temperatures. The growth rate of rotifers fed on Nannochloropsis was highest and that of those fed on Chlorella was lowest. Levels of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were highest in Nannochloropsis and lowest in Nannochloris. However, total amino acid content was highest in Nannochloris and lowest in Chlorella. In conclusion, Nannochloropsis sp. (KMMCC-33) was the best microalgal species for the mass culture of the rotifer. However, during high- or low-temperature seasons in which Nannochloropsis does not grow well, Nannochloris spp. (KMMCC-119, 395) and C. vulgaris (KMMCC-120) would adequately replace Nannochloropsis sp. (KMMCC-33).

• Korean Association of Arts Management
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• no.60
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• pp.155-191
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of art and culture experience according to art and culture perception on art and culture consumption. Accordingly, the perception expressed through the experiences of consumers was defined as the delivery of art and culture marketing strategies, and the behavior of consumers enjoying art and culture was measured. The research data were analyzed through an online survey. As a result of the analysis, sense, relation had a significant effect on the hedonistic factor, and the act, sense, emotion and relation had significant effects on the other's consciousness, and the behavioral and emotional factors had a significant effect on the intentional factors. The implication from the experience of relationships with others was found to have a negative(-) effect on all factors, which means to be the result of consumers' anxiety in enjoying art due to the pandemic. It is necessary to develop an online business model for consumers who naturally avoid it, and to narrow the gap between online and offline art and culture. Second, it is thought that sponsorship from companies is necessary so that artists who provide art and culture can produce high-quality contents. In the future, if it was studied the relationship between not only consumers who enjoy art and culture, but also suppliers and artists who provide art and culture, it will be able to understand the culture in-depth.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.38-43
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• 2017

Many students prefer to study abroad to increase their chances of having a better future. While studying abroad they may encounter difficulties such as adapting to the culture of the country they are studying in. Chinese students coming to Korea are no exception to this, and when they are studying abroad, the new environment they are in may cause them hardships which may impact on their social life and even their academic performance. In order to develop their careers, they face many difficulties and challenges. Cultural differences they experience may change their attitudes, thoughts, and values. This research focuses on international students who are not yet certain about their future plans. In order to grasp levels of daily life satisfaction, ease of communication, and future planning orientation, this study conducted a survey of Chinese students who study in Korea. The empirical analysis showed that students with high level of life satisfaction have a tendency to enter graduate school. However, communication has no relation to future planning orientation.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 1992

In viro fertilizatin is very important in both human clinical practice and animal breeding. However, the success rate of in vitro fertilization is not high. The purpose of this study ws to determine wheter in the vitro fertilization and culture of porcine oocyte using a hydrogel chamber were possible or not. Hydrogel chambers were made of polymerized 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate. Matured follicular oocytes in Waymouth's medium and T L Hepes medium, tubal oocytes, and preincubated sperm in M199 medium were treansferred into the lumen of the hydrogel chambers. The chambers containing porcine oocytes and spermatozoa implanted into the mouse peritioneal cavity, and ova were examined after the recovery of the chambers at 84 hours after preservation start. The result was shown that fertilization and culture of porcine oocytes were successfully achieved inside of the hydrogel chamber.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.248-252
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• 2004

In order to identify the protein(s) secreted into culture medium by the sool-l/retl-l mutation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, proteins from the culture medium of cells grown at permissive (28$^{\circ}C$) and non-permissive temperatures (37$^{\circ}C$), were analyzed. Comparison of protein bands separated by SDS-PAGE identified a prominent band of 47-kDa band from a mutant grown at 37$^{\circ}C$. N-terminal amino acid sequencing of this 47-kDa protein showed high identity with enolases 1 and 2. Western blot analysis revealed that most of the cell wall-bound enolase was released into the culture medium of the mutant grown at 37$^{\circ}C$, some of which were separated as those with lower molecular weights. Our results, presented here, indicate the impairment of cell wall enolase biogenesis and assembly by the sool-l/retl-l mutation of S. cerevisiae.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.34-40
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• 2003

This study was carried out to select the useful bacteria which secret extracellula enzymes for enzymatic deinking agent of old newspaper. CMCase, FPase and xylanase activities of the bacteria liquid culture were measured at optimal growth conditions. Clear zone test was checked on the solid culture. The results of this study were as follow: Eight strains of 28 bacteria isolated from a paper mill soil ground were shown strong CMCase and xylanase activity with the clear zone test. The optimal pH and temperature for culture growth were 6~8 and 26~$34^{\circ}C$, respectively and optimal culture period were less than 60 hours. Based on CMCase, FPase and xylanase activity, strain No. 18, 21, 22 and 28 which were relatively higher than the other strains, were selected for further enzymatic deinking research.